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ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


3  3051  00000  2224 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 
DEPARTMENT  OF  REGISTRATION  AND  EDUCATION 

DIVISION  OF  THE 
STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

M.  M.  LEIGHTON,  Chief 
BULLETIN  NO.  46 


LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

OF 

ILLINOIS 


BY 

FRANK  KREY  and  J.  E.  LAMAR 

IN  COOPERATION  WITH  DIVISION  OF  HIGHWAYS,  DEPARTMENT 
OF  PUBLIC  WORKS  AND  BUILDINGS 


Wy&mmgr- 

■  Document  J 


ILLINOSS   GEOLOGICAL 

SURVEY  ■  IBRARY 

JUN  211984 


PRINTED  BY  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS 
1925 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT  OF  REGISTRATION  AND  EDUCATION 
DIVISION  OF  THE 

STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

M.  M.  LEIGHTON,  Chief 


Committee  of  the  Board  of  Natural  Resources 
and  Conservation 

A.  M.  Shelton,  Chairman 

Director  of  Registration  and  Education 

Kendric  C.  Babcock 

Representing  the  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois 

Eoson  S.  Basttn 
Geologist 


Schnepp  &  Barnes,  Printers 

Springfield,  III. 

1924 

23819—3,250 


PREFACE 

The  initiation  of  the  program  for  concrete  roads  in  Illinois  a  few  years 
ago  brought  to  the  fore  the  question  of  the  quality  and  supply  of  limestone 
which  might  be  available  for  concrete  aggregate.  A  study  of  the  limestones 
of  the  State  which  might  furnish  a  source  of  aggregate  was  therefore  under- 
taken by  the  Illinois  Geological  Survey  in  cooperation  with  the  State  High- 
way Division.  The  investigation  included  an  examination  of  all  the  ship- 
ping quarries  in  operation,  and  a  field  study  of  favorable  sites  for  future 
shipping  quarries,  together  with  a  search  for  deposits  primarily  of  local 
importance.     This  bulletin  represents  mainly  the  results  of  this  investigation. 

Inasmuch  as  the  limestone  resources  of  the  State  are  now  being  utilized 
for  a  great  variety  of  purposes  other  than  for  aggregate  and  road  material, 
the  scope  of  the  bulletin  has  been  made  to  include  descriptions  of  the  other 
more  important  uses  to  which  limestone  is  put. 

The  field  work  was  done  by  two  members  of  the  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey's staff,  Messrs.  Frank  Krey  and  J.  E.  Lamar ;  a  large  number  of  physi- 
cal and  chemical  tests  was  made  by  the  Testing  Laboratory  of  the  State 
Highway  Division  on  carefully  selected  samples ;  and  the  data  were  assem- 
bled and  the  report  prepared  primarily  through  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Lamar 
and  Mr.  Krey. 

M.  M.  Leigh  ton,  Chief, 
State  Geological  Survey  Division 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign 


http://archive.org/details/limestoneresourc46krey 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Chapter  I. — Introduction   17 

General   statement   17 

Methods  employed   18 

Scope  of  the  report 19 

Acknowledgments   19 

Chapter  II. — Origin  and  distribution  of  limestone  and  dolomite  in  Illinois.  ...  21 

General  statement    21 

Chapter  III. — The  sampling,  testing  and  uses  of  limestone  road  materials.  ...  29 

Introduction     29 

Method  of  sampling 29 

Purpose  of  laboratory  tests 30 

Weight  per  cubic  foot 31 

Water  absorbed  per  cubic  foot 31 

Per  cent  of  wear 31 

French  coefficient  of  wear 31 

Coefficient  of  hardness 32 

Toughness     32 

Cementing  value    33 

General  value  of  road  material  tests 34 

Evaluation  of  results  of  tests 36 

General  requirements  of  limestone  and  dolomite  used  in  various  types  of 

roads    39 

Water-bound  macadam  roads 39 

Bituminous  roads    40 

Portland  cement  concrete  roads 41 

Additional  properties  of  road  metal  warranting  consideration 41 

Texture    41 

Color 42 

Deleterious  materials   42 

Pyrite    42 

Shaly  partings  and  chert 42 

Chapter   IV.— Physical  properties  of  Illinois  limestones  and   dolomites 44 

Introduction    44 

Relations  of  physical  tests  to  each  other 44 

Relations  of  physical  and  chemical  properties  to  physical  tests 44 

Chapter  V. — Quarry  practise 64 

Location  of  a  quarry  site 64 

Market  demands    64 

Transportation   facilities   and   rates 64 

Character  of  the  competition 65 

Engineering  advice    65 

Quarry   methods    66 


PAGE 

Removal   of   overburden 66 

Steam  shoveling  66 

Hydraulic  stripping    66 

Drag-line  scrapers   67 

Horse-drawn  scrapers  67 

Method  of  obtaining  rock 67 

Height   of  face 67 

Drilling    67 

Size  and  spacing  of  drill  holes 67 

Primary  blasting   68 

Secondary  blasting    69 

Handling   the   rock 69 

Loading    69 

Hauling    70 

Quarry  cars   70 

Track  layouts   70 

Crushing  the  rock 71 

Screening    71 

Summary 71 

Chapter  VI. — Quarries  and  quarry  sites  in  Illinois 73 

Introduction   73 

Chapter  VII. — The  limestone  resources  of  Illinois — the  northern  district 92 

Boone  County   92 

Shipping  quarries    92 

Local  quarry  sites    93 

Carroll  County   93 

Topographic   relations    93 

The  rock  formations    93 

Shipping  quarries    95 

Sites  for  shipping  quarries 95 

Local   quarries    96 

Sites  for  local  quarries 97 

Cook  County 97 

Topographic   relations    97 

The  exposed  rock  formation 97 

Shipping  quarries    98 

Quarry   sites    Ill 

De  Kalb  County 113 

Du   Page   County 113 

Shipping   quarry    113 

Outcrops  mainly  of  local  importance 114 

Grundy  County  115 

Shipping  quarries   115 

Possible   shipping   quarry   sites 115 

Jo  Daviess  County    116 

Topographic  relations    116 

The   rock   formations 116 

Shipping  quarries    119 

Sites  for  shipping  quarries 119 

The   best   quarry    sites 121 

Local   quarries    124 

Local  quarry  sites 124 

6 


PAGE 

Kane  County   124 

Shipping  quarries    124 

Local   quarries    125 

Local  quarry  sites 127 

Kankakee   County    128 

Shipping  quarry  128 

Possible  shipping  quarry  sites 129 

Local   quarries    130 

Kendall   County    132 

Local  quarries    132 

Outcrops  of  local  importance 133 

Lake  County   135 

La    Salle    County 135 

Shipping  quarries    138 

Local  quarries    140 

Outcrops  from  which  rock  for  local  use  may  he  secured 140 

Lee  County 141 

Topographic   relations    141 

Description  of  the  rock  formations 141 

Shipping  quarries    143 

Sites  for  shipping  quarries 144 

Local   quarries    147 

Local   quarry    sites 150 

McHenry  County    154 

Ogle   County    154 

Shipping  quarries    154 

Sites  for  shipping  quarries 154 

Local   quarries    163 

Local  quarry  sites 165 

Stephenson  County   171 

Description  of  rock  formations 171 

Shipping  quarries    172 

Sites  for  shipping  quarries 172 

Local   quarries    174 

Quarry  sites  of  local  importance 176 

Whiteside   County    182 

Description   of  formations 182 

Shipping  quarries    183 

Shipping   quarry   sites 185 

Local  supplies  of  stone 185 

Will    County    185 

Shipping  quarries    185 

Possible  sites  for  additional  shipping  quarries 190 

Local   quarries    191 

Other  localities  where  stone  for  local  use  may  be  obtained.  .  .  192 

Winnebago  County    196 

Shipping  quarries    198 

Possible  sites  for  shipping  quarries 200 

Local   quarries    201 

Local    quarry    sites 203 

7 


PAGE 

Chapter    VIII. — The    limestone    resources    of    Illinois — the    western    dis- 
trict      205 

Adams   County    205 

Shipping  quarries   205 

Possible  shipping  quarry  sites 209 

Calhoun  County    210 

Possible  quarry  sites 210 

Outcrops  mainly  of  local  importance 211 

Greene  County    212 

Shipping  quarries    213 

Possible  quarry  sites 213 

Rock  for  local  use 214 

Hancock    County    216 

Henderson  County  217 

Shipping  quarry   217 

Other  sources  of  limestone 218 

Jersey   County    219 

Description  of  rock  formations 219 

Shipping  quarries    219 

Possible  shipping  quarry  sites 220 

Outcrops  of  local   importance 222 

Madison   County   222 

Shipping  quarries    222 

Possible  quarry  sites 225 

Local   sources  of  limestone 226 

Mercer  County    227 

Monroe   County  227 

Shipping  quarries    229 

Local   quarries    231 

Possible  quarry  sites 231 

Samples   secured    234 

Deposits  of  local  importance 235 

Pike   County    236 

Shipping    quarry    236 

Possible  quarry  sites 238 

Rock  for  local  use 239 

Randolph    County 239 

Shipping  quarry 239 

Possible  sites  for  shipping  quarries 242 

Local  supplies  of  limestone 244 

Other   localities    245 

Rock  Island  County 245 

Description  of  rock  formations 245 

Shipping    quarry    247 

Possible  shipping  quarry  sites 247 

Scott  County  248 

Possible  shipping  quarry  site 248 

Outcrop  mainly  of  local  importance 248 

St.   Clair   County 249 

Shipping  quarries    249 

Possible  quarry  sites 253 

Other  sources   of  limestone 255 


PAGE 

Chapter  IX. — Limestone  resources  of  Illinois — the  southern  district.  .  257 

Alexander  County    257 

Shipping  quarries    257 

Possible  quarry  sites 257 

Outcrops  of  local  importance 258 

Gallatin   County 258 

Hardin    County    258 

Shipping   quarries    259 

Sites  for  shipping  quarries 260 

Location  of  quarry  sites 261 

Outcrops  of  local  importance 262 

Jackson  County    263 

Shipping  quarries    , 263 

Possible  quarry  sites 263 

Sources  of  limestone  of  local  importance. 266 

Johnson  County   266 

Shipping   quarry    266 

Possible  shipping  quarry  sites 269 

Limestone  outcrops  for  local  use 272 

Massac  County   273 

Possible  shipping  quarry  sites , 273 

Deposits  of  only  local  importance 274 

Pope  County    274 

Pulaski  County  275 

Possible  shipping  quarry  site 275 

Rock  for  local  use 276 

Saline   County  276 

Union  County 277 

Shipping  quarries    277 

Possible  shipping  quarry  sites 279 

Local  deposits  280 

Chapter  X. — Limestone  resources  of  Illinois — the  central  district.  .  .  .  282 

Bond  County   282 

Brown   County    283 

Bureau  County 283 

Cass   County 283 

Champaign  County 283 

Christian    County    283 

Clark   County    284 

Shipping   quarry    285 

Deposits  of  local  importance 286 

Clay   County    292 

Clinton  County   292 

Coles    County    293 

Crawford  County   294 

Cumberland   County    294 

De  Witt  County   295 

Douglas  County   295 

Edgar  County   295 

Quarry   sites    295 

9 


PAGE 

Edwards   County    297 

Effingham  County    298 

Fayette  County  298 

Ford  County   298 

Franklin   County 298 

Fulton  County 298 

Hamilton  County 298 

Henry  County  298 

Iroquois   County 299 

Jasper  County 299 

Jefferson  County 299 

Knox  County  299 

Lawrence    County 299 

Livingston  County 299 

Logan  County 299 

Macon    County 300 

Macoupin    County 300 

Marion  County 300 

Marshall   County 300 

Mason   County 300 

McDonough    County 301 

McLean   County    301 

Menard    County    301 

Montgomery   County   301 

Morgan  County  302 

Moultrie  County  302 

Peoria  County  302 

Perry  County    303 

Piatt   County   303 

Putnam  County 303 

Richland  County    303 

Sangamon  County 303 

Schuyler   County    304 

Shelby  County    304 

Stark  County 304 

Tazewell   County    304 

Vermilion  County    304 

Wabash  County    306 

Warren  County  309 

Washington   County    309 

Wayne  County    309 

White   County   309 

Williamson    County   309 

Woodford  County  310 

Chapter  XL — Chemical  analyses  of  Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites 311 

Chapter  XII. — Uses    of   limestone 334 

Introduction     334 

Cements    334 

Portland  cement 334 

Manufacture  of  Portland  cement 334 

10 


PAGE 

Chemical  composition  of  Portland  cement 336 

Raw  materials  of  Portland  cement 336 

Exploitation  and  development  considerations 336 

References  on  Portland  cement 337 

Natural   cement    338 

References  on  natural  cement 338 

Hydraulic  limes   339 

References  on  hydraulic  limes 339 

Puzzolan   cements    339 

References  on  Puzzolan  cements 339 

Limestone   as   concrete   aggregate 340 

Requirements  of  limestone  as  aggregate 340 

Sizes  of  limestone  aggregate 340 

Illinois  limestones  suitable  for  aggregate 340 

Fluxes 341 

Limestone  as  blast  furnace  flux  in  the  iron  industry 341 

The  effect  of  limestone  flux  on  iron  ores 341 

Chemical  requirements  for  limestone  and  dolomite  as  a  flux 341 

Silica  content    342 

Carbonate  content   342 

Bituminous  or  organic  impurities 342 

Other  impurities    342 

Physical  requirements  of  limestone  and  dolomite  used  as  a  flux 342 

Limestone  as  a  basic  open  hearth  furnace  flux 342 

Illinois  limestone  suitable  for  blast  and  open  hearth  furnace  flux...  343 

References  on  limestone  as  a  flux  in  iron  making 343 

Limestone  as  a  flux  in  copper  smelting 343 

Limestone  in  the  metallurgy  of  sulphide  lead  ores 344 

Requirements    for    the    limestone    flux 344 

Suitability  of  Illinois  limestone  for  flux 344 

Lime    345 

Limestone  burned  for  lime 345 

Effects  of  impurities  in  raw  stone  on  the  lime  obtained. 345 

Hydrated   lime    346 

Suitability  of  Illinois  limestones  for  lime 347 

The  uses  of  lime 347 

References  on  lime 348 

Agricultural    limestone    348 

Effect  of  size  of  limestone  fragments 349 

Effect  of  limestone  on  soil 349 

Effect  on  acid   soils 349 

Effect  on  humus 349 

Effect    on    bacteria 349 

Other   minor   effects 350 

The  effect  of  dolomite  on  soils 350 

Agricultural  limestone  in  Illinois 350 

References  on  agricultural  limestone 351 

Limestone  ballast 351 

Specifications  for  limestone  ballast 351 

Physical  qualities    351 

11 


PAGE 

Other  requirements   353 

Illinois  limestones  suitable  for  ballast 354 

Riprap   and   rubble 354 

Requirements  for  limestone  for  riprap  and  rubble 354 

Riprap  and  rubble  in  Illinois 354 

Limestone  and  dolomite  for  building  stone 354 

Requirements  for  limestone  and  dolomite  building  stones 355 

Color    355 

Hardness    355 

Texture    356 

Specific  gravity    356 

Porosity  and  absorptive  power 356 

Crushing  strength  and  transverse  strength 356 

Abrasive   strength    356 

Effects   of  temperature  changes 357 

Effects  of  chemical  agents 357 

Summary  of  requirements 357 

Illinois  building  stones 357 

References  on  building  stone 362 

Limestone  in  the  manufacture  of  alkalies 362 

Illinois  limestone  for  alkali  works 362 

Limestone  in  the  refining  of  sugar 363 

Requirements  for  the  limestone 363 

Illinois  limestones  suitable  for  sugar  refining 363 

Limestone  and  dolomite  in  the  manufacture  of  refactories 363 

Requirements  for  dolomite  in  making  brick 363 

Illinois  limestones  for  refractories 364 

Limestone  in  the  manufacture  of  paper 364 

Requirements  for  stone  in  paper  manufacture 365 

Illinois  limestones  for  paper  manufacture 365 

Limestone  in  the  manufacture  of  glass 365 

Requirements  of  limestone  for  glass  making 366 

Illinois  limestone  for  glass  manufacture 366 

Whiting    367 

Requirements  for  limestone  in  the  manufacture  of  whiting 367 

Illinois  limestone  for  whiting 367 

Magnesian  limestone  as  a  source  of  magnesia 367 

Illinois  dolomites  as  a  source  of  magnesia 368 

Limestone  in  aluminum  refining 368 

Requirements  for  the  limestone  used  in  the  process 368 

Illinois  limestones  for  aluminum  refining 368 

Limestone    in   filter    beds 368 

Use  of  limestone  and  dolomite  for  stone  dusting  coal  mines 369 

Illinois  limestone  and  dolomite  for  stone  dusting  of  mines 370 

Limestone  or  dolomite  in  stucco  and  terrazzo  work 370 

Limestone  for  the  manufacture  of  carbon  dioxide 370 

Lithographic  limestone    370 

Chemical  uses  of  limestone 370 

Other  uses  of  limestone  and  dolomite 371 


12 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

VIOlKi:  PAGE 

1.  Index  map  of  Illinois  showing  the  subdivisions  used  in  this  report.  ...       16 

2.  The  value  and  uses  of  limestone  in  Illinois  for  1923 IS 

3.  Graph  showing  the  variation  of  the  French  coefficient  of  Niagaran  dolo- 

mite as  indicated  by  tests  from  certain  quarries  and  unit  areas 35 

4a.  Graphs  showing  the  variation   in  toughness   and  hardness  in   Illinois 

limestones  and  dolomites 37 

4b.  Graphs  showing  the  variation  in  the  French  coefficients  and  cementing 

values  in  Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites 38 

5.  Graph  showing  the  physical  properties  of  Illinois  limestones  and  dolo- 

mites by   formations 45 

6.  Map  of  Carroll  and  Whiteside  counties  showing  location   of  quarries 

and  quarry  sites    94 

7.  The  Niagaran  dolomite  as  exposed  in  the  Mississippi  River  bluffs  north 

of   Savanna    95 

8.  Diagrammatic  cross   section  of  the  Mississippi  River  bluffs  north  of 

Savanna    96 

9.  Map  of  Cook  and  DuPage  counties  showing  location  of  quarries  and 

quarry  sites   98 

10.  Loaded  and  empty  quarry  cars  at  the  foot  of  the  incline  hoist  in  the 

quarry  of  the  Brownell  Improvement  Company 100 

11.  The  primary  crusher,  screen  housing  and  storage  bin  of  the  Brownell 

Improvement  Company    100 

12.  Close  up  view  of  the  screen  housing  and  storage  bin  of  the  Brownell 

Improvement  Company    101 

13.  The  two  levels  in  the  quarry  of  the  Federal  Stone  Company  showing 

the  method  of  loading  on  the  second  or  lower  level 106 

14.  Loading  Niagaran  dolomite  from  the  first  level  in  the  quarry  of  the 

Federal   Stone   Company 106 

15.  Map  of  Jo  Daviess  County,  showing  location  of  quarry  sites 117 

16.  Upper  thin  beds  of  the  Galena  dolomite  in  a  quarry  1%  miles  north  of 

the  hotel  at  Hanover 118 

17.  Typical  section  of  the  massive  non-cherty,  and  massive  cherty  member 

of  the  Galena  dolomite  on  Galena  River  at  Millville 118 

18.  Thin-bedded  Galena  dolomite  on  Sinsinawa  Creek  in  sec.  4,  T.  28  N., 

R.   1   W 119 

19.  Diagrammatic  cross  section  of  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  from  Bland- 

ing  to  the  north  line  of  Jo  Daviess  County 120 

20.  Mississippi  River  bluffs  at  Galena  Junction ( 122 

21.  Map  of  Kane  and  DeKalb  counties  showing  location  of  quarries  and 

sites   sampled    125 

22.  The  crushing  plant  of  the  Lehigh  Stone  Company  near  Kankakee 129 

23.  Index  map  of  Lake  and  McHenry  counties 134 

13 


FIGURE  pAGE 

24.  Map  of  LaSalle,  Kendall  and  Grundy  counties  showing  location  of  quar- 

ries and  quarry  sites 136 

25.  The  quarry  face  in  the  quarry  of  the  Lehigh  Portland  Cement  Company  137 

26.  Trainload  of  LaSalle  limestone  coming  out  of  the  mine  of  the  Mar- 

quette Portland  Cement  Company 137 

27.  Loading  LaSalle  limestone  with  a  compressed-air  shovel  in  the  mine  of 

the  Marquette  Portland  Cement  Company 138 

28.  Map  of  Lee  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites 142 

29.  Quarry  of  the  Sandusky  Portland  Cement  Company  near  Dixon 143 

30.  The  Shakopee  dolomite  as  exposed  near  Franklin  Grove 150 

31.  Map  of  Ogle  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites. .  . .  156 

32.  Quarry  in  the  Platteville  limestone  on  the  Lowden  farm  near  Oregon.  .  158 

33.  Diagrammatic  cross  section  of  the  bluff  of  Galena  dolomite  along  Pine 

Creek  in  sec.  32,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E 160 

34.  Map  of  Stephenson  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and  quarry 

sites    170 

35.  Map  of  Will  and  Kankakee  counties  showing  location  of  quarries  and 

quarry    sites    184 

36.  Edgewood  limestone  as  exposed  near  Wilmington 193 

37.  The  waste  heap  along  the  Des  Plaines  drainage  canal 194 

38.  Map  of  Boone  and  Winnebago  counties  showing  location  of  quarries 

and  quarry  sites 197 

39.  Galena  dolomite  in  the  quarry  of  the  Carrico  Stone  Company 199 

40.  Map  of  Adams  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites. .  .  206 

41.  Map  of  Greene,  Calhoun  and  Jersey  counties  showing  location  of  quar- 

ries and  quarry  sites 212 

42.  Index  map  of  Hancock  County 215 

43.  Keokuk  limestone  at  Cedar  Glen  near  Hamilton 216 

44.  Burlington  limestone  in  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  near  Elsah 221 

45.  Map  of  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties  showing  location  of  quarries  and 

quarry   sites    223 

46.  Index  map  of  Mercer  County 227 

47.  Map  of  Monroe  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and'  quarry  sites. .  228 

48  The  Mississippi  River  bluff  south  of  Valmeyer 233 

49  The  two  types  of  bluffs  along  Mississippi  River  south  of  Valmeyer. . . .  234 

50.  Map   of   Pike   and    Scott    counties    showing    location    of   quarries    and 

quarry  sites    237 

51.  Map  of  Randolph  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites  240 

52.  The  quarry  of  the  Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  at  Menard 241 

53.  Map  of  Rock  Island  County  showing  location  of  quarry 246 

54.  Sketch  of  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  from  Stolle  to  Cement  Hollow. .  .  252 

55.  The  St.  Louis  limestone  at  Tower  Rock 262 

56.  Map  of  Jackson  County  showing  location  of  quarry  sites 264 

57.  The  quarry  in  the  south  end  of  Walker's  Hill 264 

58.  Map  of  Johnson,  Pope,  Massac  and  Hardin  counties 267 

59.  Abandoned  quarry  near  Ullin  showing  Warsaw-Spergen  limestone...  275 

60.  Map  of  Union,  Alexander  and   Pulaski   counties   showing   location   of 

quarries  and  quarry  sites 278 

61.  Map  of  Clark  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites...  284 

62.  Pennsylvanian   limestone   exposed   near   Casey 286 

14 


FIGURE  PAGE 

63.  Pennsylvanian  limestone  exposed  in  sec.  12,  T.  11  N.,  R.  12  W 289 

64.  Pennsylvanian  limestone  in  an  abandoned  quarry  east  of  Charleston..  294 

65.  Birds-eye  view  of  the  quarry  of  the  Illinois  Steel  Company  at  Fairmount  305 

66.  Loading  Pennsylvanian  limestone  at  the  Fairmount  quarry 307 

67.  The  skips  which  take  the  broken  rock  from  the  primary  rolls  to  the 

screens  and  secondary  crushers  at  the  Fairmount  quarry 307 

68.  The  cylindrical  screens  at  the  Fairmount  quarry 308 

69.  Crushing  plant  and  storage  bins  at  the  Fairmount  quarry 308 

70.  Graph  showing  the  1920  production  of  limestone  in  the  United  States 

according  to  the  major  (A)   and  minor   (B)   uses 335 

TABLES 

1.  Quantity  and  value  of  road  metal  produced  in  United  States  in  1923..  17 

2.  Generalized  geologic  column  and  description  of  formations  in  Illinois  23 

3.  Limiting  values  of  physical   tests  of  rock   for  water-bound  macadam 

roads  according  to  the  amount  of  traffic 40 

4.  Limiting  values  of  physical  tests  of  rock  for  bituminous  roads  accord- 

ing to  the  amount  of  traffic 41 

5.  Results  of  physical  tests  on  Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites 47 

6.  Average  physical  analyses  of  Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites  by  for- 

mations      63 

7.  List  of  shipping  quarries  in  Illinois 74 

8.  Promising  sites  for  shipping  quarries  in  Illinois 84 

9.  List   of  local   quarry   sites   in   Lee   County 151 

10.  List  of  local  quarry  sites  in  Ogle  County 166 

11.  List  of  additional  outcrops  where  rock  has  been  quarried  in  Stephen- 

son County    178 

12.  List   of   undeveloped    outcrops   along    roads    or    creeks    in    Stephenson 

County 180 

13.  List  of  local  outcrops  of  limestone  in  Will  County 196 

14.  Other  outcrops  of  Galena  dolomite  in  Winnebago  County 204 

15.  Other  outcrops  of  Platteville  limestone  in  Winnebago  County 204 

16.  Average  chemical  analyses  of  Illinois  limestone  and  dolomites 311 

17.  Detailed  chemical  analyses  of  Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites 312 

18.  Table  showing  certain  physical  properties  of  Illinois  building  stone. .  .  359 

19.  Table  showing  the  absorption   of   Illinois   building   stone 362 


16 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


LEGEND 
Boundary  of  general  subdivisions  of  the  State  used  in  the  report. 
Boundaries  of  unit  areas  for  which  separate  maps  are  included. 
Areas   with   a    supply    of   local   road    material   exclusive   of    that 
of    Pennsylvanian   age. 
B888888889       Shipping   quarries   or   sites   suitable   for   shipping    quarries. 

Fig.   1.     Index  map  of  Illinois  showing  subdivisions  used  in 
the  report. 


LIMESTONE  RESOURCES  OF  ILLINOIS 

By  Frank   Krey  and  .7.   E.  Lamar 


CHAPTER  I.— INTRODUCTION 

By   Frank   Krey 
General   Statement 

The  present  day  movement  for  hard  roads  has  brought  to  the  fore- 
ground the  question  of  suitable  materials  from  which  to  build  roads.  Each 
state  has  turned  to  its  local  deposits  as  a  source  of  supply  and  as  a  result, 
at  the  present  time,  certain  states  favor  limestone,  some  favor  gravel  and 
others  granite,  basalt  or  related  trap  rocks  for  the  construction  of  their 
hard  roads.  Illinois  contains  no  exploitable  outcrops  of  igneous  rocks  and  is 
therefore  compelled  to  rely  on  deposits  of  limestone  and  gravel  for  its  supply 
of  road  material  (fig.  1).  During  1923  Illinois  produced  9,020,880  tons  of 
limestone,  exclusive  of  that  for  cement  and  lime.  Of  this  amount  5,704,900 
tons  were  sold  as  road  material  and  concrete  aggregate,  representing  63  per 
cent  of  the  total  quantity  and  65  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  the  stone 
quarried  in  the  State  (fig.  2). 

The  relative  quantities  and  values  of  the  various  road  metals  produced 
in  the  United  States  in  19231  are  given  in  Table  1. 


Table  1. 


-Quantity  and  value  of  road  metal  produced  in  United  States  in  1923 


Kind  of  material 

Use 

Value 

Quantity 

Granite    

Paving  blocks    

$  3,578,182 
5,690,464 

41,016,640  blocks 
4,400,410  short  tons 

Road  metal  and  concrete .  . 

Basalt    and    related 
trap  rocks  

Paving  blocks    

8,342 
10,793,201 

241,120  blocks 

Road  metal  and  concrete.  . 

8,550,600  short  tons 

Gravel    

Building  gravel 

18,367,713 
17,716,779 

24,145,463  short  tons 

Paving  gravel    

26,174,112  short  tons 

Limestone   

Paving   and    curbing 46,830 

Road  metal  and  concrete..        35,925,709 

75,070  cubic  feet 
33,382,210  short  tons 

iLoughlin,  G.  F.  and  Coons,  A.  T.,  Stone  :      Mineral   Resources  of  the  United  States 
in  1923,  1924. 

17 


IS 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Although  the  Survey  has  published  reports  on  the  limestone  resources 
in  special  areas  from  time  to  time,  no  comprehensive  and  detailed  report 
on  the  resource  for  the  entire  State  dealing  especially  with  the  availability 
and  adaptability  of  Illinois  limestone  for  road  building  has  heretofore  been 
attempted.  It  was  with  this  purpose  in  view  therefore  that  the  special 
study  of  the  limestone  road  material  resources  in  Illinois  was  undertaken. 

The  distribution  of  the  limestones  in  Illinois  is  such  that  most  of  the 
interior  portion,  comprising  about  two-thirds  of  the  area  of  the  State,  is 
practically   devoid  of   commercially  workable  deposits  of   limestone,   while 

A  B 


Total  value,  $8,309,383 


Total  production,  9,020,880   short  tons 


Fig.  2.    Relative   amounts   and   value   of   limestone   produced    in    Illinois    during 
1923  for  uses  exclusive  of  that  for  cement  and  lime  manufacture. 

the  remaining  third  of  the  State,  which  includes  the  northern  end  and  a 
rather  narrow  belt  along  the  western  and  southern  portions,  contains  an 
abundance  of  workable  limestone  outcrops  (fig.  1).  As  a  result,  limestone 
road  materials  used  in  the  central  portion  of  the  State  must  be  shipped  in 
from  the  northern,  western,  or  southern  borders.  Therefore,  special  empha- 
sis is  laid  on  shipping  quarries  and  possible  additional  sites  for  shipping 
quarries  while  outcrops  of  local  importance  are  treated  only  in  a  general 
way. 

Methods  Employed 
All  shipping  quarries  were  visited  and  data  collected  regarding  location, 
character  of  the  rock,  quarry  practice,  equipment,  capacity  of  the  plant, 
transportation  facilities,  and  miscellaneous  details.  Although  the  field 
work  was  carried  on  during  the  summers  of  1919  and  1920,  revised  data 
have  been  incorporated  for  all  shipping  quarries  whose  management  have 
responded  to  the  Survey's  inquiries. 


INTRODUCTION  19 

(  )utcrops  easily  accessible  to  railroads  were  examined  and  notes  taken 
on  location,  kind  and  thickness  of  rock,  quantity  available,  amount  of 
overburden,  transportation  factors  and  other  related  matters.  Limestone 
exposures  of  limited  extent  or  located  considerable  distance  from  a  rail- 
road were  not  described  in  great  detail,  but  in  every  case  a  careful  examina- 
tion was  made  of  the  bedding,  thickness  of  beds,  composition,  texture,  hard- 
ness, toughness,  color,  jointing,  cleavage,  presence  of  fossils  and  variations 
in  weathering. 

Samples  were  obtained  where  possible,  unless  the  rocks  were  badly 
weathered  or  had  previously  been  sampled.  An  effort  was  made  to  take 
only  representative  samples.  In  bluff  areas  where  the  rock  face  was  ex- 
ceedingly steep,  samples  were  obtained  from  the  nearest  ravine  where  the 
same  section  of  rock  was  exposed.  The  general  gross  uniformity  of  the 
different  limestones  over  limited  areas  made  this  method  more  satisfactory 
than  attempting  to  obtain  samples  from  localities  where  conditions  were 
unfavorable. 

Scope  of  the  Report 

This  report  deals  with  the  distribution  and  general  properties  of  lime- 
stone road  materials  and  the  kinds  of  tests  made  to  determine  the  suitability 
of  a  rock  for  road  material.  Table  5  is  presented  giving  the  results  of  all 
physical  tests  previously  published  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey 
and  the  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey,  together  with  those  made  by  the 
Highway  Department  during  this  investigation.  Attention  is  called  to  the 
value  of  the  tests  made,  to  a  description  of  the  methods  of  sampling,  and  to 
the  mode  of  occurrence  and  distribution  of  limestone  in  the  State.  For  the 
benefit  of  persons  unfamiliar  with  the  quarrying  industry  a  chapter  is  also 
included  which  deals  with  current  quarry  practice  and  with  the  factors 
to  be  considered  in  selecting  a  quarry  site. 

As  limestone  has  many  uses  in  addition  to  that  of  road  material,  quar- 
ries opened  primarily  for  the  production  of  road  material  may  increase 
their  output  by  supplying  rock  for  other  purposes.  In  order  to  furnish  in- 
formation regarding  other  uses  of  limestone,  a  chapter  has  been  compiled 
discussing  brieflly  the  various  uses  thereof,  and  the  quantity  and  quality  of 
rock  used  for  such  purposes.  Table  1  .  gives  all  chemical  analyses  of  Illi- 
nois rocks  published  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  or  Illinois 
State  Geological  Survey  and  also  those  obtained  from  the  Highway  De- 
partment and  elsewhere  during  this  investigation. 

Acknowledgments 
The  writers  wish  to  acknowledge  their  indebtedness  to  the  quarry  own- 
ers and  operators  for  their  courtesy  and  kindness  in  giving  information  re- 
garding their  plants  ;  also  to  the  State  Highway  Division  for  their  coopera- 


20  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

tion  in  making  the  tests  of  the  samples.  Acknowledgment  is  due  Mr.  F.  W 
DeWolf,  former  chief  of  the  Survey  under  whose  direction  the  field  work 
of  this  investigation  was  carried  on,  for  his  kindly  assistance  and  guidance; 
to  Dr.  M.  M.  Leighton,  present  chief  of  the  Survey  for  his  valuable  criti- 
cism of  the  manuscript  and  to  Mr.  C.  R.  Schroyer  who  helped  devise  the 
schedule  which  was  used  in  the  examination  of  quarries  and  outcrops  and 
who  assisted  in  the  beginning  of  this  investigation.  The  valuable  aid  of  the 
field  assistants,  Mr.  Perle  Keller  and  Mr.  Robert  Miessler  is  also  here  grate- 
fully acknowledged.  Many  of  the  illustrations  were  secured  from  the  Rock 
Products  and  Cement,  Mill  and  Quarry  magazines  through  the  courtesy 
of  the  Tradepress  Publishing  Corporation  and  the  International  Trade  Press, 
Inc.,  whose  cooperation  is  greatly  appreciated. 


CHAPTER   II.— ORIGIN    AND    DISTRIBUTION    OF    LIMESTONE 
AND  DOLOMITE   IX    ILLINOIS 

By   Frank   Krey  and   J.   E.   Lamar 

General  Statement 

Most  limestones  have  been  formed  in  two  different  ways — by  organic 
and  by  chemical  agencies  and  processes.  The  first  mode  of  origin  prob- 
ably is  responsible  for  the  formation  of  most  Illinois  limestones.  It  involves 
the  extraction  of  the  calcium  carbonate  from  sea  water  by  animals  such 
as  corals,  crinoids,  mollusks  and  foraminifera  which  secrete  shells  or  have 
calcareous  skeletons.  When  these  animals  die  their  shells  and  tests  ac- 
cumulate at  the  bottom  of  the  ocean.  Many  of  the  shells  and  tests  are 
washed  about  and  broken  up  so  as  to  be  no  longer  recognizable  but  some 
are  preserved  and  constitute  the  fossils  found  in  the  present  rocks.  In  the 
course  of  a  very  long  time  great  thicknesses  of  these  shell  fragments  and 
muds  derived  from  them  accumulated  and  contemporaneously,  compacting, 
cementation,  recrystallization  with  accompanying  chemical  changes  effected 
consolidation  of  these  shell  particles  into  limestone.  Subsequently  the  lime- 
stone beds  were  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  ocean  and  converted  into  land 
areas. 

Among  the  agencies  which  produce  limestone  by  precipitation  from 
sea  water,  several  types  of  algae  are  of  great  importance.  These  small  plants 
have  probably  produced  not  only  considerable  beds  of  limestone  relatively 
free  from  skeletal  and  shell  debris,  but  may  also  have  contributed  to  the 
formation  of  the  fine-grained  material  commonly  filling  the  interstices  be- 
tween the  shell  and  skeletal  fragments  of  granular  limestones.  In  places 
where  evaporation  of  water  containing  calcium  carbonate  in  solution,  or 
where  the  escape  of  carbon  dioxide  from  water  charged  with  it  are  favored, 
chemical  precipitates  are  commonly  formed  which  include  tufa,  travertine, 
calcareous  sinter,  or  stalactitic  growths. 

Limestone  is  composed  dominantly  of  calcium  carbonate.  Dolomite,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  composed  not  only  of  calcium  carbonate  but  also  of  mag- 
nesium carbonate  which  may  comprise  as  much  as  45  per  cent  of  the  rock. 

It  is  commonly  accepted  that  most  dolomites  have  been  formed  by  the 
introduction  of  magnesium  carbonate  into  limestones  by  -round  water  after 
their  formation  either  while  they  are  still  beneath  the  ocean  or  after  they  are 
above  the  sea.  Such  dolomites  may  therefore  be  considered  altered  limestones. 
All  of  the  important  limestone  formations  of  Illinois  were  deposited  dur- 
ing the  older  geologic  periods   (Table  2).     Epochs  of  limestone  deposition 

21 


22  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

alternated  with  epochs  of  either  shale  or  sandstone  deposition  or  both,  so  that 
various  and  distinct  limestone  formations  deposited  at  different  times  and 
under  different  conditions  have  as  a  result  different  physical  and  chemical 
characteristics.  The  oldest  limestone  formations  of  Illinois  are  Ordovician 
in  age,  and  the  others  successively  belong  to  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  Missis- 
sippian  and  Pennsylvanian  periods.  The  Pennsylvanian  strata  consisting 
dominantly  of  shales  and  sandstones  with  minor  amounts  of  limestones,  orig- 
inally buried  most  of  the  older  formations,  but  subsequent  warping  and  ero- 
sion have  exposed  the  latter  along  the  belts  and  in  the  areas  shown  in  figure 
1.  The  warping  produced  a  broad  spoon-shaped  basin  whose  axis  trends  in 
a  north-south  direction  through  the  central  part  of  the  State  as  far  north 
as  the  upper  Illinois  River.  The  upwarp  was  great  enough  along  the  western 
and  southern  borders  of  the  State  to  permit  erosion  to  remove  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian beds  and  to  expose  the  underlying  Mississippian  and  older  strata. 
The  abundance  of  limestone  in  these  older  strata  insures  a  supply  of  this 
material  along  the  western  and  southern  borders  of  the  State,  whereas  in 
the  interior  of  the  State  such  limestones  are  buried  by  the  thick  shales  and 
sandstones  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system  and  by  glacial  deposits. 

Whatever  Pennsylvanian  sediments  were  once  present  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State  have  been  almost  entirely  removed  by  erosion,  but  the  glacial 
drift  is  so  thick  in  the  northeastern  part  and  locally  elsewhere  that  older 
rock  outcrops  are  for  the  most  part  localized. 

Table  2  gives  the  geologic  column  for  the  State  and  describes  briefly 
the  character,  thickness,  distribution  and  suitability  of  the  rock  for  use  as 
road  material. 


ORIGIN  AND  DISTRIBUTION  23 

Table  2. — Generalized  geologic  column  and  description  of  formations  in  Illinois 


System 

Formation                Character 

Thickness 

Distribution 

Feet 

Pleistocene 

Glacial  till,  sand, 
gravel,  loess  and  al- 
luvium 

0-225 

Comprises  mantle 
rock  over  whole 
State  as  far  south 
as  Carbondale,  ex- 
cept for  small  area 
in     the    northwest 
corner  of  State 
and  in  Calhoun 
County 

Pliocene 

Unconsolidated    clay, 

150  + 

Found    only    in    ex- 

and 

sand,    gravel,    and 

treme   southern 

Eocene 

lignitic  material 

part  of  State 

Cretaceous 

Ripley 

Unconsolidated     sands 
and  clays 

40  + 

Found    chiefly    south 
of  Cache  River  in 
southern  end  of 
State 

Pennsyl-        iMcLeam 
vanian  boro 


Shales,  sandstones 
thin  limestones,  and 
some  coal 


0-1000 


Carbondale 


Shales,  sandstones 
thin  limestones,  and 
coals 


0-320 


Covers  State  except 
northern  end  and 
a  narrow  belt 
along  the  west  and 
south  margins  of 
State 

Forms  narrow  belt 
about  edge  of  Mc« 
Leansboro 


Pottsville 

Sandstones,  shales 

Thin  in  north 

Prominent  bluff- 

and  thin  coals 

but  reaches 
thickness 
of  750  in 
south 

forming  rock  in 
southern  Illinois. 
Outcrop  corre- 
sponds   closely    to 
Carbondale 

Mississip- 

Chester 

Alternating    series    of 

0-1000 

Found  only  in  south- 

pian 

group 

sandstones,  lime- 
stones,   and    shales. 
Limestones    general- 
ly  contain   interbed- 
ded  shale 

ern   Illinois  where 
it    outcrops    below 
the   Pennsylvanian 
close  to  borders  of 
the  State 

Ste.  Gene- 

Mainly   massive    lime- 

250 

Outcrops   in   Hardin, 

vieve 

stone,  but  may  con- 
tain  thin   sandstone 
and    shale    beds    in 
upper  portion.    Com- 
pact    limestone     of 
high    purity.      Oolit- 
ic beds  prominent  in 
upper  portion 

Johnson,  Union, 
Massac,    and    Mon- 
roe counties 

24 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Table  2. — Generalized  geologic  column  and  description  of  formations  in  Illinois — 

Continued 


System 

Formation 

Character 

Thickness 

Distribution 

Feet 

Mississip- 

St. Louis 

In    southern    part    of 

0-250 

Outcrops    in    Missis- 

pi an  (con- 

State  massive   lime- 

sippi    River     bluff 

tinued) 

stone,   compact,   fine 
grained,   many    beds 
pure    limestone    but 
may  locally  be  very 
cherty.     In   western 
portion  of  State 
formation  is  thin 
and    contains    inter- 
bedded  shale 

at     south     end     of 
Calhoun  County, 
near     Alton,     East 
St.    Louis    and    in 
Monroe   County. 
Makes  up  much  of 
bed  rock  of  Hardin 
and  Union  coun- 
ties.    Also  out- 
crops   in    Walkers 
Hill     near     Grand 
Tower    in    Jackson 
County.     Scattered 
outcrops     also     oc- 
cur in  western 
part  of  the  State 

Spergen 
( Salem ) 


In  western  portion  of 
State  the  limestone  is 
thin,  often  sandy 
and  contains  shaly 
layers.  In  southern 
Illinois  it  is  a  mas- 
sive, pure  limestone 
often  partly  granu- 
lar and  locally  con- 
tains oolitic  beds. 
In  Union  County  it 
is  a  massive,  coarse- 
ly granular  lime- 
stone 


10-250 


Found  below  the  St. 
Louis  in  western 
Illinois,  but  its 
outcrops  are  most 
prominent  in  Mon- 
roe and  Union 
counties 


Warsaw 


Consists    of    interbed- 
ded  shales  and  lime- 
stones.   Many  shales 
contain  large  geodes 
and   are   magnesian. 
In     Hardin     County 
the  Warsaw  consists 
of  massive  lime- 
stone,    compact     to 
granular,     not     dis- 
tinguished from 
Spergen  in  Union 
County 


40-250  |  Shaly  phase  outcrops 
in  western  part  of 
State,  north  of  Al- 
ton, and  in  Mon- 
roe County.  Lime- 
stone phase  out- 
crops in  Union  and 
Hardin  counties 


ORIGIN  AND  DISTRIBUTION 


TABLE  2. — Generalized  geologic  column  and   description   of  format  ions   in   Illinois — 

Continued 


System 

Formation 

Character 

Thickness 

Distribution 

1 

Feci 

Mississip-       Keokuk 

Recognized  only  in 

0-125 

Outcrops  in   western 

pian  (con- 

western part  of 

Illinois  in  vicinity 

tinued) 

State  where   it   con- 
sists   of    shale    and 
interbedded  lime- 
stone  in   upper  por- 
tion and  of  crinoid- 
al  limestone  con- 
taining abundant 
chert   in   lower   por- 
tion 

of  Mississippi   and 
Illinois  river 
bluffs 

Burlington 


Massive,     light     gray, 
coarsely  granular 
limestone;  charac- 
terized by  abundant 
chert     nodules     and 
irregular  layers. 
When  free  from 
chert    this    rock    is 
one   of   purest   lime 
stones  in  State 

In  southern  part  of 
State  the  Keokuk 
Burlington  forma- 
tions are  not  sepa 
rated  but  are  to 
gether  referred  to 
as  the  Osage  group 
which  consists  of 
massive,  fine 
grained,  dark, 
cherty  and  siliceous 
limestone 


0-250 


Kinderhook 


Mainly  shale  and 
sandstone  with  min- 
or amounts  of  lime- 
stone in  western 
part  of  State.  In 
Monroe  County  red 
shale  and  red  lime- 
stone. In  southern 
part  of  State  it  is  a 
green  siliceous  shale 


Sweetland     I  Thinly  laminated 
Creek  green  and  chocolate 

colored  shale 


0-600 


Prominent  bluff 
forming  rock  along 
Mississippi  River 
from  Henderson  to 
Calhoun  County; 
also    prominent    in 
bluffs  of  Illinois 
River  in  Scott, 
Pike,    Greene    and 
Jersey  counties 

The  Osage  group  is 
well  developed  in 
Hardin  County 
around  Hicks 
dome  and  also  in 
Alexander  County 
where  it  outcrops 
in  the  Cache  River 
bluff  northwest  of 
Ullin 


25-200 


In  Mississippi  River 
bluff  in  Pike  and 
Calhoun  counties; 
in  Monroe  County 
in  vicinity  of  Val- 
meyer;  in  Union 
County 


30-40±         Outcrops  in  river 

bluff    in    Pike    and 
Jersey  counties 


2t> 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Table  2. — Generalized  geologic  column  and  description  of  formations  in  Illinois — 

Continued 


System         Formation 


Character 


Thickness 


Distribution 


Devonian 


Mountain 
Glen 


Hamilton 


Clear 
Creek 


Helder- 
bergian 
series 


Black,  fissile  shale 


Feet 
40-400 


Found  in  Union, 
Hardin    and    Alex 
ander  counties 


Northern  phase  is 
shaly  and  mag- 
nesian   limestone   in 
upper  portion  while 
lower  portion  is 
very  fine  grained, 
often  brecciated 
pure  limestone 


125 


Outcrops  only  in 
vicinity  of  Rock 
Island 


Southern  phase  is 
dark,    fine    grained, 
cherty  and  siliceous 
limestone;    locally 
contains  shale  at 
base 


100 


Outcrops  in  Union 
and  Alexander 
counties   and   near 
Grand  Tower  in 
Jackson  County 


Grand 

Coarsely  granular, 

125 

Outcrops  only  in 

Tower 

very  pure  lime- 

Union and  Alex- 

stone;    may    locally 

ander  counties 

contain  shale  at 

and  near  Grand 

base 

Tower   in    Jackson 
County 

Dutch 

Coarse  grained,  fossil- 

10-30 

Outcrops  only  in 

Creek 

iferous  sandstone 

Union  County 

Massive  chert  beds 

300  + 

Makes  up  most  of 

which     locally     con- 

bed  rock   in   west- 

tain   thin    limestone 

ern  part  of  Union 

layers 

and  Alexander 
counties 

Massive  limestone; 

165 

Outcrops    in    Missis- 

upper portion 

sippi     River     bluff 

coarsely  crystalline; 

in     northern     part 

lower    portion    thin 

of  Union  and 

bedded,    cherty,   and 

southern  part  of 

shaly 

Jackson     counties; 
upper     portion     is 
exposed    at    south 
end  of  "Back- 
bone" north  of 
Grand  Tower 

ORIGIN  AND  DISTRIBUTION 


87 


Table  2. — Generalized  geologic  column  and  description  of  formations  in  Illinois- 
Continued. 


System 

Formation 

Character 

Thickness 

Distribution 

Feet 

Silurian 

Niagaran 

Dolomite,  massive, 

0-450 

Makes    up    bed    rock 

series 

buff  or  bluish,  often 

in  northeastern 
and  northwestern 
Illinois.      Outcrops 
for    short   distance 
in  Mississippi 
River  bluff  at 
Grafton  and  in 
Calhoun  County 

Alexandri- 

Mainly limestone,  but 

140± 

Best  exposures  found 

an  series 

contains  some  shale. 
Upper  portion  often 
granular    and     mot- 
tled pink;    lower 
portion  fine  grained, 
dark  and  cherty 

in   the   vicinity   of 
Thebes   in   Alexan- 
der   County.      Up- 
per portion  also 
exposed   in   Missis- 
sippi    River     bluff 
in    southern    Pike 
and  Calhoun  coun- 
ties and  in  Will 
and    Dupage    coun- 
ties 

Ordovician 

Maquoketa 

Dark  shale  with  inter- 
bedded  limestone 
layers  which  are 
most  prominent 
near  middle  portion 

50-225 

Outcrops  co-extens- 
ively  with  that  of 
the  Niagaran  lime- 
stone    which     lies 
immediately 
above;    also    found 
in     southern     Cal- 
houn County 

In  southern  portion  of 

75 

Thebes   sandstone 

the     State    the    Ma- 

outcrops    only     in 

quoketa  is  repre- 

vicinity of  Thebes 

sented  by  the 

in  Alexander 

Thebes    sandstone; 

County 

coarse  grained  sand- 

stone with  some 

shaly  beds 

Galena- 

Fine  grained  to  granu- 

300-400 

Outcrops  only  in 

Platte- 

lar,  porous  dolomite; 

northern  portion 

ville 

usually  buff  on 
weathered      surface. 
Lower  beds  often 
lighter  in  color,  finer 
grained    and     some- 
what less  magnesian 

of  Illinois 

28 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Table  2. — Generalized  geologic  column  and  description  of  formations  in  Illinois- 
Concluded 


System 

Formation 

Character 

Thickness 

Distribution 

Feet 

Ordovician 

Kimms- 

Of    approximately    the 

500  + 

Outcrops  only  at 

( con- 

wick- 

same  age  as  Galena- 

Thebes,    Valmeyer, 

tinued) 

Plattin 

Platteville;   upper 
portion   a   light   col- 
ored,    coarsely    cry- 
stalline,   very    pure 
limestone;    lower 
portion  dark  and 
fine  grained 

and  in  Calhoun 
County 

St.  Peter 

Moderately  fine  grain- 
ed, uniform  white 
sandstone 

100-220 

Outcrops  only  in 
northern     part     of 
State  and  northern 
Calhoun  County 

Shakopee 

Fine   grained   dolomit- 
ic   and   cherty  lime- 
stone with  interbed- 
ded     layers     of     ce- 
ment    rock      (shaly 
limestone) 

10-186 

Only  a  few  scattered 
outcrops    found    in 
northern     part     of 
State 

CHAPTER  III.— SAM  PL  INC.  TESTING  AND  USES  OF  LIME- 
STONE ROAD  MATERIALS 

By  J.   E.  Lamar 

Introduction 

In  endeavoring  to  determine  which  of  the  available  materials  is  the  best 
suited  for  use  as  a  road  metal,  various  sets  of  tests,  microscopic,  chemical, 
and  physical  have  been  devised  and  used.  If  the  sets  of  tests  are  to  be  com- 
parable, it  is  obviously  necessary  to  specify  what  quantity  of  and  in  what 
manner  a  sample  should  be  obtained  and  used.  Within  recent  years  the  man- 
ner of  sampling  and  testing  has  gradually  become  more  standardized  and  the 
methods  described  briefly  in  this  bulletin  are  those  generally  accepted  as  a 
basis  for  the  physical  testing  of  road  materials. 

Method  of  Sampling 

A  sample  should  consist  of  25  to  40  pounds  of  stone,  composed  of 
over  50  fragments  not  less  than  2  inches  in  diameter  with  one  piece,  the  core 
block,  the  size  of  a  large  brick,  about  3  by  -t  by  6  inches.  This  block  of  stone 
should  be  free  from  joints,  veins  or  seams  and  should  have  the  bedding  plane 
clearly  chiseled  into  it  or  marked  on  it  with  wax  crayon  or  some  other  suit- 
able substance.  Samples  may  be  shipped  in  boxes,  cement  sacks  or  other 
containers  of  similar  nature,  and  in  every  case  should  be  labelled  with  in- 
formation concerning  the  sender,  the  place  and  date  of  shipment,  and  some 
sort  of  an  identification  number. 

It  is  highly  desirable1  that  an  envelope  tag  be  attached  to  the  sample 
with  the  following  information  filled  out  on  the  card  enclosed  therein,  or 
that  the  same  information  be  mailed  to  the  testing  laboratory  with  the  noti- 
fication of  the  shipment  of  the  sample. 

The  sample  of  limestone  described  below  is 

From  the  property  of 

Located  at    

(Nearest  town)  (County)  (State) 

Submitted    by    

At  the  request  of 

Date   of  shipment Via Wt lbs 

Approximate  quantity  of  material  available 

Individual   identification  mark 

It  is  desired  that  the  sample  be  tested  to  determine  its  suitability  as  road  metal. 

Has  this  stone  been  used  on  roads?     If  so,  where,   in  what  type  and  with  what 

results?    


Jackson,  F.  H.,  Methods  for  the  determination  of  the  physical  properties  of  road- 
building  rock:     United  States  Dept.  of  Agri.   Bulletin   347,  p.   23,   1916. 

29 


30  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Sampling  from  the  quarry  bins  or  loaded  railroad  cars  is  a  relatively 
simple  matter,  and  involves  merely  the  selection  of  pieces  of  stone  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  be  representative  of  the  entire  car  or  bin.  A  sample  from  a 
quarry  however,  is  much  more  difficult  to  obtain  and  should  represent  the 
entire  face  both  horizontally  and  vertically.  This  is  accomplished  by  taking 
small  pieces  of  rock  at  regular  intervals  both  horizontally  and  vertically 
along  the  quarry  face.  Rock  fragments  should  not  be  taken  along  joints 
or  fault  planes,  nor  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  site  of  a  heavy  blast.  In 
all  these  places  the  rock  may  have  incipient  fractures  or  other  weaknesses 
which  may  affect  the  reliability  of  its  test. 

In  the  selection  of  the  core  block  the  personal  equation  enters  in  rather 
markedly.  The  block  is  one  which  is  selected  to  represent  the  entire  quarry 
face  in  the  tests  made  for  hardness  and  toughness.  It  should  therefore,  be 
as  representative  of  the  rock  in  the  entire  quarry  as  is  possible. 

Sampling  at  the  quarry  is  easier  than  at  an  undeveloped  outcrop,  be- 
cause in  the  former  case  the  stone  available  to  the  sampler  is  generally 
fresh,  sound  interior  rock.  In  the  case  of  some  outcrops  which  have  been 
exposed  to  weathering  for  many  years,  it  is  necessary  to  break  off  a  great 
many  fragments  of  rock  before  the  requisite  amount  of  fresh  stone  is  se- 
cured. In  all  cases,  only  fresh  rock  should  be  sent  in  for  testing.  Stone 
which  has  been  weathered  does  not  represent  the  fresh  rock  which  it  ob- 
scures, and  in  some  cases  it  may  be  tougher,  harder,  and  denser  because  of 
its  exposure  to  the  weather.     Generally,  however,  the  reverse  is  true. 

Limestone  which  has  been  weathered  presents  a  great  variety  of  forms 
of  which  the  most  common  probably  are  a  dead  white  surface  similar  to  a 
white-washed  boulder,  a  pitted  surface,  a  rough,  granular  sandy-appearing 
surface,  and  lastly  a  brown-stained  exterior  in  contrast  with  a  grey  or  white 
interior. 

Purpose  of  Laboratory  Tests 

Of  the  various  tests  which  it  is  possible  to  make  on  a  limestone,  the 
following  have  been  adopted  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Agriculture2 
as  standard,  and  are  generally  accepted  as  such. 


1. 

Weight  per  cubic  foot 

2. 

Water  absorbed  per  cubic  foot 

3. 

Per  cent  of  wear 

4. 

French  coefficient  of  wear 

5. 

Coefficient  of  hardness 

6. 

Toughness 

7. 

Cementing  value 

2Op.  cit. 


SAMPLING,  TESTING  AND  USES  31 

Briefly  the  tests  are  made  as  follows : 

1.  Weight  per  cubic  foot  (specific  gravity). — A  representative  sample 
of  the  rock,  weighing  about  10  grams,  is  thoroughly  dried,  weighed  in  air, 
then  suspended  by  a  silk  thread  from  the  arm  of  a  balance  and  weighed 
in  water.  The  weight  in  air  divided  by  the  loss  of  weight  in  water  is  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  stone.  The  specific  gravity  multiplied  by  62.37  (the 
weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water  on  which  specific  gravity  is  based)  gives 
the  weight  per  cubic  foot  in  pounds. 

The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  stone  is  determined  to  make  possible 
computations  as  to  the  weights  and  volumes  held  by  various  containers, 
such  as  storage  bins  or  railroad  cars. 

2.  Water  absorbed  per  cubic  foot. — A  fragment  of  stone,  weighing 
about  10  grams,  is  very  carefully  dried  and  suspended  in  water  by  a  silk 
thread  from  the  beam  of  a  balance.  It  is  weighed  immediately  and  weighed 
after  having  been  suspended  in  water  for  96  hours.  The  increase  in  weight 
indicates  the  weight  of  water  absorbed.  By  calculation,  the  amount  of  water 
which  would  be  absorbed  by  a  cubic  foot  of  stone  is  determined. 

The  absorption  test  which  is  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  water  a  stone 
will  absorb  is  of  value  because  it  indicates  roughly  the  porosity  of  the 
stone.  A  highly  porous  stone  is  subject  to  more  disruption  by  freezing  water 
than  a  dense  one  because  it  will  hold  more  water.  In  general,  the  disinte- 
grating effect  of  frost  on  a  stone  fragment  is  a  minor  matter  as  compared 
to  the  destructive  effect  of  frost  on  the  structure  of  the  road  itself.  How- 
ever a  stone  which  is  otherwise  a  satisfactory  road  material  is  not  likely 
to  be  rejected  if  it  has  a  high  porosity. 

3.  Per  cent  of  wear. — From  40  to  60  pieces  of  stone,  weighing  5,000 
grams,  are  placed  in  a  steel  cylinder  wTith  its  axis  inclined  30  degrees  from 
the  axis  of  rotation  which  is  horizontal.  The  cylinder  is  rotated  10,000  times 
at  the  rate  of  30  rotations  per  minute.  At  the  completion  of  the  specified 
rotations,  the  sample  is  screened  and  washed  on  a  1/16-inch  mesh  sieve. 
The  material  not  passing  the  seive  is  dried  and  weighed,  and  the  per  cent 
of  wear  calculated  as  follows : 

5000  —  the  weight  of  the  material  not  passing  the  seive 

Per  cent   of   wear  = X  100 

5000 

4.  French  coefficient  of  zvcar. — The  French  coefficient  of  wear  is  de- 
termined by  dividing  40  by  the  per  cent  of  wear  obtained  as  described  above. 

In  making  the  test  for  the  per  cent  of  wear  from  which  the  French 
coefficient  is  derived  the  sample  is  thrown  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the 
containing  cylinder  twice  in  each  revolution.  This  brings  about  impact  and 
abrasion  of  one  stone  upon  another,  upon  the  sides  of  the  cylinder  itself, 


32  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

nearly  similar  to  the  kind  of  wear  imposed  upon  the  stones  under  motor 
traffic,  except  for  the  fact  that  in  the  latter  case  the  abrasion  probably  takes 
place  under  a  somewhat  greater  pressure  than  in  the  laboratory  tests.  An- 
other virtue  of  this  test,  according  to  Clarke3  is  that  the  average  per  cent 
of  wear  for  the  rock  in  a  given  unit  of  a  quarry  face  does  not  vary  more 
than  the  liable  error  of  0.2  caused  by  laboratory  procedure.  The  per  cent 
of  wear  or  French  coefficient,  therefore,  is  one  fairly  dependable  basis  of 
comparing  road  materials,  and  is  coming  more  and  more  to  be  considered 
the  most  important  physical  test  made  on  road  materials,  so  much  so  that 
the  only  specifications  made  in  many  states  is  that  stone  used  in  highway 
construction  be  clean,  unweathered,  of  a  certain  size  and  have  a  French 
coefficient  of  more  than  a  certain  minimum.  In  Illinois  the  specifications 
require  a  stone  testing  more  than  5  for  a  broken  stone  pavement,  and 
more  than  6  for  a  concrete  pavement. 

5.  Coefficient  of  Hardness. — In  determining  the  coefficient  of  hardness 
a  cylinder  25  millimeters  in  diameter  and  10  centimeters  long  is  cut  from 
the  core  block  by  means  of  a  diamond  core  drill.  This  cylinder,  under 
an  initial  load  of  1250  grams,  is  subjected  to  abrasion  by  quartz  sand  on 
a  revolving  metal  disk.  The  sand  used  is  of  such  size  that  it  passes  a  30- 
mesh  screen  but  is  retained  on  a  40-mesh  screen.  The  specimen  is  held  by 
a  metal  sleeve  which  allows  it  vertical  but  no  horizontal  play  and  whose 
center  is  26  centimeters  from  the  center  of  rotation  of  the  disk.  The  co- 
efficient of  hardness  is  computed  by  subtracting  y$  of  the  loss  of  weight 
after   1000  revolutions  of  the  disk,   from  20. 

The  hardness  test  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  ability 
of  a  rock  to  withstand  frictional  wear.  It  may  probably  be  eliminated  from 
the  set  of  physical  tests,  however,  since  recent  work4  has  demonstrated  that 
hardness  is  so  closely  related  to  toughness  that  if  a  stone  is  suitably  tough 
it  will  also  be  sufficiently  hard  to  make  an  acceptable  road  material. 

6.  Toughness. — Page5  has  defined  toughness  as  the  power  possessed 
by  a  material  to  resist  fracture  when  subject  to  impact.  In  determining 
this  property  a  cylinder  of  rock  25  millimeters  in  diameter  and  25  millimeters 
long,  cut  from  the  core  block,  is  subjected  to  the  impact  of  a  4.4  pound  or  2 
kilogram  weight,  which  delivers  its  blow  upon  a  steel  plunger,  one  end  of 
which  is  hemispherical  and  in  contact  with  the  rock  cylinder.  The  fall  of 
the  weight  is  increased  one  centimeter  or  about  two-fifths  of  an  inch  after 
each  blow.    When  the  test  piece  breaks,  the  height  in  centimeters  of  the  blow 


3Reinecke,  L.,  and  Clark,  K.  A.,  The  sampling-  of  deposits  of  roadstone  and  gravel 
in  the  field:      Proc.  Amer.   Soc.   Test.  Materials,  Vol.  XVIII,   Part  II,   1918. 

4Hubbard,  Prevost,  and  Jackson,  F.  PL,  Jr.,  The  relation  between  the  properties 
of  hardness  and  toughness  of  road  building  rock:      Jour.   Agri.    Research,   vol.    5,   No.    19. 

5Page,  L.  W.,  Road  materials  and  their  physical  properties  :  7th  Ann.  Rept.  Mass. 
Highway  Comm.,  pp.   67,   70,  Jan.   1900. 


SAMPLING,  TESTING  AND  USES  33 

producing-  the  failure  is  known  as  the  toughness.  This  test  is  made  to  de- 
termine how  a  stone  will  withstand  the  shock  and  impact  of  wheels  and 
tires  of  heavy  and  light  vehicles  and  of  horses'  hoofs.  From  the  fact  that 
the  test  is  made  on  a  single  block  of  stone  actually  representing  at  best  a  few 
feet  of  a  rock  exposure,  it  is  obvious  that  the  toughness  tests  from  any 
quarry  may  vary  considerably.  The  Niagaran  dolomite  at  Joliet  has  a  tough- 
ness ranging  from  5  to  13,  at  Thornton  from  6  to  10,  at  Elmhurst  from  (J  to 
10,  at  Kankakee  from  4  to  10,  and  at  the  Lehigh  quarry  from  5  to  7.  The 
Burlington  limestone  at  Quincy  varies  between  5  and  9.  Despite  the  evident 
variation  however,  if  due  consideration  is  taken  in  sampling  to  obtain  core 
blocks  representative  of  the  different  sorts  of  stone,  an  approximate  average 
may  be  obtained  for  the  quarry. 

i.  Cementing  value. — About  500  grams  of  the  rock  sample  are  crushed 
to  about  pea  size  and  then  given  5,000  revolutions  in  a  ball  mill  at  the  rate 
of  30  per  minute.  The  resulting  paste  is  then  pressed  into  briquettes  25  milli- 
meters in  diameter  and  25  millimeters  high,  in  a  molding  machine  which  ap- 
plies the  same  pressure  to  each  briquette.  The  briquettes  are  dried  at  room 
temperature  for  20  hours  and  then  placed  in  an  impact  machine  in  which 
they  are  subjected  to  the  blow  of  a  2.2  pound  or  1-kilogram  hammer,  which 
falls  through  a  constant  height  of  1  centimeter.  The  blow  of  the  hammer  is 
transmitted  to  the  briquette  through  a  ^-kilogram  plunger.  The  number  of 
blows  necessary  to  produce  failure  of  the  briquette  is  known  as  the  cement- 
ing value  of  the  stone  from  which  the  briquette  was  made. 

The  test  for  cementing  value  is  made  to  determine  the  binding  power 
of  a  stone  when  ground  to  a  powder,  wetted,  pressed  and  dried.  The  actual 
binding  power  of  a  rock  powder  when  acted  upon  by  water  is  ascribed  by 
Cushman0  to  the  formation  of  a  colloidal  gel  with  properties  similar  to  arti- 
ficially coagulated  colloids.  The  drying  of  the  powder  and  colloidal  matter 
and  the  accompanying  loss  of  water  result  in  the  formation  of  a  more  or 
less  solid  mass. 

In  a  water-bound  macadam  road,  particularly,  the  fragments  of  stone 
are  continually  rubbing  on  one  another  when  subjected  to  traffic,  thereby 
producing  rock  powder  in  addition  to  that  already  in  the  road.  When  the 
rock  powder  in  the  road  becomes  wet  and  later  dries,  the  binding  power  of 
the  powder  tends  to  make  the  road  a  relatively  solid  mass.  A  determination 
of  the  cementing  value  therefore  is  essential  if  the  stone  being  tested  is  to  be 
used  for  a  water-bound  macadam  road. 


"Cushman,   A.   S.,   The  effect  of  water  on   rock   powders:      U.   S.   Dept.   of   Agri.   Bur. 
Chemistry  Bull.   92,  p.    12. 


34  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

ADDITIONAL  REFERENCES  ON  SAMPLING  AND  TESTING 

Hotchkiss,  W.  O.,  and  Steidtmann,  E.,  Limestone  road  materials  of  Wisconsin: 
Wisconsin  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  XXXIV,  p.  11,  1914. 

Hubbard,  H.,  and  Jackson,  F.  H.,  The  results  of  physical  tests  of  road-building 
rock:     U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agri.  Bull.  370,  1916. 

Hubbard,  P.,  and  Jackson,  F.  H.,  Typical  specifications  for  non-bituminous  road 
materials:     U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agri.  Bull.  704,  1918. 

Jackson,  F.  H.,  Methods  for  the  determination  of  the  physical  properties  of  road- 
building  rock:     U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agri.  Bull.  347,  1916. 

Reinecke,  L.,  Non-bituminous  road  materials:  Economic  Geology,  vol.  XIII,  no.  8, 
p.  557,  Dec.  1918. 

Standard  forms  for  specifications,  tests,  reports,  and  methods  of  sampling  for  road 
materials:     U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agri.  Bull.  555,  1917. 

General  Value  of  Road  Material  Tests 
The  purpose  of  the  physical  tests  made  on  road  materials  is  to  forecast 
if  possible  the  manner  in  which  a  stone  will  react  to  and  withstand  the  agen- 
cies or  processes  which  tend  to  destroy  it.  Of  these  the  two  most  active  are 
mechanical  abrasion  (traffic)  and  temperature  changes  (climate).  By  the 
former  is  meant  the  effect  of  the  impact  and  abrasion  by  tires,  wheels,  steel- 
shod  hoofs  and  the  erosion  by  water  running  from  the  surface  of  the  road, 
while  the  latter  involves  heating  and  cooling  with  disruption  from  unequal 
expansion  and  contraction,  and  the  wedging  effect  of  freezing  water.  These, 
aided  by  chemical  decomposition  and  the  activities  of  growing  organisms, 
tend  to  tear  down  and  destroy  a  road. 

It  is  very  true  that  the  real  test  of  any  road  material  is  the  actual  service 
it  gives  when  in  the  road.  Such  a  test  is  the  only  conclusive  one,  regardless 
of  what  results  the  stone  shows  in  the  laboratory.  Though  there  may  be 
discrepancies  between  the  laboratory  tests  and  the  actual  results  obtained 
in  the  road,  however,  the  tests  are  not  without  their  value,  for  they  indicate 
in  a  general  way  what  rock  is  to  be  avoided  and  what  is  likely  to  be  suitable. 
When  it  is  considered  that  limestones  change  markedly  within  compara- 
tively short  distances  both  vertically  and  horizontally  and  that  in  all  proba- 
bility no  two  samples  taken  from  the  same  quarry  by  different  individuals 
would  test  the  same,  it  is  obvious  that  a  single  analysis  cannot  represent  an 
outcrop  except  in  a  general  way.  If  however,  a  series  of  samples  are  ob- 
tained from  a  given  quarry,  their  average  will  represent  the  stone  with  a 
fair  degree  of  accuracy.  Figure  3  represents  the  French  coefficient  of  a 
number  of  samples  of  limestone  and  dolomite  taken  from  the  same  quarry 
or  the  same  given  region.  It  is  interesting  to  note  how  closely  the  high  and 
low  points  of  the  graphs  respectively  coincide.  In  the  graph  of  the  Thorn- 
ton quarry  9  and  5.3  are  the  maximum  and  minimum  French  coefficient 
values ;  in  that  of  the  Joliet  stone  10.8  and  6.8,  and  in  that  of  the  Lehigh 
stone  10.8  and  7.5. 


SAMPLING,  TESTING  AND  USES 


:;:, 


The  general  similarity  of  the  high  and  low  tests  respectively  may  be 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  high  testing  samples  were  obtained  from  a  more 
resistant  layer  in  the  quarry  and  the  low  testing  samples  from  a  softer  layer. 
In  such  a  case  the  samples  yielding  intermediate  tests  may  be  a  mixture  of 
the  two.  Another  explanation  might  be  that  the  stone  in  one  part  of  the 
quarry  without  regard  to  layers,  is  more  resistant  than  in  the  other  parts. 


Lehigh  quarry  --  range  7.5  -  10.8 


iaa.umMi 


Thornton  quarry  --  range  -  5.3-9.0 


Joliet  quarries  -  range 


Fig.  3.    Graph    showing    the    variation    of    the    French    coefficient    of    Niagaran 
dolomite  as  indicated  by  tests  from  certain  quarries  and  unit  areas. 


The  value  of  a  single  sample  as  representing  the  rock  of  an  entire  out- 
crop is  therefore  somewhat  doubtful.  Too  many  variable  factors  enter  into 
its  choice.  If,  however,  a  group  of  samples  is  obtained  from  different  out- 
crops of  the  same  formation  within  a  restricted  locality,  it  is  possible  to 
arrive  at  a  general  idea  as  to  what  the  formation  as  a  whole  will  test.  Hav- 
ing established  this  general  average,  and  if  it  is  found  to  be  satisfactory, 
other  tests  from  samples  taken  at  selected  points  from  the  same  geological 
formation  would  aid  in  the  choice  of  a  desirable  quarry  site. 


36 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Evaluation  of  Results  of  Tests 


It  is  customary  in  describing  road  materials  to  consider  them  as  having 
high,  low,  or  medium  tests,  and  for  this  purpose  certain  scales  of  values 
have  been  constructed.  Hotchkiss  gives  the  following  scale  of  values  for  the 
properties  of  road  materials,  deriving  his  data  from  tests  on  limestone  and 
other  rocks.7 


Low 


French  coefficient  of  wear 

Hardness   

Toughness    

Cementing   value 


Below  8    

Below  14    (soft) 

Below  13    

Below  10    


Medium 


High 


8-13 

14-17 

13-19 

10-25    (fair) 


14-20  (above  20  very  hard) 
Above  17    (hard) 
Above  19 
26-75   (good) 
76-100    (very  good) 
Above  100   (excellent) 


The  Office  of  Public  Roads  has  made  tests  on  some  800  samples  of 
limestone  and  350  samples  of  dolomite  obtained  from  various  parts  of  the 
United  States.    The  averages  of  their  results  are  as  follows  :s 

Average  hardness   15 

Average    toughness    7 

Average   French   coefficient 8 

Cementing  value — 75  per  cent  of  samples  over  25 

Average  specific  gravity 2.7   (range  2.6-2.85) 

Average  weight  per  cubic  foot  in  pounds 

Limestone    168 

Dolomite    170 

Range    160-178 

Absorption  varies  from  a  few  hundredths  of  1  per  cent  to  13  per  cent. 

From  a  comparison  of  these  two  tables  it  would  appear  that  the  average 
limestone  or  dolomite  as  compared  with  rocks  in  general  is  of  medium  hard- 
ness, low  toughness,  barely  medium  French  coefficient  and  good  cementing 
value.  However  as  limestone  and  dolomite  are  the  only  rocks  quarried  in 
Illinois  for  road  material,  it  seems  desirable  that  a  scale  of  values  be  con- 
structed which  will  make  possible  a  comparison  of  the  tests  of  specific  lime- 
stones and  dolomites  with  reference  to  these  rocks  as  a  group.  The  ac- 
companying graphs  (figs.  4  a  and  b)  made  from  the  results  of  the  tests  on 


'Hotchkiss,  W.  O.  and  Steidtman,  E.,  Limestone  road  materials  of  Wisconsin : 
Wis.   Geol.   Survey  Bull.   XXXIV,  pp.    11-14,    1914. 

8Hubbard,  P.  and  Jackson,  F.  H.,  The  results  of  physical  tests  of  road-building 
rock:      U.   S.  Dept.  Agriculture  Bull.   370,   p.   6,   1916. 


SAMPLING,  TESTING  AND  USES 
A 


37 




' 

1 

... 

' 

II 

^FH 

t— . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3    4    5    6    7    8    9    10    It   12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20 

Toughness 


B 

■ 

-1- 

-f- 

i 

:::* 

( 

-■- 

■ 
r        1 

1 

t 

)        1 

4 

0          1 

1        i 

4 

2           13           14            1 

5           16          17           1 

A 

Coefficient  of  hardness 


Fig.  4a.     Graphs  showing  the  variation  in  toughness  (248  samples)   and  hardness 
(176  samples)   in  Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites. 


Low Less  than  6 

Medium 6-8 

High Above  8 

Average 7.3 


B 

Low Less  than  13 

Medium 13-17 

High Above    17 

Average 14.5 


38 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

A 


60 

^n 

w 

o. 

(0 

w30 

o 

ID 

F 

3 

7 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

■ 

0 

■ 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

■ 

II 

2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10        1 1  12         13         14         15  16 

French  coefficient 


50 


40 


j?30 
a. 

£ 

120 


10 


10 


20 


30 


40 


60  70 

Cementing  value 


90 


10 


120 


130 


Fig.  4b.     Graphs  showing  the  variations  in  the  French  coefficients  (307  samples) 
and  cementing  values   (172  samples)  in  Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites. 


Low Less  than  5 

Medium 5-11 

High Above   11 

Average 8.1 


B 

Low Less  than  20 

Medium 20-50 

High Above   50 

Average 52.3 


SAMPLING,  TESTING  AND  USES  39 

Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites  (see  Table  5)  suggest  the  following  scale 
of  values  for  limestones  and  dolomites  as  a  group. 


Low 


Medium        High         Average 


French  coefficient  (307  samples) 'Less  than  5. . . 

Hardness    (176   samples) [Less  than  13.  J 

Toughness    (248   samples) 'Less  than  6. . . 

Cementing  value  (181  samples) Less  than  20.  J 


5-11 

Above  11. . 

8.1 

13-17 

Above  17. . 

14.5 

6-8 

Above  8. . . 

7.3 

20-50 

Above  50.. 

52.3 

According  to  the  above  scale  of  values,  the  average  Illinois  stone  has  a 
medium  French  coefficient,  hardness,  toughness,  and  a  high  cementing  value. 
The  average  cementing  values  as  stated  in  the  above  table  however,  include 
13  samples  of  stone  testing  over  100.  If  these  samples  are  omitted  from  the 
computation,  the  average  cementing  value  for  the  remaining  samples  is  42.7. 

General  Requirements  of  Limestone  and  Dolomite  Used  in  Various 

Types  of  Roads 
In  discussing  the  physical  properties  of  road-building  rock,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  consider  the  type  of  road  in  which  the  stone  is  to  be  used,  because 
different  types  of  roads  require  different  qualities  of  stone. 

WATER-BOUND    MACADAM    ROADS 

Since  the  innovation  of  the  automobile  to  common  use,  the  water-bound 
macadam  has  been  gradually  losing  favor.  Such  a  road  gives  good  service 
for  horse  drawn  vehicles,  but  when  subject  to  automobile  traffic  it  ruts 
rapidly  and  develops  numerous  small  depressions.  A  water-bound  macadam 
road  depends  for  its  durability  chiefly  on  the  cementing  value,  or  binding 
power  of  the  smaller  bits  of  stone  or  dust.  The  shearing  action  of  the  tires 
and  the  air  movements  set  up  by  the  motion  of  the  vehicle  remove  this  bind- 
ing dust,  resulting  in  a  rapid  failure  of  the  road.  Furthermore  when  the 
small  depressions  in  the  road  become  filled  with  water  after  a  shower  or 
during  the  spring  thaws,  an  automobile  wheel  traveling  at  a  high  rate  of 
speed  splashes  the  water  and  finer  stone  out  of  the  hole,  causing  an  enlarge- 
ment of  the  depression  and  the  loss  of  a  certain  amount  of  binder. 

It  is  obvious  then  that  above  all,  stone  for  water-bound  macadam  roads 
should  have  a  high  cementing  value  in  order  to  bond  well  in  the  road  and 
to  minimize  the  loss  of  dust  and  fine  material  from  the  effects  of  traffic. 
At  the  same  time  the  French  coefficient  of  wear  must  be  low  enough  to  per- 
mit the  formation  of  sufficient  fine  material  to  compensate  for  dust  losses 
incurred  by  the  road.  In  general  a  cementing  value  over  25  is  considered 
desirable.9 


9Hubbard,    P.    and    Jackson,    F.    H.,    The    results    of    physical    test    of    road-building 
rock:     U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  Bull.  370,  1916. 


40 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Recommendations  for  French  coefficient,  per  cent  of  wear,  toughness 
and  hardness  for  light,  moderate  and  heavy  traffic  are  given  in  Table  3.  The 
recommendations  for  the  per  cent  of  wear  and  toughness  of  rock  for  light 
traffic  are  from  three  different  sources,  the  first  from  the  Office  of  Public 
Roads,  the  second  from  the  American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements 
and  the  third  from  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 

Table  3. — Limiting  values  of  physical  tests  of  rock  for  water-bound  macadam  roads 
according  to  the  amount  of  traffic 


Character  of  traffic 


Limit  of  tests 


French 
coefficient 


Per  cent 
of  wear 


Light     (less    than    100    vehicles 

daily) 9   

Light     (less    than    100    vehicles 

daily) io    

Light     (less    than    100    vehicles 

daily) ii    

Moderate   (100-250  vehicles 

daily)  9    

Heavy  (over  250  vehicles  daily)9 


5-8 


8-15 
Over  15 


5-8 

5.7    and    under 

5  and  under 

2.7-5 
Less   than   2.7 


Toughness 


Hardness 


5-9  10-17 

6  and  over 
6  and  over 


10-18 
Over  1! 


Over  14 
Over  17 


BITUMINOUS  ROADS 

The  binder  for  bituminous  roads  is  bituminous  material  which  is  inti- 
mately mixed  with  the  materials  composing  the  road  or  is  spread  over  the 
top  of  the  road  as  a  surfacing  or  carpet.  For  this  type  of  road  a  stone  is 
desired  with  a  relatively  high  French  coefficient  of  wear  and  of  sufficient 
porosity  to  admit  some  of  the  bitumen  into  the  surface  pores.  This  per- 
mits partial  impregnation  of  the  rock  fragments  and  results  in  a  greater 
cohesion  of  the  materials  of  the  road  as  a  whole.  Relatively  high  tough- 
ness and  hardness  values  are  also  desirable. 

The  minimum  limits  of  physical  tests  of  rock  for  bituminous  road  con- 
struction, are  given  in  the  following  table.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  recom- 
mendations for  stone  to  be  used  in  bituminous  concrete  are  obtained  from 
different  sources  as  indicated. 


8Hubbard,    P.    and   Jackson,    F.    H.,    The   results   of   Physical    tests    of   road-building 
rock:      U.  S.   Dept.  Agriculture  Bull.   370,   1916. 

"Recommended  by  American  Soc.  of  Municipal  Improvements,  1914. 
"Recommended  by  American  Soc.   of  Civil  Engineers,   1917. 


SAMPLING,  TESTING  AND  USES 


-11 


Table  4. — Limiting  values  of  physical  tests  of  rock  for  bituminous  roads  according 

to  the  amount  of  traffic 


Type  of  road 


Character  of 
traffic 


French 
coeffi- 
cient 


Per  cent  of 
wear 


Tough- 
ness 


Broken  stone  with  a  bitumin- 
ous  carpet    

Bituminous  broken  stone 
with   seal  coat 

Bituminous  concrete  with  or 
without    seal    coat 

Bituminous  concrete  with  or 
without    seal    coat 

Bituminous  concrete  with  or 
without    seal    coat 

Bituminous  concrete  with  or 
without    seal    coat 

Bituminous  concrete  with  or 
without    seal    coat 

Bituminous  concrete  with  or 
without    seal    coat 


Light  to  moderate. 
Moderate  to  heavy. 
Light  to  moderate. 
Light  to  moderate. 
Light  to  moderate. 
Moderate  to  heavy. 
Moderate  to  heavy. 
Moderate  to  heavy. 


5  jNot  over  8°.  .  . 
7  (Not  over  5.7  9. 
7  Not  over  5.7  9. 
3.5  10 


5 
10 
7 
!  Over  13 


10 


Less  than  3.5  n   Over  1.- 
Not  over  49...  13 


Less  than  3.5  1" 
Less  than  3.5  " 


Over  13 
Over  13 


PORTLAND   CEMENT   CONCRETE    ROADS 

This  type  of  road  is  monolithic  and  is  practically  free  from  internal 
wear  snch  as  occurs  in  a  macadam  road.  The  stone  in  a  concrete  road, 
however,  should  be  somewhat  harder  than  the  cement  which  binds  it.  A 
minimum  hardness  of  12  for  moderate  traffic  and  of  1(>  for  heavy  traffic,  and 
a  toughness  of  8  or  over  are  recommended1  -  by  the  United  States  Office  of 
Public  Roads.  As  regards  the  French  coefficient,  the  Illinois  State  High- 
way Department  specifies  that  the  stone  have  a  French  coefficient  of  6  or 
over.  Other  authorities  variously  recommend  a  minimum  French  coefficient 
of  from  6  to  10.  Some  porosity  is  not  objectionable  since  a  penetration  of 
the  cement  into  the  surficial  pores  of  the  stone  serves  to  make  stronger  the 
bond  between  the  two. 

Additional  Properties  of  Road  Metal  Warranting  Consideration 

TEXTURE 

It  is  essential  in  the  selection  of  a  stone  for  use  in  highway  construc- 
tion that  it  be  of  uniform  texture  throughout  the  quarry.     By  this  is  meant 


rock 


rock 


9Hubbard,    P.    and    Jackson,    F.    H.,    The    results    of    physical    tests    of    road-building 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  Bull.  370,  191  (i. 
"Recommended   by   American    Soc.   of   .Municipal    [mprovements,    1914. 
"Recommended   by   American   Soc.   of   Civil   Engineers,    1!H7. 
12Hubbard,   P.   and   Jackson,    F.    H.,   The   results   of   physical    tests   of   road-building 

F.   S.    Dept.   Agriculture  Bull.   370,    1916. 


42  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

a  "uniformity  in  size,  closeness  and  manner  of  contact  of  constituent 
grains."13  Textural  differences  result  in  difference  in  hardness,  toughness, 
porosity,  and  French  coefficient.  It  is  therefore  obvious  that  if  a  road  is 
to  retain  a  smooth  or  even  surface  under  traffic,  it  must  be  constructed  of 
stone  of  the  same  texture  which  will  wear  equally  throughout  under  a  given 
set  of  conditions.14 

COLOR 

The  color  of  a  fresh  rock  generally  has  little,  if  any,  effect  upon  its 
desirability  for  road  use.  There  seems  to  be  a  general  prejudice  against  a 
buff-colored  stone,  because  of  its  supposed  inferiority  to  white  stone.  How- 
ever, numerous  tests  bear  out  the  fact  that  some  brown  and  buff  limestones 
and  dolomites  are  superior  to  the  white  or  blue  stone  in  the  same  bed  or 
formation.  The  buff  or  brown  color  is  usually  due  to  the  deposition  of  hy- 
drated  iron  or  rust  in  the  interstices  of  the  stone.  The  effect  is  to  decrease 
the  porosity  and  thereby  increase  the  strength  of  the  rock. 

DELETERIOUS   MATERIALS 
PYRITE 

Among  the  most  common  minerals  occurring  in  stone  used  for  road 
purposes  is  pyrite  or  marcasite,  the  sulphide  of  iron,  commonly  known  as 
fool's  gold.  Upon  weathering,  it  forms  iron  hydroxide  or  rust  which  occu- 
pies a  greater  volume  than  did  the  original  pyrite.  This  tends  to  produce 
expansion  in  the  rock,  which  may  relieve  itself  by  the  cracking  or  "scaling 
off"  of  the  stone,  making  pits  and  planes  of  weakness.  While  pyrite  might 
not  be  particularly  harmful  in  macadams,  it  should  be  avoided  in  stone 
to  be  used  in  concrete  roads. 

SHALY   PARTINGS  AND   CHERT 

Shaly  partings  in  a  rock,  however  small,  constitute  planes  of  weakness 
which  though  they  may  not  be  of  great  importance  or  be  noticeably  objec- 
tionable when  the  stone  is  first  placed  on  the  road,  will  after  a  period  of 
weathering  become  fracture  planes  or  planes  of  failure. 

Chert  is  objectionable  for  use  with  limestone  or  dolomite  in  a  concrete 
road,  because  it  is  much  harder  than  the  limestone  or  the  cement  surrounding 
it,  and  therefore  is  more  wear  resisting  and  has  a  tendency  to  stand  up  as 
small  bosses  in  the  road  after  the  road  has  become  somewhat  worn.  Further, 
it  has  a  different  rate  of  expansion  and  contraction  than  limestone  or  dolo- 
mite, and  for  that  reason  when  subjected  to  extremes  of  temperature  sets 
up  either  tensional  or  compressional  strains  in  the  road  with  a  resulting  tend- 


l3Buckley,  E.  R.,  Building  and  ornamental  stones  of  Wisconsin :  Bull.  Wisconsin 
Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey  No.  IV,  p.   40,  1898. 

14Shoop,  C.  F.,  An  investigation  of  concrete  road-making-  properties  of  Minnesota 
stone  and   gravel  :      Bull.   Univ.   of   Minnesota,   Studies   in   Engineering,   No.    2. 


SAMPLING,  TESTING  AND  USES  43 

ency  to  weaken  it.  This  effect  is  probably  very  minor,  however.  In  a  bitu- 
minous macadam,  its  greatest  objection  is  its  superior  hardness  which  makes 
it  stand  up  in  the  road  as  small  knobs.  It  is  valueless  in  a  water-bound 
macadam  except  that  it  acts  as  an  abrasive  on  the  limestone  and  produces 
small  fragments  of  the  latter  which  serve  as  a  binder.  The  chert  itself, 
however,  does  not  form  a  binder  nor  does  it  generally  offer  a  surface  which 
is  rough  or  porous  enough  to  be  firmly  adhered  to  by  a  cement. 

Chert  is  however  satisfactorily  used  in  roads  in  the  case  of  the  so-called 
"novaculite"  gravel  of  southern  Illinois.  The  chert  occurs  interbedded  with 
thin  layers  of  clay  which  serves  as  a  binder  when  the  material  is  put  on  the 
road. 


CHAPTER   IV.— PHYSICAL   PROPERTIES   OF   ILLINOIS   LIME- 
STONES AND  DOLOMITES 

By  J.  E.  Lamar 

Introduction 

Table  5,  pages  47-62,  has  been  compiled  from  various  sources  and  in- 
cludes all  the  physical  analyses  of  Illinois  limestones  heretofore  published 
by  the  Illinois  or  United  States  Geological  surveys,  with  additional  tests 
made  by  the  Illinois  Highway  Testing  Laboratory  on  samples  taken  in  con- 
nection with  the  investigation  of  road  materials  in  Illinois.  The  analyses 
are  grouped  by  counties  and  descriptions  of  these  materials  arranged  by 
counties  may  be  found  in  Chapters  VII  to  X. 

Relations  of  Physical  Tests  to  Each  Other 

It  has  been  shown1  that  there  is  a  definite  relation  between  hardness 
and  toughness,  such  that  a  stone  of  sufficiently  high  toughness  to  be  a  satis- 
factory road  material  will  also  generally  give  a  satisfactory  test  for  hard- 
ness. The  accompanying  graph  (fig.  5)  bears  out  this  relation,  and  it  will 
be  seen  that  for  each  formation  except  for  the  Maquoketa  in  Kankakee 
County  the  ratio  of  hardness  to  toughness  is  very  similar. 

Another  relation  between  physical  tests  of  interest  is  that  with  the 
exception  of  the  Menard  limestone,  the  French  coefficient  and  toughness  in- 
crease or  decrease  alike  but  not  to  the  same  degree.  Seventeen  formations 
have  a  toughness  of  medium  or  better,  and  sixteen  a  French  coefficient  of 
medium  or  better.  The  Shakopee  dolomite  falls  below  medium  for  the 
French  coefficient. 

There  is  no  apparent  relation  between  the  cementing  value  and  any  of 
the  other  physical  tests. 

Relation  of  Physical  and  Chemical  Properties  to  Physical  Tests 

From  the  table  of  average  tests,  Table  6,  for  the  various  formations 
four  general  conclusions  may  be  drawn  : 

1.  Coarsely  crystalline  limestones  have  a  low-medium  or  low  French 
coefficient  if  they  are  pure.  As  examples,  may  be  cited  the  Burlington, 
Maquoketa,  Kimmswick,  and  Salem  limestones. 


1Hubbard,  Prevost,  and  Jackson,  F.  H.,  Relation  between  the  properties  of  hardness 
and  toughness  of  road-building-  rock  :     Jour.  Agr.  Research,  vol.  5,  No.  19,  Feb.  7,  1916. 

44 


PHYSICAL  TESTS 


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2.  Fine-  and  medium-grained  dense  limestones  have  a  high-medium  or 
high  French  coefficient.  As  examples,  may  be  cited  the  Menard,  Kinkaid,  St. 
Louis,  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  Edgewood  limestones. 

3.  The  dolomites,  the  Niagaran  and  Galena,  are  medium  grained,  and 
show  a  medium  French  coefficient  close  to  the  mean  for  all  formations. 

4.  Lord2  has  pointed  out  that  "limestones  containing  an  appreciable 
amount  of  quartz  with  some  kaolin  or  clay  are  tougher  and  have  lower  per- 
centages of  wear  (higher  French  coefficient)  and  higher  cementing  values 
than  samples  deficient  in  these  minerals".  This  obtains  in  general  for  many 
Illinois  limestones  which  contain  disseminated  siliceous  and  argillaceous  ma- 
terial, but  is  not  without  exceptions. 


2Lord,  E.   C.   E.,  Relation  of  mineral  composition  and  rock  structure  to  the   physi- 
cal properties  of  road  materials  :     U.   S.   Dept.  Agriculture  Bull.   348,  p.   19,   1916. 


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CHAPTER  V.— QUARRY  PRACTISE 
By  Frank  Krey 

Location  of  a  Quarry  Site 

In  choosing  a  shipping  quarry  site  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  the 
mere  proximity  of  a  limestone  deposit  to  a  railroad  does  not  in  itself  war- 
rant erecting  a  quarry  plant.  After  a  preliminary  examination  to  determine 
the  character  and  quantity  of  rock  available  and  the  amount  of  overburden, 
it  is  advisable  to  make  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  probable  demand  for 
crushed  stone  that  can  be  supplied  from  the  proposed  quarry,  present  and 
potential  transportation  facilities,  and  the  amount  and  kind  of  competition 
that  will  be  met. 

MARKET   DEMANDS 

Some  idea  regarding  the  probable  demand  and  market  for  the  product 
may  be  obtained  from  a  study  of  the  amount  being  used  in  the  area  to  be 
served,  and  since  most  limestones  suitable  for  use  as  road  material  are  also 
suitable  for  ballast,  aggregate  in  concrete,  agricultural  limestone,  riprap, 
and  rubble,  all  these  uses  should  be  taken  into  consideration.  '  Furthermore, 
if  the  limestone  deposit  is  of  exceptional  purity,  the  production  of  flux  and 
lime  may  also  be  considered.  Data  obtained  from  a  study  of  this  kind  are 
not  only  of  great  value  in  determining  the  feasibility  of  opening  a  quarry 
but  also  have  bearing  on  the  size  of  the  proposed  plant. 

TRANSPORTATION    FACILITIES  AND  RATES 

Transportation  is  probably  the  most  important  single  factor  influencing 
the  choice  of  a  quarry  site  and  should  be  given  serious  consideration.  Some 
of  the  more  important  factors  which  must  be  considered  are  freight  rates, 
size  of  the  markets  reached  by  railroad,  connections  with  other  railroads, 
character  of  traffic  handled,  general  direction  of  movement  of  traffic,  and 
car  supply. 

The  freight  rates  are  the  biggest  factor  in  determining  the  selling  price 
of  crushed  stone  and  therefore  the  lower  the  freight  rate  the  farther  the 
stone  may  be  shipped  and  sold  at  a  given  price.  Furthermore  freight  rates 
vary  with  the  different  railroads  so  that  a  quarry  located  on  one  railroad  may 
market  its  product  in  a  town  cheaper  than  another  quarry  which  may  be 
closer  but  located  on  a  different  railroad.  Also  when  freight  rates  are  un- 
usually high  many  consumers  who  might  use  crushed  limestone  do  not  buy 
because  of  the  high  price. 

64 


QUARRY  PRACTISE  65 

It  is  obvious  that  a  limestone  deposit  located  along  a  railroad  which 
does  not  reach  the  more  populous  towns  of  a  region,  or  passes  through 
only  a  few  of  them,  is  less  ready  for  exploitation  than  one  located  along  a 
railroad  which  reaches  most  of  them.  Furthermore,  quarries  located  along 
the  smaller  railroads  or  electric  lines  may  be  required  to  pay  switching 
charges  to  reach  many  of  the  larger  towns  in  the  vicinity.  In  many  cases 
this  additional  charge  is  sufficient  to  prevent  these  quarries  from  competing 
with  others  which  are  farther  away  but  have  better  railroad  facilities. 

To  insure  a  wide  market,  good  railroad  connections  are  essential  and 
a  quarry  which  has  access  to  two  or  more  of  the  main  railroads  can  reach 
a  much  wider  territory  than  one  having  access  to  only  one  railroad. 

The  character  of  the  traffic  handled  by  the  railroad  is  also  important. 
If  the  railroad  handles  large  quantities  of  coal  it  will  be  found  no  cars 
will  be  available  for  limestone  in  emergencies,  as  coal  is  given  priority.  On 
the  other  hand  such  roads  usually  have  an  abundance  of  cars  suited  for  car- 
rying limestone  and  under  ordinary  conditions  could  furnish  an  adequate 
supply. 

On  many  railroads  the  movement  of  the  loaded  cars  is  mainly  in  one 
direction  which  necessitates  the  return  of  many  empty  cars.  A  quarry  which 
can  take  advantage  of  this  and  use  the  cars  without  greatly  diverting  them 
will  receive  much  better  service  and  often  lower  rates. 

The  equipment  of  a  railroad  is  also  important,  as  a  quarry  of  any  size 
located  on  a  road  with  an  inadequate  car  supply  is  very  apt  to  suffer  from 
a  car  shortage  whenever  the  demand  for  cars  is  above  normal,  with  the  re- 
sult that  production  might  be  interfered  with. 

CHARACTER  OF  THE  COMPETITION 

Probable  competition  which  the  proposed  quarry  must  meet  should  also 
be  considered.  Unless  it  is  prepared  to  produce  as  cheaply  as  competing 
plants,  its  market  will  be  limited  to  the  immediate  vicinity  and  unless  this 
region  includes  populous  areas  the  demand  may  be  too  small  to  warrant 
operating  a  quarry. 

ENGINEERING  ADVICE 

If  the  conclusions  drawn  from  the  study  of  the  foregoing  problems  are 
favorable  the  next  step  would  be  to  engage  a  competent  quarry  engineer  to 
make  a  detailed  study  of  the  site  to  determine  whether  or  not  crushed  rock 
could  be  produced  there  at  a  cost  which  would  warrant  the  erection  of  a 
plant  at  that  locality.  Each  site  is  a  problem  in  itself  and  the  different 
factors  which  favor  successful  quarrying  should  be  considered  with  refer- 
ence to  their  applicability  to  the  particular  site  under  consideration. 


66  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Quarry  Methods 
The  following  pages  which  give  a  brief  summary  of  the  quarry  methods 
employed  in  the  State  will  serve  to  show  how  the  different  quarries  accom- 
plish similar  results. 

REMOVAL  OF  OVERBURDEN 

The  most  satisfactory  method  of  removing  overburden  depends  on  many 
factors  and  can  be  determined  only  when  all  the  prevailing  conditions  at  the 
chosen  site  are  known.  The  most  important  factors  in  determining  the 
method  to  be  used  are  thickness  and  character  of  overburden,  dumping  area, 
irregularities  in  the  surface  of  the  underlying  rock,  height  of  face,  and  size 
of  quarry. 

The  character  and  thickness  of  the  overburden  varies  in  different  parts 
of  the  State.  In  the  northern  and  central  portions,  it  consists  of  soil,  glacial 
drift,  which  consists  of  clay  mixed  with  pebbles  and  boulders,  or  in  some 
places,  sand  and  gravel.  In  the  western  part  of  the  State  especially  along 
the  Mississippi  the  overburden  consists  mainly  of  fine  wind-blown  dust 
called  loess,  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  the  overburden  consists 
of  loess  underlain  by  a  residual  material  consisting  of  red  clay  and  chert 
fragments. 

The  methods  most  commonly  employed  in  handling  overburden  are 
steam  shovel,  hydraulic,  drag-line,  teams  and  scrapers,  and  hand  shoveling 
into  dump  carts. 

STEAM   SHOVELING 

Steam-shovel  methods  are  used  at  most  of  the  quarries  in  the  State. 
A  shovel  having  a  bucket  capacity  from  one-half  to  one  yard  is  most  com- 
monly used  for  removing  overburden  of  average  thicknesses,  and  the  ma- 
terial is  loaded  into  small  cars  and  hauled  to  the  dump.  Where  the  over- 
burden is  thick,  larger  shovels  are  used  and  where  thin,  it  is  usually  "cast- 
over"  one  or  more  times  before  it  is  loaded.  At  one  quarry  where  the 
amount  of  overburden  to  be  removed  is  small  the  shovel  loads  directly  into 
auto  trucks.  At  another  quarry  where  the  rock  quarried  is  only  16 j4  feet 
thick,  a  steam  shovel  with  a  long  boom  picks  up  the  overburden  and  dumps 
it  on  the  quarry  floor  far  enough  back  from  the  face  so  as  not  to  interfere 
with  quarrying. 

HYDRAULIC    STRIPPING 

In  hydraulic  stripping,  water  under  pressure  is  shot  from  a  nozzle, 
known  as  a  monitor,  against  the  bank  of  overburden  and  as  the  overburden 
caves  it  is  washed  into  a  collecting  basin  called  a  sump.  From  the  sump,  the 
material  is  pumped  to  settling  pools  or  into  some  nearby  stream.  Where 
the  overburden  to  be  removed  caps  the  hills  or  bluffs  near  some  large  stream 
it  may  be  washed  directly  into  the  stream. 


QUARRY  PRACTISE  67 

Hydraulic  stripping  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  method  of  removing  over- 
burden, but  can  be  used  only  where  there  is  a  plentiful  supply  of  water  and 
where  a  suitable  dumping  area  is  available.  In  Illinois,  this  method  is  used 
on  a  large  scale  only  in  the  vicinity  of  Alton  along  Mississippi  River  where 
loess  50  feet  thick  is  removed  in  this  way. 

DRAG-LINE   SCRAPERS 

Drag-line  scrapers  are  used  in  only  a  few  quarries  within  the  State. 
The  type  most  commonly  used  for  this  work  is  the  boom  derrick.  For  thick- 
nesses of  overburden  of  less  than  eight  feet  this  method  is  considered  by 
many  to  be  more  efficient  than  the  steam  shovel. 

HORSE-DRAWN   SCRAPERS 

Teams  and  scrapers  employed  where  the  overburden  is  thin  and  the 
dumping  area  is  close,  are  best  adapted  for  use  in  quarries  where  the  face 
to  be  quarried  is  high  enough  so  that  the  stripping  of  a  small  area  makes 
available  a  large  quantity  of  stone. 

Hand  shoveling  into  dump  wagons  has  been  used  at  one  of  the  peniten- 
tiaries in  the  State,  but  can  hardly  be  considered  a  practical  method  for 
removing  overburden  on  a  large  scale. 

METHOD  OF  OBTAINING   THE    ROCK 
HEIGHT  OF  FACE 

The  height  of  the  face  quarried  varies  greatly  in  different  parts  of  the 
State.  In  the  northern  part  where  most  of  the  quarries  are  pit  quarries 
the  average  height  of  the  face  is  between  35  and  50  feet,  but  in  the  western 
and  southern  portions  of  the  State  where  most  of  the  quarries  are  hillside 
or  bluff  quarries,  the  height  of  the  face  ranges  from  50  to  120  feet,  and  the 
average  height  of  face  is  between  70  and  80  feet. 

At  a  few  of  the  smaller  quarries  where  production  is  small  and  irregu- 
lar, and  tripod  drills  are  used,  the  height  of  the  face  worked  is  less  than  20 
feet. 

DRILLING 

At  most  quarries  in  the  State,  the  blast  holes  are  put  down  by  churn 
drills  and  are  drilled  to  the  full  depth  of  the  face.  However,  tripod  drills 
are  commonly  used  at  the  quarries  where  the  face  is  being  worked  in 
benches.  Steam  furnishes  the  power  for  drilling  at  most  quarries,  but  com- 
pressed air  and  electricity  are  also  used. 

SIZE  AND   SPACING  OE   DRILL   HOLES 

The  size  and  spacing  of  drill  holes  is  dependent  on  the  character  of  the 
rock,  on  the  kind  and  quantity  of  explosive  used  and  therefore  varies  at  the 
different  quarries.     The  particular  spacing  and  size  used  at  any  one  quarry 


68  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

is  generally  based  on  knowledge  gained  from  experience.  At  one  of  the 
northern  quarries  where  a  40-foot  face  is  quarried,  5-inch  drill  holes  are 
put  down  10  to  12  feet  back  from  the  face  and  10  feet  apart.  At  a  quarry 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  where  a  75-foot  face  is  worked,  5^8-inch 
holes  are  drilled  15  feet  back  from  the  edge  and  15  feet  apart.  At  still 
another  quarry  in  the  same  part  of  the  State  where  a  110-foot  face  is 
worked,  5^-inch  drill  holes  are  drilled  25  to  28  feet  back  from  the  face  and 
15  feet  apart.  At  one  quarry  where  tripod  drills  are  used  the  holes  are  18 
feet  deep,  10  to  12  feet  back  from  the  face,  and  about  the  same  distance 
apart. 

PRIMARY   BLASTING  v 

Forty  per  cent  dynamite  is  the  explosive  most  commonly  used  in  blast- 
ing. Some  quarries,  however,  prefer  60  per  cent  and  a  few  employ  a  com- 
bination of  60  per  cent  in  the  bottom  of  the  hole  and  40  per  cent  in  the 
upper  portion.  At  several  of  the  large  quarries  where  the  parting  at  the 
floor  is  not  pronounced  or  where  it  is  desirable  to  use  a  large  amount  of 
explosive  in  the  bottom  of  the  blast  hole,  "springing"  is  resorted  to.  This 
consists  of  exploding  small  amounts  of  dynamite  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole. 
The  extent  to  which  a  hole  is  sprung  depends  on  the  additional  amount  of 
space  desired. 

In  loading  with  dynamite  the  cartridges  are  usually  slit  open  before 
inserting  them  in  the  hole  so  that  when  tamped  they  will  completely  fill  the 
hole  and  leave  no  air  space.  The  tamping  in  shallow  holes  is  accomplished 
by  using  a  long  wooden  pole  and  in  the  deeper  holes  a  black  of  wood  several 
feet  long,  fastened  to  the  end  of  a  rope  is  used.  After  the  charge  has  been 
loaded  and  tamped,  the  rest  of  the  hole  is  filled  with  sand  or  screenings. 
The  amount  of  this  material  used  varies  with  the  depth  and  size  of  the 
hole,  but  in  the  deeper  holes  as  much  as  30  feet  is  filled  with  this  material 
known  as  "stemming". 

At  one  quarry  in  the  State,  the  "stemming"  is  sealed  with  a  quick  set- 
ting cement  composed  of  Plaster  of  Paris  and  screenings. 

At  most  quarries  only  one  row  of  holes  is  shot  at  a  blast.  At  several 
quarries  in  the  State  where  faces  less  than  40  feet  high  are  worked,  a  blanket 
of  rock  about  15  feet  wide  is  left  along  the  foot  of  the  face  to  be  shot  so 
that  when  the  rock  is  blasted  it  is  not  thrown  out  over  the  quarry  floor  but 
remains  practically  in  place.  In  blasting  of  this  kind  the  charge  in  the 
holes  does  not  come  much  above  the  top  of  the  "blanket"  or  "buffer". 

The  amount  of  stone  blasted  down  per  pound  of  explosive  varies  at  the 
different  quarries.  In  several  of  the  larger  blasts  made  at  an  Illinois  quarry 
working  in  a  massive  limestone,  the  amount  of  rock  shot  down  for  1  pound 
of  40  per  cent  dynamite  is  about   5   tons.     One  quarry  in  the   State   re- 


QUARRY  PRACTISE  69 

ports  10  tons  of  rock  per  pound  of  dynamite,  but  such  results  are  excep- 
tional. 

At  practically  all  the  quarries  in  the  State  the  blasts  are  fired  by  elec- 
tricity. Electric  detonators  and  blasting  caps  with  a  high  explosive  which 
are  ignited  by  an  electric  current  passing  through  a  thin  wire  are  used  to  set 
off  the  charge.  Where  the  holes  are  deep,  several  detonators  are  distributed 
through  the  charge.  Instead  of  electric  detonators  some  quarries  having  a 
high  face  use  a  detonating  fuse  wrhich  is  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  and  consists  of  a  lead  tube  filled  with  tri-nitro  toluene.  If  this  fuse 
is  used  it  is  inserted  in  the  hole  at  the  time  of  loading  and  extends  to  the  full 
depth.  If  several  holes  are  shot  at  the  same  time  the  ends  of  the  fuse  from 
the  different  holes  are  connected  to  a  main  line  of  fuse  and  the  main  line  is 
then  fired  with  an  electric  detonator.  As  this  fuse  has  a  rate  of  detonation 
of  about  15,000  feet  per  second  and  is  in  contact  with  the  entire  charge  it 
makes  the  whole  blast  practically  instantaneous. 

Electricity  for  blasting  may  be  derived  from  a  blasting  machine  or  live 
wire  current.  Where  a  number  of  holes  are  blasted  at  one  time  they  are 
usually  connected  in  series  if  blasting  machine  is  used  or  in  parallel  where 
live  wire  current  is  used. 

SECONDARY   BLASTING 

After  the  rock  has  been  blasted  down  it  is  usually  found  that  there 
are  some  masses  which  are  too  large  to  be  handled  by  the  equipment  used 
at  the  quarry,  and  such  masses  must  be  broken  further.  The  two  methods 
most  commonly  used  are  "dobying"  and  ''block-holing". 

In  "dobying",  a  stick  of  dynamite  with  fuse  attached  is  placed  on  the 
rock  to  be  broken,  and  is  covered  with  mud  and  then  fired.  At  some  quar- 
ries where  steam-shovel  loading  is  used  the  shovel  often  loads  rock  masses 
larger  than  the  primary  crusher  can  take  and  when  this  is  the  case  the 
large  pieces  of  rock  are  broken  on  the  car  by  mud-capping  methods  while 
the  car  stands  at  the  foot  of  the  incline.  At  other  quarries  such  masses 
are  broken  by  the  same  method  at  the  crusher.  In  "block-holing"  one  or 
more  holes  are  drilled  in  the  mass  to  be  broken  and  are  then  loaded  with  a 
stick  or  fraction  of  a  stick  of  low-grade  dynamite  and  exploded  with  a  fuse. 

HANDLING  THE   ROCK 
LOADING 

After  the  rock  is  blasted  down,  it  is  loaded  and  hauled  to  the  crushers. 
At  nearly  all  of  the  larger  quarries  in  the  State  the  rock  is  loaded  by  steam 
shovels.     Hand  loading  is  resorted  to  only  at  the  smaller  quarries. 

The  steam  shovels  generally  employed  in  loading  rock  are  of  the  larger 
types  with  buckets  having  a  capacity  of   from  one  to  four  yards.     Their 


70  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

ability  to  handle  large-sized  masses  of  rock  reduces  much  of  the  secondary 
blasting  and  sledging,  and  their  capacity  for  loading  large  quantities  of  rock 
eliminates  a  large  number  of  laborers  required  in  hand-loading.  Hand- 
loading  methods  are  used  mainly  where  the  production  is  too  small  to  war- 
rant steam-shovel  operations,  and  in  quarries  where  some  of  the  rock  is  used 
for  a  particular  purpose  which  makes  sorting  necessary. 

HAULING 

There  are  probably  as  many  different  systems  of  hauling  the  rock  to 
crushers  as  there  are  quarries.  At  several  quarries  the  rock  is  loaded 
into  carts  which  are  drawn  to  the  crusher  by  horses  ;  at  some  it  is  loaded 
into  auto  trucks  ;  at  others  it  is  loaded  into  small  cars  which  are  pushed  to 
the  tipple  by  hand  or  hauled  by  mules.  At  most  quarries,  however,  where 
steam-shovel  loading  is  practiced,  the  rock  is  loaded  into  cars  which  are 
hauled  to  the  tipple  by  small  locomotives,  and  at  one  quarry  in  the  State 
the  cars  are  operated  by  electricity  from  a  control  tower  located  at  one 
side  of  the  quarry. 

QUARRY  CARS 

The  kind,  shape,  and  size  of  quarry  cars  vary  greatly  at  the  different 
quarries.  Where  hand-loading  is  practiced,  the  cars  are  generally  small, 
with  a  capacity  of  one  and  one-half  to  two  tons.  With  steam-shovel  load- 
ing, larger  cars  are  used  and  in  general,  the  larger  the  shovel  the  larger 
the  cars.  Cars  with  a  capacity  up  to  12  yards  are  used,  but  the  size  used 
in  the  greater  number  of  quarries  is  about  four  yards. 

Most  of  the  cars  are  side  dump  types,  but  locally  end  dump  and  hopper 
types  are  used.  Cars  which  fit  into  a  revolving  cage  and  are  dumped  by 
turning  the  car  completely  over  are  also  used. 

TRACK  LAYOUTS 

Track  layouts  must  of  necessity  conform  to  the  plan  of  development 
of  the  quarry  and  therefore  vary  in  the  different  quarries.  In  general,  how- 
ever, where  hand-loading  methods  are  employed,  the  tracks  radiate  from 
a  main  line  and  meet  the  working  face  at  right  angles.  With  steam-shovel 
loading,  the  loading  track  is  parallel  to  the  face,  and  where  locomotives 
are  used  to  haul  cars,  the  track  layout  is  sometimes  a  closed  circuit  so  that 
with  two  locomotives  a  continuous  supply  of  cars  is  maintained  for  the 
shovel.  Where  only  one  locomotive  is  used  a  siding  is  maintained  at  the 
bottom  of  the  tipple  but  only  a  single  track  leads  from  tipple  to  shovel.  With 
this  arrangement,  the  locomotive  brings  the  loaded  cars  to  the  tipple  and 
takes  back  the  empty  cars  from  the  siding. 


QUARRY  PRACTISE  71 


CRUSHING  THE  ROCK 


In  producing  crushed  rock  the  limestone  is  first  passed  through  a  large 
primary  crusher  and  then  through  smaller  secondary  crushers.  The  type  of 
cusher  most  commonly  employed  is  the  gyratory,  but  at  several  plants  the 
primary  crushing  is  done  by  roll  crushers  and  at  one  quarry  a  large  jaw 
crusher  is  used. 

The  size  of  crushers  used  varies  at  the  different  plants.  At  most  of 
the  smaller  plants,  especially  where  hand-loading  methods  are  practiced,  the 
crushers  are  commonly  smaller  in  size  than  a  No.  iy2.  At  large  plants 
where  steam-shovel  methods  are  employed,  crushers  capable  of  taking  a 
5-foot  or  even  a  larger  cube  of  stone  are  used.  Where  the  primary  crusher 
used  is  a  No.  18  or  larger,  the  secondary  crushers  range  from  No.  iy2  to 
No.  5,  but  where  the  primary  crusher  is  a  No.  7J/2,  the  secondary  crushers 
may  be  as  small  as  No.  3.  Where  small  amounts  of  crushed  rock  are  pro- 
duced for  local  purposes,  small  jaw  crushers  or  pulverizers  are  employed. 

At  quarries  producing  agricultural  limestone,  hammer  mills,  ring  mills, 
or  ball  mills  are  installed  for  grinding  the  rock. 

SCREENING 

The  number,  kind,  and  size  of  screens  employed  in  separating  the  dif- 
ferent sizes  of  crushed  rock  vary  at  the  different  quarries.  Cylindrical 
rotary  screens  from  '2y2  to  7  feet  in  diameter  and  from  4  to  25  feet  long, 
are  used  in  screening  out  the  coarser  sizes  and  whip-tap  and  shaker  screens 
are  used  for  the  smaller  sizes,  commonly  less  than  1%  inches.  Many  of 
the  smaller  quarries  have  only  the  cylindrical  rotary  screens. 

The  arrangement  of  the  screens  differs  at  the  various  quarries,  and  de- 
pends entirely  on  the  design  of  the  plant.  Where  the  primary  crusher  of 
a  plant  is  of  large  size,  the  broken  rock  is  screened  before  it  is  sent  to  the 
secondary  crushers  to  remove  stone  already  crushed  to  size.  Such  screens 
are  often  designated  as  "scalping  screens".  In  general,  however,  the  screens 
are  located  above  the  storage  bins  so  that  as  the  different  sizes  are  screened 
out  they  may  be  chuted  into  the  bins  below. 

Summary 

In  the  selection  of  a  quarry  site  each  locality  is  a  problem  in  itself  and 
only  a  few  principles  have  general  application. 

It  is  essential  that  the  quality  and  quantity  of  rock  obtainable  be  suit- 
able for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  to  be  used;  that  there  be  an  adequate 
market  to  warrant  opening  a  quarry;  that  the  transportation  facilities  be 
such  that  markets  from  the  proposed  quarry  can  be  reached  as  cheaply  as, 


72  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

or  more  cheaply  than  competing  quarries,  and  that  the  cost  of  production 
of  rock  at  the  proposed  site  be  no  more  than  that  of  the  competing  quarries. 
Furthermore,  the  manner  of  development,  kind  of  equipment,  and 
quarry  methods  to  be  employed  are  in  large  measure  dependent  on  condi- 
tions which  prevail  at  the  site  chosen,  and  can  be  determined  only  after 
thorough  study,  which  is  a  task  best  accomplished  by  an  experienced  quarry 
engineer. 


CHAPTER  VI.— QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES  IN  ILLINOIS. 

By  J.  E.  Lamar  and   Frank  Krey 

Introduction 

In  order  to  present  the  general  features  of  the  shipping  quarries  and 
the  most  promising  sites  for  shipping  quarries  in  summary  form,  Table  7, 
pages  74-83,  and  Table  8,  pages  84-91,  have  been  prepared.  The  term 
"shipping  quarry  site"  has  been  used  rather  loosely  to  designate  localities 
less  than  iy2  miles  from  a  railroad  having  a  sufficient  quantity  of  stone  to 
insure  at  least  a  moderate  production  over  a  comparatively  long  period. 
Quarries  which  have  crushing  machinery  on  the  site  but  do  not  make  a 
practice  of  shipping  stone  are  considered  as  local  quarries. 

During  the  field  work,  each  outcrop  or  quarry  was  given  a  specific  ref- 
erence number,  but  to  avoid  confusion  only  those  referring  to  shipping  quar- 
ries, sites  for  shipping  quarries,  local  quarries  and  localities  sampled  are 
included  in  the  text  and  have  been  located  on  the  maps  accompanying  the 
county  descriptions.  In  some  cases  outcrops  of  only  local  value  were  sam- 
pled because  the  site  offered  a  good  opportunity  to  obtain  rock  typical  of 
certain  phases  or  parts  of  the  formation.  Such  tests  are  valuable  in  that 
they  are  applicable  in  a  general  way  elsewhere  where  it  may  be  desirable  but 
impossible  to  take  samples. 

A  detailed  discussion  of  the  limestone  deposits  of  the  State  is  given 
in  Chapters  VII  to  X. 


73 


74 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Table  7. — List  of 


Reference 

Location 

Operator 

Daily 
capacity 

Railroads 

No. 

County 

Town 

of  plant 

Tons 

KNo.  110. 

Adams 

Quincy 

Quincy  White 

Wabash;   Chicago, 

Lime   Company 

Burlington    and 

Quincy 

K  No.  111. 

Adams 

Quincy 

F.  W.  Menke 

100 

Wabash;    Chicago, 
Burlington    and 
Quincy 

KNo.  112.. 

Adams 

Quincy 

Black  White 
Lime    Company 

100 

Wabash;   Chicago, 
Burlington    and 
Quincy 

KNo.  113. 

Adams 

Marblehead. 

Marblehead    Lime 

Wabash;   Chicago, 

Company 

Burlington    and 
Quincy 

LNo.  426. , 

Adams   . 

Quincy 

Quincy  City 
Quarry 

Chicago,    Burling- 

ton and 

Quincy;  Wa- 

bash ;    Quincy, 

Omaha  and 

Kansas  City 

LNo.  276a. 

Boone 

Belvidere.  .  . 

Belvidere 

Crushed   Stone 

Company 

LNo.  38... 

Clark 

West  York 

Illinois  Lime- 

250 

Big  Four  Rail- 

(IMj mile 

stone   Company 

road 

north) 

LNo.  136.. 

Cook 

Thornton.  .  . 

Brownell  Im- 
provement 
Company 

Chicago  and  East- 
ern Illinois; 
Baltimore  and 
Ohio 

LNo.  138.. 

Cook 

Lemont 

Consumers  Com- 
pany   (formerly 
Illinois  Stone 
Company) 

Chicago  and  Jo- 
liet   Electric; 
Chicago  and  Al- 
ton;   Illinois 
and   Michigan 
Canal 

LNo.  141.  . 

Cook 

Summit.  .  .  . 

Consumers  Com- 
pany   (formerly 

Santa  Fe;  truck 

Argo  Stone 

Company) 

LNo.  142.. 

Cook 

McCook 

Consumers  Com- 
pany   (formerly 
United  States 
Crushed   Stone 
Company) 

Indiana  Harbor 
Belt;  Santa  Fe; 
Chicago  and 
Illinois  West- 
ern 

"Sampled  during   present  investigation. 


QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES 
shipping  quarries  in  Illinois 


75 


Daily 
production 


Tons 
100 


50: 


50 


20 


100 


200-250 


1500 


1200 


4000 


Uses 


Topographic 
position 


Aggregate,   agricultural 
limestone,  lime 

Mainly  agricultural  lime 
stone,  lime,  some 
crushed  stone 

Lime,  agricultural  lime 
stone,  aggregate.  Main 
ly  agricultural  lime 
(lime);  some  crushed 
stone 

Mainly  agricultural  lime- 
stone and  lime 

Roads,  concrete  aggre- 
gate, agricultural  lime 
stone 


Concrete  aggregate,   road 

material,      agricultural 

limestone 
Agricultural       limestone, 

road  material,  concrete 

aggregate 
Concrete    road    material, 

agricultural  limestone 


Concrete  road  materials 
agricultural  limestone 
ballast 


Concrete    roads,    railroad 
ballast,  agricultural 
limestone 

Concrete,   roads,   railroad 
ballast,   agricultural 
limestone 


River  bluff. 


River  bluff 


River  bluff 


River  bluff. 


River  bluff 


Pit 


Pit. 


Pit 


Pit. 


Pit, 


Pit 


Height  of 

quarry 

face 


Feet 

75 


55 


70 


55 


40 


3S 


32 


22 


57 


30-50 


Average 
overburden 


Feet 
Mining  method 
used 

18-20.    (Increases 
back  from  face) 

15.    Mining  method 
used  also 


20.    Mining  method 
used  also 

14. 


12 


1% 


76 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  7. — List  of  shipping 


Location 

Daily 

Reference 

Operator 

capacity 

No. 

Railroads 

County 

Town 

of  plant 

Tons 

L  No.  143.. 

Cook 

Lyons 

Riverside  Lime 

Not 

Chicago  and 

and  Stone  Com- 

work- 

Joliet  Electric 

pany 

ing,  ca- 
pacity 
reported 
to  be  25 
cars 

LNo.  144.. 

Cook 

Chicago.  .  . . 

Federal  Stone 
Company 

3000 

Indiana  Harbor 
Belt 

L  No.  145.. 

Cook 

Gary 

Dolese  and   Shep- 
ard 

5000 

Switch  to  Haw- 
thorne to  El- 
gin,   Joliet    and 
Eastern;    Belt 
Railroad 

LNo.  146.. 

Cook 

LaGrange .  . 

Superior   Stone 

Indiana  Harbor 

Company 

Belt;  truck 

L  No.  147.  . 

Cook 

Chicago. .  .  . 

Stearns  Lime 

Truck    

Company,  28 

and  Lime  St. 

L  No  148.  . 

Cook 

Chicago .... 

Chicago  Union 
Lime  Works 

Truck    

L  No  149    . 

Cook. 

Chicago. .  .  . 

Consumers  Com- 

Truck         

pany    (formerly 

Producers 

Stone  Com- 

pany) 

L  No  151 

Cook. . . 

O'Laughlin  Stone 
Company 

Chicago  and 
Great  Western 

LNo.  150.. 

Dupage 

Elmhurst. .  . 

Elmhurst  Chicago 
Stone   Company 

2000 

Chicago  and 
North  Western 

KNo.92... 

Greene 

Eldred 

Eldred  Stone 
Company 

200 

Chicago  and 
Alton   

LNo.  350. 

Hardin 

Shetlerville. 

Golconda  Port- 
land Cement 
Company 

4  cars 
crushed 
rock, 4 
cars  rip 
rap 

Illinois    Central.. 

LNo.  427. 

Hardin 

Shetlerville. 

Southern    Illinois 
Limestone  Com 
pany 

500 

Illinois    Central.. 

KNo.  125. 

Henderson . 

Gladstone. . 

Monmouth    Stone 
Company 

2000 

Chicago,    Burling- 
ton and  Quincy 

QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES  77 

quarries  in  Illinois — Continued 


Height  of 

Daily 

Uses 

Topographic 

quarry 

Average 

production 

position 

face 

overburden 

Tons 

Feet 

Feet 

Roads,    concrete,    lime... 

Pit 

52 

9 

Concrete     roads,     ballast, 
agricultural    limestone 

Pit 

60 

2 

3000 

Concrete,    road   materials 

Pit 

70 

10 

ballast,  agricultural 

limestone,   limestone 

dust 

1000 

Concrete,    roads,    agricul- 
tural limestone 

Pit 

60 

4 

200 

Lime,  crushed  stone 

Pit 

200 

None 

500 

Concrete  roads   

Pit 

340 
265 

None 

400 

Concrete,    roads,    agricul- 

Pit  

None 

tural     limestone,     lime- 

stone dust 

2400 

Concrete,   roads,   railroad 
ballast,  agricultural 
stone,  ground  stone 

Pit 

105 

5 

1000 

Agricultural  limestone, 
road  material,  con- 
crete, ballast 

Pit 

70 

12 

80-90 

Agricultural  limestone... 

River  bluff.  .  . 

70± 

8-10,    but    increases 
back  from  face 

Agricultural  limestone, 
road  material,  con- 

In end  of  hill. 

10-40 

Thin 

crete,    railroad    ballast, 

riprap,  bridge  stone 

• 

500 

Agricultural  limestone, 
ballast,    aggregate,    rip- 
rap 

Hillside 

80 

Very  thin 

Agricultural  limestone, 

River  bluff.  .  . 

50 

30± 

road     material,     aggre- 

gate, railroad  ballast 

78 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  7. 


-List  of  shipping 


Location 

Daily 

Operator 

capacity 

Railroads 

No. 

County 

Town 

of  plant 

Tons 

KNo.  83.. 

Jersey 

Elsah 

Western   Whiting 
Manufacturing 
Company 

175 

Chicago,  Peoria 
and  St.  Louis. . 

K  No.  81 .  .  • 

Jersey 

Grafton. .  . . 

Columbia  Quarry 
Company, 
Quarry  No.  4 

450 

Chicago,  Peoria 
and  St.  Louis 

KNo.  37.. 

Johnson. . . . 

Chasco 

Charles   Stone 
Company 

1000 

Chicago  and 
Eastern  Illinois 

L  No.  108.. 

Kankakee. .. 

Kankakee .  . 

Lehigh  Stone 
Company 

7000 

Chicago,  Indiana 
and  Southern 

L  No.  60 .  .  . 

Madison.  .  .  . 

Alton 

Mississippi    Lime 
and  Material 
Company 

100 

Chicago,  Peoria 
and  St.  Louis 

LNo.  61.  .  . 

Madison.  .  . . 

Alton 

Reliance  Quarry 
and  Construc- 
tion Company 

250 

Chicago  and 
Alton 

LNo.  63... 

Monroe 

Columbia 
(%  mile 
east  of) 

Columbia   Quarry 
Company, 
Quarry  No.  2 

900 

Mobile    and    Ohio 

LNo.  68a.. 

Monroe 

Valmeyer 
(%  mile 
north  of) 

Columbia  Quarry 
Company, 
Quarry  No.  3 

1400 

Missouri  Pacific 

L  No  351 

Monroe 

Valmeyer. .  . 

Valmeyer  Lime- 
stone and  Stone 

Missouri  Pacific 

Company 

LNo.  425.  . 

Mont- 

Litchfield 

Kiggins  Crushed 

350 

Illinois  Traction 

gomery 

(iy2 

miles 
east) 

Stone    Company 

Company 

KNo.  106. 

Pike 

Pearl 

Chicago  and 
Alton 

500± 

Chicago  and 
Alton 

K  No.  8a .  .  . 

Randolph. .  . 

Menard 

Penitentiary 
(2  quarries) 

Missouri    Pacific; 
Illinois   South- 
ern;  Wabash, 
Chester  and 
Western 

LNo.  420. 

Rock  Island. 

Moline 

Bettendorf    Stone 
Company 

250 

Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St. 
Paul;    Chicago, 
Burlington 
and  Quincy 

aSampled  during  present  investigation 


QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES 
quarries  in  Illinois — Continued 


79 


Daily 
production 

Uses 

Topographic 
position 

Height  of 

quarry 

face 

Average 
overburden 

Tons 

Feet 

Feet 

150 

Agricultural  limestone, 
road     material,     aggre- 

River bluff.  .  . 

160 

6 

450 

gate,  whiting 

Riprap,  concrete  road 

River  bluff. .  . 

40 

8-40 

material,  ballast 

500 

Railroad  ballast,  agricul- 
tural    limestone,     con- 
crete, road  material 

End  of  hill.  .  . 

110 

10 

5-6000 

Agricultural  limestone, 
road     material,     aggre- 

Pit  

40 

1-6 

gate,  ballast 

1000-1200 

Lime,    concrete,    agricul- 
tural    limestone,     road 
material 

River  bluff.  .  . 

60-80 

10-60 

100 

Concrete,    aggregate, 
whiting,  road  material, 

Pit. 

62 

40 

agricultural   limestone 

900 

Flux,  concrete,  road   ma- 
terial,  agricultural 
limestone 

Hillside 

55 

15 

1400 

Flux    

River  bluff.  . . 

135 

35 

Concrete,  aggregate, 
agricultural    limestone. 

River  bluff.  . 

railroad  ballast 

Agricultural  limestone, 
aggregate,  road  ma- 

Pit.. 

10 

terial 

350-+- 

Quarry    abandoned 

in   1924 

Mainly  agricultural  lime- 

River bluff. .  . 

40 

35 

stone,    some    road    ma- 

terial 

150 

Flux,      sugar      refineries, 
carbide      works,      agri- 
cultural  limestone,    ag- 
gregate 

River  bluff . .  . 

24 

Heavy.    Rock  ob- 
tained by  mining 

80 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  7. — List  of  shipping 


Reference 

Location 

Operator 

Daily 
capacity 

Railroads 

No. 

County 

Town 

of  plant 

Tons 

KNo.  3... 

St.  Clair.... 

Stolle 

Casper  Stolle 
Quarry  and 
Construction 
Company 

1500 

Illinois  Central 

KNo.  5..  . 

St.  Clair 

Stolle 
( !/4  mile 
south) 

East  St.  Louis 
Stone   Company 

500 

Terminal    

LNo.  62... 

St.  Clair.... 

Columbia 
(iy2mile 
north) 

Columbia  Quarry 
Company, 
Quarry  No.  1 

Mobile  and  Ohio.. 

KNo.  28... 

Union 

Anna 

Anna  Stone  Com- 
pany 

1000 

Central  Illinois 
Public  Service 
Electric;    Illi- 
nois Central 

LNo.  100.. 

Vermilion. . 

Fairmount . . 

Casparis  Brothers 

4000-4500 

Chicago  and  East- 
ern Illinois 

LNo.  109.  . 

Will 

Joliet 

Swan,   Medin  and 
Company 

Michigan  Central 

LNo.  110.. 

Will 

Joliet 

Western  Stone 
Company 

1000± 

Elgin,    Joliet   and 
Eastern;   Chi- 
cago and  Alton; 
Michigan  Cen- 
tral 

LNo.  llla. 

Will 

Joliet 

Markgraf  Stone 
Company 

800 

Chicago,  Rock 
Island  and 
Pacific 

LNo.  112a. 

Will 

Joliet 

Lincoln  Crushed 
Stone   Company 

1000 

Chicago  and 
Alton 

Will 

Joliet.  . 

Inland  Crushed 

400  (esti- 
mate) 

Chicago  and 
Alton 

Stone   Company 

LNo.  113. 

Will 

Joliet 

National  Stone 
Company 

Chicago  and 
Alton 

LNo.  114. 

Will 

Joliet 

Gross  and  Mc- 
Cowan  Lumber 

Elgin,    Joliet   and 

Eastern 

Company 

LNo.  135. 

Will 

Joliet 

Illinois  State 
Penitentiary 

750 

Elgin,   Joliet   and 
Eastern 

aSamplec 

during  pres< 

mt  investigat 

ion. 

QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES 

quarries  in  Illinois — Continued 


81 


Daily 
production 


Uses 


Topographic 
position 


Tons 
600 


450 


3400 


2000 


500 


I 
Railroad  ballast,  agricul-  Rr 
tural     limestone,     con- 
crete, road  material 


Railroad   ballast,   con- 
crete, agricultural 
limestone,    road   mater- 
ial, road 

Agricultural    limestone, 
concrete,  road  material 

Railroad  ballast,  con- 
crete, agricultural 
limestone,  road  ma- 
terial 

Flux,  cement    


Not  operat- 
ing since 
1913 


500 


Building  stone 


Agricultural  limestone, 
road  material,  con- 
crete, rubble,  ballast 


800 


Not   operat- 
ing 

1200-1500? 


Agricultural  limestone, 
concrete,  road  material 
ballast 

Agricultural  limestone,      Pit 
concrete,  road  mater- 
ial, ballast 

Rubble,  agricultural 
limestone,   concrete, 
road  material 

Rubble,    ballast,    agricul- Pit 
tural     limestone,     con- 
crete, road  material 

Riprap,  building  stone      Pit 


River  bluff. 


Hillside 


Hillside. 


Pit. 
Pit. 
Pit. 

Pit 


140 


Agricultural    limestone, 
concrete,  road  material 


Pit 


Height  of 

quarry 

face 


Feet 

70 


65 

85 

75 

16-20 

10± 

45 

45 


40 


32 


63 


35 


Average 
overburden 


Feet 


10 


18 


15 


12 


16-20 


9  inches 


iy2 


2% 


82 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  7. — List  of  shipping 


Reference 

Location 

Operator 

Daily 
capacity 
of  plant 

No. 

County 

Town 

Railroads 

LNo.  294.. 

Winnebago. 

Rockford . .  . 

C'arrico   Stone 
Company   (for- 
merly Northern 

Tons 
350 

Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St 
Paul 

L  No.  295.. 

Winnebago. 

Rockford . . . 

Illinois  Supply 
Company) 
Northern  Illinois 
Supply  Com- 
pany   (formerly 
Hart  and  Page) 

500 

Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St. 
Paul 

QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES 
quarries  in  Illinois — Concluded 


Daily 
production 

Uses 

Topographic 
position 

Height  of 

quarry 

face 

Average 
overburden 

Tons 
200 

150-200 

Agricultural   limestone, 
concrete,  roads 

Agricultural   limestone, 
concrete,  roads,   lime 

Pit 

Pit 

Feet 
50 

100 

Feet 
8 

2 

84 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Tablts  8. — Promising  sites  for 


Reference 

Location 

Railroad 

Topographic 
position 

Amount 

No. 

County 

Town 

available 

K  No.  114... 

Adams 

Chicago   Burling- 
ton and  Quincy 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Large 

KNo.  65.... 

Alexander. . 

Thebes 
(Haifa 
mile 
south) 

Chicago    and    East- 
ern   Illinois 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Large 

LNo.  315:'| 

Carroll 

Savanna. . .  . 

St.   Louis,   Missouri 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Immense 

LNo.  316aJ 

and  Southern 

L  No.  33] 
LNo.  34  j, 

Clark 

Marshall.  .  . 

Big  Four 

Stream  valley 

Unlimited 

LNo.  35J 

LNo.  140.  .  . 

Cook 

Chicago.  .  .  . 

Santa  Fe 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Large 

LNo.  140a.  . 

Cook 

Lemont 

Chicago   and   Alton 

River  flood- 
plain 

Large 

LNo.  140b.. 

Cook 

Lemont. 

Chicago   and   Alton 

River  flood- 
plain 

Large 

LNo.  140c.  . 

Cook 

Chicago. . . . 

Chicago  Rock   Is- 
land and  Pacific; 
Indiana  Harbor 
Belt 

Isolated  hill.  . 

Large 

KNo.  91 

Greene 

Eldred 

Chicago   and   Alton 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Large 

KNo.  92 1 

Greene 

Hillview.  . .  . 

Chicago   and   Alton 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Large 

KNo.  93^ 

L  No  175 

Grundy.  . 

Chicago  Rock  Is- 
land and  Pacific 

Flat. . 

Large 

L  No  176a 

Grundy .    ... 

Eastern   Joliet   and 

Flat 

Large 

Eastern 

KNo.  x".... 

Hardin 

North  of 
Shetler- 
ville 

Illinois  Central 

End  of  hill.  .  . 

Unlimited 

LNo.  90a... 

Jackson. . . . 

Grand 
Tower 
( %  mile 
north) 

Illinois  Central 

End  of  ridge. . 

1,000,000  + 
tons 

KNo.  125.  .. 

Jackson. . .  . 

North  of 
Grand 
Tower 

Illinois  Central 

Ridge 

Immense 

Jo  Daviess.  . 

Illinois   Central; 

River  bluff.  . . 

Immense 

Chicago,  North- 

western; Chicago 

Great   Western; 

Chicago,  Burling- 

ton and  Quincy 

'Sampled  during   present  investigation. 


QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES 
ihipping  quarries  in  Illinois 


85 


Ex- 

Overburden 

posed 
thick- 

Geologic 
formation 

Thick- 

Kind 

of  rock 

Remarks 

ness 

ness 

Feet 

Feet 

25-70 

30-50 

Loess 

Coarse-grained .  . 

Keokuk-Burling- 

ton 

70 

20-40 

Sandstone . 

Coarse-grained .  . 

Kimmswick 

240 

20-33 

Loess 

Porous 

Niagaran 

15± 

10-15 

Sandy 
clay  till 

Compact 

McLeansboro 

Land  partly  under 
cultivation 

45 

10-25 

Till 

Fine-grained.  . .  . 

Niagaran 

225,000  yards  ±  10 
feet    overburden 

5— 

Loam 

Pine-grained .... 

Niagaran 

3 — 

Loam 

Fine-grained .... 

Niagaran 

30 

9-15 

Till 

Coarse-grained. 

Niagaran 

Blue  Island 

bituminous 

70 

8-30 

Loess 

Coarse-grained.  . 

Burlington 

Considerable  chert 

30-80 

0-30 

Loess .... 

Coarse-grained .  . 
Dense 

Burlington 

150 

10- 

Soil 

Galena .  . 

Thickness   of  Galena 

from  well  record 

12 

5- 

Soil 

Coarsely  crys- 
talline 

Maquoketa 

Possibly  60  feet 
thick 

75± 

0-10 

Soil  and 

Oolitic  to  com- 

Renault, Ste. 

Land  unfit  for 

loess. .  .  . 

pact 

Genevieve 

cultivation 

53  + 

20± 

Loess 

Crystalline  to 

Salem  and  St. 

Rock  dips  30  degrees. 

compact 

Louis 

Formerly   quarried 
for  railroad  bal- 
last etc. 

60± 

Thin 

Loess 

Compact,  finely 
granular 

Devonian 

Known  as  the 
"Back  Bone". 

60-120 

10-40 

Loess .  . 

Coarse-grained .  . 

Galena 

Mississippi  River 
bluffs 

86 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  8. — Promising  sites  for  shaping 


Location 

Reference 

Railroad 

Topographic 

Amount 

No. 

County 

Town 

position 

available 

Jo  Daviess 

Chicago,    Burling- 

River bluff 

Immense 

ton  and   Quincy; 

Chicago,  North 

western 

K  No.  29a .  . . 

Johnson. . .  . 

Bloomfield.  . 

Chicago,  Cleveland, 
Cincinnati,  and 
St.   Louis 

Valley  flat 

Large 

KNo.  31 

Johnson 

Belknap .... 

Big  4  

End  of  hill.  . . 

500,000  + 

tons 

K  No.  33b... 

Johnson. . . . 

Buncombe.  . 

Chicago   and    East- 
ern Illinois 

Hillside 

2,500,000  + 
tons 

KNo.  82.... 

Jersey 

Grafton 

Chicago,  Peoria 
and  St.  Louis 

River  bluff. .  . 

Large 

KNo.  85 

Jersey 

Elsah 

Chicago,   Peoria 
and  St.  Louis 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Large 

LNo.  101... 

Kankakee .  . 

Aroma 

Chicago,  Cleveland, 

Flat 

Large 

Cincinnati,  and 

St.  Louis 

L  No.  102... 

Kankakee . . 

Momence. . . 

Chicago    and    East- 
ern  Illinois 

Plat 

Large 

L  No.  182  ] 

LaSalle 

Troy 

Chicago  and  North- 

Valley sides. 

Large 

183a{ 

western 

LNo.  184... 

LaSalle 

Sheridan. . . 

Chicago,  Burling- 
ton and  Quincy 

Valley  sides. 

Moderately 
large 

LNo.  11 

Lee 

Dixon 

Illinois   Central.  . .. 

Rock  River 
bluff 

Immense 

LNo.  12 

Lee 

Dixon 

Bluffs  north 
of  cement 

Immense 

plant 

LNo.  203a.  ., 

Lee .  . 

Dixon 

Chicago  and  North- 
western 

Hill 

500,000 

yards 

LNo.  210.  .  . 

Lee 

Dixon . . 

Chicago  and  North- 
western 

Hill 

1,000,000 
yards 

LNo.  218.  . . 

Lee 

Dixon 

Chicago  and  North- 
western 

Hill 

750,000 

yards 

LNo.  219. .  . 

Lee 

Dixon 

Chicago  and  North- 
western 

Hill 

1,000,000 

yards 

LNo.  221.  . . 

Lee 

Dixon 

Chicago  and  North- 
western 

Hill 

750,000 

yards 

LNo  232.  . 

Lee .  . 

Dixon . . 

Chicago  and  North- 
western 

Flat 

Large 

aSampled  during  present  investigation. 


QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES 
quarries  in  Illinois — Continued 


87 


Ex- 
posed 
thick- 
ness 


Overburden 


Thick- 
ness 


Kind 


Character 
of  rock 


Geologic 
formation 


Remarks 


Feet 
60-140 


40  + 

80  + 

40 

150 

5 

50 

12 

25 

60-100 

60-80 

16 
30 
30 


22 
42 


Feet 
10-40 


0-30  + 

10-15 

10-30 
15-50 

3-8 

5-8 
10- 

5- 

15- 

Moder- 
ately 
large 
10- 

5-15 

10- 

5- 
10- 

4-7 


Loess 


Loess 


Talus, 
shale, 
sand- 
stone 

Soil  and 
loess 

Loess. . . 


Loess 


Soil. 


Soil 

Soil 

Clay  till.. 

Till 

Till 


Till.  . 
Till.  . 
Till.. 
Till.. 
Loam 
Soil.. 


Coarse-grained . 


Pine-grained, 
compact 

Oolitic,  crystal- 
line and  com- 
pact 

Compact,  cherty, 
contains  some 
shale 

Fine-grained . . . 


Galena. 


Weathered 


Fine-grained 

Fine-grained .... 
Fine-grained .... 
Fine-grained 
Fine-grained 

Fine-grained 

soft 
Coarse-grained .  . 

Coarse-grained . . 

Coarse-grained . . 

Coarse-grained . . 

Fine-grained 


Kinkaid. 


Ste.  Genevieve. 


Kinkaid 


Galena  River  bluffs 


Construction  of  spur 
to  railroad  rather 
difficult 

Land  unfit  for  agri- 
culture 


Flat  on  hill.     Under 
cultivation 


Niagaran 


Niagaran . 


Niagaran 

Galena-Trenton , 
Galena-Trenton 

Platteville 

Platteville 


Poor  exposure;   rock 
thicker 

Poor  exposure; 
water  filled  quarry 


Thin  Galena  capping 


Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 


Rock  over  30  feet 
thick 


88 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  8. — Promising  sites  for  shipping 


Location 

Reference 

Topographic 
position 

Amount 

No. 

1 

County 

1 
Town 

Railroad 

available 

LNo.  59 

Madison.  .  .  . 

North  of 
Alton 

Chicago,   Peoria 
and  St.  Louis 

River  bluff.  . . 

Unlimited 

LNo.  55] 

Massac 

Mermet.  .  . 

Chicago,  Burling- 

Ridge  

Large 

LNo.  56 \ 

ton  and  Quincy 

K  No.  27b... 

Monroe 

South  of 
Valmeyer 

Missouri   Pacific.  .  . 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Unlimited 

LNo.  202;l.  . 

Ogle 

Oregon 

Chicago,  Burling- 
ton and  Quincy 

Hills 

Immense 

LNo.  239".. 

Ogle 

Leaf  River.  . 

Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee and  St.  Paul 

Ridge 

Large 

LNo.  250... 

Ogle 

Oregon 

Chicago,  Burling- 
ton and  Quincy 

Hill 

400,000 
yards 

LNo.  252".  . 

Ogle 

Polo.  . 

Chicago,  Burling- 

Bluff  

Immense 

ton   and   Quincy   | 

LNo.  261.  . 

Ogle 

Chicago,  Burling-      Bluff 

ton  and  Quincy 

Large 



LNo.  262.  .  . 

Ogle 

Chicago,  Burling-      Bluff 

Large 

ton  and  Quincy 

LNo.  263... 

Ogle 

Leaf  River. . 

Chicago,   Milwau- 
kee and  St.  Paul 

Hill 

Moderately 
large 

LNo.  266a.  . 

Ogle 

Adeline.  .  .  . 

Chicago,    Milwau- 

Bluff  

Immense 

kee  and  St.  Paul 

LNo.  271a.  . 

Ogle.  .  .  . 

Byron .  .  . 

Chicago,  Milwau- 

Hill  

Immense 

kee  and  St.  Paul 

Ogle 

The  Pines.  .. 

Chicago,  Burling- 

Pine Creek 

Large 

ton  and  Quincy 

bluff 

KNo.  107.  . 

Pike 

Valley  City. 
Valley  City. 
Valley  City. 
Barry 

Western 

River  bluff.  .  . 

Large 

KNo.  108.  .  . 

Pike 

Western 

Creek  bluff.  . . 

Large 

K  No  109    .  . 

Pike 

Western 

Bluff 

Large 
Large 

KNo.  110.  .  . 

Pike 

Western 

Creek  bluff..  . 

KNo.  61 

Pulaski.  .  .  . 

Ullin 

Illinois    Central.  .  .. 

Narrow  ridge. 

Large 

KNo.  26*.  .. 

Randolph.  . 

Prairie 

Missouri  Pacific 

Creek  bluff .  . . 

2,000,000  + 

du  Rocher 

spur 

tons 

( 1  mile 

north) 

KNo.  9 

Randolph.  . 

North  of 
Prairie  du 
Rocher 

Missouri  Pacific   . . 

River  bluff.  . . 

Immense 

KNo.  95 

Scott 

Glasgow.  .  .  . 

Chicago,  Burling- 
ton and  Quincy 

Low  ridge.  .  .  . 

Large 

KNo.  4 

St.  Clair 

Stolle  to 

Terminal   

River  bluff.  .  . 

Unlimited 

south  of 

Falling 

Spring 

'Sampled  during   present   investigation. 


quarries 


QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES 
in  Illinois — Continued 


89 


Ex- 
posed 
thick- 
ness 


Overburden 


Thick- 
ness 


Kind 


Character 
of  rock 


Geologic 
formation 


Remarks 


Feet 
70  + 


26 
100  + 

40 

20 

35 
60-80 
50-60 

45 

10 
120 

61 

60 

50 
30  + 
50-75 

80 
25-60 
90  + 

100-200 

25 
80  + 


Feet 
40± 


10 
0-80 
15- 
10- 
10- 
10± 
10- 
10-15 
15- 
15- 
10- 
20- 

15 

5- 

10-30 

15 
8-15 
30± 

40-100 

5-15 
20-40  + 


Loess 


Residual 

soil 
Loess.  .  . 


Till 
Till 
Till 
Till 
Till 
Till 
Till 
Till 
Till. 
Till. 


Loess. 
Loess. 
Loess. 
Loess . 
Loess. 
Loess. 


Loess 


Ooolitic  to  com- 
pact (litho- 
graphic) 

Compact 


Ste.  Genevieve 
and  St.  Louis 


Compact;  some 

chert 
Pine-grained.  .  .  . 

Coarse-grained.  . 

Fine-grained.  .  .  . 

Fine-grained 

Coarse-grained.  . 

Coarse-grained.  . 

Fine-grained.  . .  . 

Fine-grained.  . .  . 

Fine-grained.  . .  . 

Coarse-grained.  . 

Coarse-grained.  . 
Coarse-grained.  . 
Coarse-grained.  . 
Coarse-grained.  . 

Granular 

Compact;  cherty 
in  spots 

Compact 


St.  Louis 

St.  Louis 

Platteville 

Platteville 

Lower-Magnesian . 
Galena-Platteville 

Galena 

Galena , 

Platteville 

Galena 

Platteville 

Galena 


Loess Coarse-grained. 

Loess Compact 


Burlington, 
Burlington. 
Burlington, 
Burlington, 

Salem 

St.  Louis.  . 


St.  Louis 


Whole  bluff  north  of 
Alton  offers  possi- 
bilities 


Chert  common 


Land    under    cultiva- 
tion 


Burlington Former    Railroad 

quarry 
St.  Louis Land  near  bluff  not 

cultivated 


90 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  8. — Promising  sites  for  shipping 


Location 

Reference 

Railroad 

Topographic 

Amount 

No. 

County 

Town 

position 

available 

LNo.  299... 

Stephenson. 

Scioto  Mills. 

Illinois  Central    .  .. 

Hill 

Moderately 

large 

LNo.  304... 

Stephenson. 

Orangeville. 

Illinois   Central.  .  .. 

Hill 

Moderately 
large 

LNo.  307... 

Stephenson. 

Baileyville. . 

Illinois   Central.  .  .. 

Creek  bluff... 

Moderately 
large 

LNo.  309.  .  . 

Stephenson. 

German 

Chicago,  Great 

Hill 

Moderately 

Valley 

Western 

large 

LNo.  311... 

Stephenson. 

Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee and  St.  Paul 

Hill 

Moderately 
ilarge 

LNo.  312... 

Stephenson. 

Rock  City.  .. 

Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee and  St.  Paul 

Hill 

Moderately 
large 

LNo.  400... 

Stephenson. 

Preeport. .  . 

Chicago,   North- 
western 

Hill 

Large 

LNo.  401.  .. 

Stephenson. 

Davis 

Chicago,   North- 
western 

Hill 

Moderately 
large 

LNo.  402.  .  . 

Stephenson. 

Buena 
Vista 

Illinois  Central. . . . 

• 

Hill 

Large 

LNo.  403... 

Stephenson. 

McConnell. . 

Illinois  Central.  . . . 

Bluff 

Immense 

LNo.  404.  .  . 

Stephenson . 

Orangeville. 

Illinois  Central 

Bluff 

Large 

LNo.  405... 

Stephenson. 

Buena 

Illinois  Central.  . . . 

Hill 

Large 

Vista 

KNo.  71.... 

Union 

Kaolin 

Mobile  and  Ohio.  .. 

Ridge 

Moderately 
large 

LNo.  10 

Whiteside.  . 

North  of 

Chicago,  Burling- 
ton and  Quincy, 

Bluff 

Large 

Pulton 

Chicago,   Milwau- 

kee and  St.  Paul 

LNo.  130... 

Will 

Drummond. 

Atchison,  Topeka 

Flat 

Large 

and  Santa  Pe; 

Chicago  and  Al- 

ton 

LNo.  278.  . 

Winnebago. 

Harlem 

Chicago,  and 

Bluff 

Large 

Northwestern 

LNo.  279a.. 

Winnebago. 

Rockton.  . .  . 

Chicago,   Milwau- 
kee and  St.  Paul 

Hill 

Large 

LNo.  282... 

Winnebago. 

Shirland.  .  . 

Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee and  St.  Paul 

Hill 

Moderately 
large 

LNo.  291... 

Winnebago. 

Durand 

Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee and  St.  Paul 

Hill 

Large 

LNo.  298... 

Winnebago. 

Rockf ord . . . 

Chicago  and  North- 
western;   Illinois 

Hill 

Moderately 
large 

Central 

aSampled  during  present  investigation. 


QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  SITES 
quarries  in  Illinois — Concluded 


91 


Overburden 


Thick- 
ness 


Kind 


Character 
of  rock 


Geologic 
formation 


Remarks 


Feet 
10- 

6-10 

5- 

10-15 

10- 

10- 

Small 

15- 

10- 

5- 

10- 

3- 

10 

0-50 


5-15 
10- 
10- 
5-20 

10- 


Till. 

Till. 

Till. 

Till. 

Till. 

Till. 

Till. 

Till. 

Till. 

Till. 
Till. 
Soil 


Loess, 


Largely 
very- 
fine 

sand  or 
sandy 
clay 

Soil 


Till. 
Till. 
Till. 
Till. 
Till. 


Coarse-grained . . 

Earthy 

Hard 

Hard 

Coarse-grained . . 

Coarse-grained. 

Coarse-grained . 

Coarse-grained . . 

Coarse-grained . . 

Coarse-grained .  . 
Pine-grained. . .  . 
Coarse-grained .  . 

Medium-grained. 

Medium  grained 
porous 


Galena.  .  .  . 
Platteville. 


Platteville  or 

Galena 
Galena 


Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena . 
Galena. 


Galena.  . .  . 
Platteville 
Galena.  . .  . 


Pine-grained 


Coarse-grained 
Pine-grained. . 
Pine-grained. . 
Fine-grained. . 
Coarse-grained 


Burlington, 
Niagaran . . 


Galena.  .  .  . 
Platteville, 
Platteville. 
Platteville. 
Galena.  . .  . 


Railroad  on  embank- 
ment 
Railroad  cut 


Thickness  in  wells 


Mississippi  River 
bluffs 


100   feet  limestone 
in  wells 


Rockford    Interur- 
ban    Electric 


CHAPTER  VII.— LIMESTONE  RESOURCES  OF  ILLINOIS— THE 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT 

By  J.  E.  Lamar 

The  northern  district  (see  fig.  1 )  is  composed  of  the  counties  in  which 
Ordovician  and  Silurian  rocks  are  the  predominant  bed  rocks.  Outcrops 
of  limestone  are  abundant  in  parts  of  this  region  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
road  material  produced  in  Illinois  comes  from  quarries  located  therein.  The 
counties  of  this  area  are  described  in  alphabetical  order  as  follows: 

Boone  Lake 

Carroll  LaSalle 

Cook  Lee 

DeKalb  McHenry 

DuPage  Ogle 

Grundy  Stephenson 

Jo  Daviess  Whiteside 

Kane  Will 

Kankakee  Winnebago 

Kendall 

BOONE   COUNTY 

Good  outcrops  of  limestone  are  few  in  Boone  County  (fig.  38,  p.  197), 
and  those  observed  were  of  two  kinds  only,  the  Edge  wood  limestone  and 
Galena  dolomite.  Both  formations  have  been  worked  extensively  in  the 
past  as  a  source  of  dimension  stone,  but  at  present  only  the  Galena  is  being 
quarried. 

SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

L.  No.  276 
Bclvidcrc  Crushed  Stone  Company 

The  quarry  of  the  Belvidere  Crushed  Stone  Company  is  located  in  a 
gently  rolling  prairie  about  V/\  miles  west  of  Belvidere,  in  the  NW.  Y\  SW. 
l/4  NE.  Y\  sec.  34,  T.  44  N.,  R.  3  E.  It  is  worked  as  a  pit  and  is  roughly 
oval  in  outline,  350  feet  long,  and  about  200  feet  wide.  A  38- foot  face  of 
Galena  dolomite  is  being  quarried. 

The  rock  varies  markedly  in  the  quarry.  The  upper  portion  which 
has  been  subjected  to  the  activities  of  surface  water  is  brown  and  porous. 
The  stone  below  the  weathered  portion,  however,  is  medium  coarsely  or 
finely  crystalline,  moderately  hard,  dense  (particularly  in  certain  beds),  gray 
dolomite,  occurring  in  beds  from  3  to  24  inches  in  thickness  and  averaging 
about  12  inches. 

In  quarrying,  the  holes  for  the  heavy  blasting  are  made  with  a  well  drill 
and  the  entire  face  of  38  feet  shot  down  at  one  time.  The  broken  stone 
is  loaded  into  quarry  cars  by  hand,  pushed  to  the  incline,  and  pulled  up  to 
the  crusher  by  cable. 

92 


CARROLL  COUNTY  93 

The  crushing  apparatus  consists  of  a  No.  1  Gates  crusher  operated  by 
an  electric  motor,  and  four  cylindrical  screens.  Any  sized  stone  can  be 
produced  but  the  output  is  being  used  as  road  material  and  is  therefore 
crushed  to  1-^-inch  size  and  screenings.  Storage  is  afforded  by  bins  with 
a  capacity  of  about  350  cubic  yards.  The  daily  production  is  about  100 
yard-. 

Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  Rockford  and  Interurban  Electric. 
by  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  and  by  motor  truck. 

LOCAL   QUARRY   SITES 

Sec.  14,  T.  43  N.,  R.  3  E. 
Limestone  has  been  quarried  for  building  purposes  in  the  center  of  the 
west  half  of  sec.  14,  T.  43  N.,  R.  3  E.,  south  of  Belvidere.  The  exposure 
is  rather  extensive  and  a  chain  of  quarries  covers  almost  a  quarter  of  a  mile. 
About  18  feet  of  Edgewood  limestone  is  exposed.  The  stone  is  a  dense, 
fine-grained,  rather  soft,  argillaceous  limestone  in  beds  ranging  from  one 
to  live  inches  in  thickness.  This  outcrop  is  about  three  miles  from  the 
nearest  railroad  and  is  therefore  of  interest  only  as  a  local  source  of  road 
material. 

CARROLL   COUNTY 

TOPOGRAPHIC   RELATIONS 

The  general  topography  of  Carroll  county  is,  for  the  most  part,  rough- 
ened by  stream  erosion.  All  of  the  county  (fig.  6)  has  not  been  glaciated, 
and  where  the  glacial  drift  is  missing  in  places  the  loess  mantles  the  under- 
lying bed  rock.  The  thickness  of  the  loess  is  variable  but  in  general  it  is 
greatest  near  Mississippi  River.  The  best  limestone  exposures  are  found  in 
and  near  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  particularly  north  of  Savanna,  where 
as  much  as  240  feet  of  limestone  is  exposed  in  an  almost  sheer  bluff. 

THE   ROCK    FORMATIONS 

The  Galena  dolomite. — The  oldest  rock  exposed  in  Carroll  County  is 
the  Galena  dolomite.  It  outcrops  near  Mount  Carroll  in  a  small  quarry 
just  south  of  the  main  part  of  town,  and  along  Carroll  Creek  for  about 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  the  E.  ]/2  of  sec.  2,  T.  24  N.,  R.  4  E.,  about  a 
mile  west  of  Mount  Carroll.  Two  other  small  exposures  are  found  at  the 
crossing  of  the  Indian  Head  Trail  and  Plum  Creek,  just  east  of  Savanna 
in  sec.  2,  T.  24  X.,  R.  3  E.  and  in  the  cen.  SE.  )/A  sec.  18,  T.  24  N.,  R.  4  E. 
halfway  between  Savanna  and  Wacker. 

The  Maquoketa  shale. — The  only  exposure  of  this  formation  seen  is  in 
the  bluff  north  of  Savanna,  where  a  local  upbowing  of  some  of  the  strata 
has  resulted  in  the  appearance  of  the  shale  for  a  short  distance.  The  Ma- 
quoketa as  exposed  is  a  compact,  earthy,  gray-buff  shale  occurring  in  rather 
heavy  beds,  with  occasional  thin  beds  of  calcareous  shale  or  shaly  limestone. 


04 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


R.2E 


R.6E. 


R.7E. 


T.25N. 


Scale  of  miles 


Pig.  6.    Map  of  Carroll  and  Whiteside  counties  showing  location  of  quarries  and 

quarry  sites. 


The  Niagaran  dolomite. — This  formation  consists  of  a  porous,  buff,  mag- 
nesian  limestone,  containing  nodules  and  bands  of  chert,  especially  in  the 
lower  part.  The  bedding  varies,  but  is  commonly  heavy,  the  beds  ranging 
in  thickness  from  4  to  6  feet. 


CARROLL  COUNTY 


95 


SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

There  are  no  shipping  quarries  in  this  county. 

SITF.S  FOR   SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

L.  Nos.  315  and  31G 
The  best  sites  for  shipping  quarries  are  located  in  the  bluff  extending 
north  of  Savanna  for  about  three  miles  (fig.  7).  In  this  bluff  the  best  sites 
are  to  be  found  in  that  part  extending  north  of  Savanna  for  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile.  Here  the  bluff  reaches  its  maximum  height,  with  a 
thickness  of  240  feet  of  rock,  measured  above  Mississippi  River  (fig.  8A). 


Fig.  7.    Bluffs   of  the   Mississippi   River   one   mile   north   cf    Savanna, 
showing  the  Niagaran  dolomite. 

Here  the  Maquoketa  shale  is  absent  from  the  bluff,  so  far  as  could  be 
observed.  The  overburden  is  loess  and  sandy  loess,  which  at  a  road  cut 
on  the  top  of  the  bluff  is  33  feet  thick,  probably  the  maximum  thickness  in 
this  area.  By  quarrying  in  places  on  top  of  the  bluff  where  some  of  the 
loess  has  been  removed  by  gullying,  the  average  overburden  might  be  re- 
duced to  about  25  feet. 

The  rock  is  Niagaran  dolomite.  Samples  L  No.  315  and  L  No.  316 
were  obtained  from  different  portions  of  this  formation,  and  represent  the 
rock  as  a  road  material.  The  stone,  however,  might  test  somewhat  higher 
if  samples  could  be  obtained  from  a  quarry  which  had  worked  back  into 
the  unexposed  rock. 


96 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Some  difficulty  might  be  encountered  in  finding  sufficient  space  for  a 
switch  since  the  road  and  the  railroad  closely  parallel  each  other  and  at 
present  occupy  all  the  available  area  at  the  bottom  of  the  bluff.  However, 
removal  of  the  talus  at  the  base  of  the  escarpment  would  provide  ample 
space  for  a  switch  track,  and  probably  for  a  crushing  plant. 


fi^m 

I  '   I  '  I  '_i  i_i  '  l  '  l 

ill      i      i     i 

1      1      1      1      1      1 

lit     i      ip 

1  I   '  i  '  i  '  i   '  i  '  I 

I      I      i      i      i      i 

i      i      i      i      I     i 

l      l      I      I      I      I 

C.B.&Q-R.H.—- , 

II      I      I      I     I 

i      i      i      i      i      i      i 

i      i      I      I      i      i 

I      I      I      I      I      I      1 

ii      i      iii 

J    ' 

r i    i     i     i    i     i    i 

J     i 

I      I      I      i      i      i 

•  /^ 

ill      i      i      I      i 

r         '     I 

fVYEn          /                 1           1          1          1          1          I          1          1 

FUT 

B 


a)^:'^  •  t. v 

r  i    i  '  i 

/iii 

/'    i    i 

/iii 

C.B.&Q.  R.ft. -. 

/ 1    i     i 

/iii 

/  i    i    i 

/i    i    i 

/iii 

/i    ii 

/i    i    i     i 

/iii 

^.    i    i    i    i 

^ —  .         i    i    i 

i    i    i    i    i    i 

FUT 

ll'l'l' 
I  I  ■ 

I    I    I  '  I 

Niagaran 
dolomite 


Scale  in  feet 
Horizontal  and  Vertical 

0  50  100  150         200 


Maquoketa 
shale 


Fig.  8.     Diagrammatic  cross  sections  of  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  north  of  Sa- 
vanna, designated  on  figure  6  a.s  A,  B,  C  and  D. 

A.  Cen.  E.  y2  E.  y2  sec.  4,  T.  24  N.,  R.  3  E. 

B.  NW.  cor.  sec.  34,  T.  25  N.,  R.  3  E. 

C.  Cen.  E.  y2  sec.  28,  T.  25  N.,  R.  3  E. 

D.  NE.  14  sec.  28,  T.  25  N.,  R.  3  E. 


LOCAL    QUARRIES 

L.  No.  319 

nw.  yA,  se.  yA,  se.  y4  sec.  i,  t.  24  n.,  r.  4  e. 

As  far  as  observed,  only  one  local  quarry  in  the  county  has  crushing 
machinery.     It  is  located  on  the  outskirts  of  Mount  Carroll  and  is  equipped 


COOK  COUNTY  97 

with  an  American  Road  Machine  jaw  crusher  and  a  bucket  belt  elevator. 
The  quarry  is  not  operating,  but  is  in  good  condition  and  could  be  put  into 
operation  on  relatively  short  notice.  The  minimum  thickness  of  overburden 
is  10  feet.  About  an  acre  is  available  with  an  average  of  18  feet  of  over- 
burden and  26  feet  of  rock. 

LOCAL    QU  YRRY    SITES 

L.  No.  317 

Cen.  N.  y2  SW.  yA  sec.  i8,  T.  24  N.,  R.  4  E. 

The  small  quarry  2  miles  southeast  of  Savanna  has  exposed  32  feet  of 

fine-grained,  dense,  hard,  tough,  bufT-pink  dolomite,  in  beds  averaging  about 

8  inches  in  thickness  at  this  place.     An  ample  local  supply  is  available  from 

an  area  having  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden. 

se.  y  se.  y4  sw.  y4  sec.  w,  r.  24  n.,  r.  4  e. 

A  small  quarry  located  Sy2  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Carroll  along  the 
bank  of  Cedar  Creek  exposes  19  feet  of  fine-grained,  finely  crystalline,  hard, 
dense,  tough,  brown  Galena  dolomite,  in  beds  averaging  about  6  inches  in 
thickness.  About  3,000  yards  are  available  with  less  than  5  feet  of  over- 
burden. 

sw.  y  niv.  y  se.  y,  sec.  2,  t.  24  n.,  r.  3  e. 

About  one  mile  east  of  Savanna  there  is  an  exposure  of  21  feet  of 
Galena  dolomite  along  Plum  Creek.  The  rock  is  fine-grained,  finely  crystal- 
line, hard,  dense  and  gray-buff  in  color.  About  5,000  cubic  yards  are  avail- 
able with  less  than  5  feet  overburden. 

The  Mississippi  River  bluffs  north  of  Savanna 
These  bluffs  will  furnish  a  local  supply  of  stone  at  almost  any  place 
in  the  county,  except  perhaps  near  the  northern  boundary. 

COOK   COUNTY 

TOPOGRAPHIC   RELATIONS 

The  surface  of  Cook  County  (fig.  9)  is  generally  level  or  gently  undu- 
lating. The  latter  characteristic  prevails  in  the  northern  and  southwestern 
portions,  but  in  the  extreme  northwestern  and  southern  portions  of  the 
county  the  topography  becomes  broken  or  even  hilly. 

THE  EXPOSED   ROCK   FORMATION 

The  Niagaran  dolomite  underlies  probably  the  entire  extent  of  Cook 
County.  In  the  northern  part,  the  exposures  are  few  ;  in  fact,  all  of  the 
outcrops,  with  perhaps  one  exception,  are  included  in  that  portion  of  the 
county  lying  to  the  south  of  a  line  passing  through  Elmhurst.  To  the  north 
of  this  line  the  rock  is  covered  by  glacial  drift.     The  outcrops  of  limestone 


98 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


seem  to  be  due  to  removal  of  the  drift  by  stream  erosion  or  to  the  fact  that 
in  cases  the  bed  rock  constituted  prominent  elevations  in  the  region  before 
glaciation,  and  was  therefore  not  deeply  buried. 


R.9E. 


R.IOE. 


R.  1 1  E. 


T.  42  N. 


T.  41  N. 


U L^_.fi 

R.9E.  R.10E. 


T. 

37N.I- 

-~~z?Tf^»w*  * 

LEGEND 

'itW^A  L138 

Lemont 

R.  1 1  E. 

X 

Shipping  quarry 

T.  36  N. 

• 

Shipping  quarry  site 

0 

Site  sampled 

Scale  of  miles 


Fig.  9.     Map  of  Cook  and  Dupage  counties,  showing  location  of  quarries  and 

quarry  sites. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

Large  quarries  either  have  been  or  are  located  at  almost  every  outcrop 
of  limestone  of  any  consequence  in  the  county.  Most  of  these  quarries 
operate  on  a  large  scale  and  are  equipped  to  crush  rock  to  any  size.    The 


COOK  COUNTY  99 

market  for  the  crushed  stone  is  to  a  great  extent  local,  that  is,  in  Chicago 
and  its  environs,  but  considerable  shipping  is  done  to  the  south,  to  make 
use  of  the  empty  coal  cars  returning  to  the  mines  over  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad. 

L.  No.  136 
The  Brownell  Improvement  Company  at  Thornton 
Ccn,  NW.  yA  SW.  yA  sec.  33,  T.  36  N.,  R.  14  E. 

This  company  operates  a  rectangular  quarry  about  Y\  of  a  mile  long 
and  y2  mile  wide,  with  a  32-foot  face  of  rock.  The  overburden  consists 
of  gray,  sandy  or  gravelly  clay  which  averages  about  12  feet  in  thickness. 
The  quarry  is  kept  dry  by  pumps  which  remove  the  water  from  a  large 
sump  (fig.  10). 

The  rock  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite,  and  is  a  fine-grained,  white,  hard, 
brittle  stone  in  beds  2  to  12  inches  thick. 

The  rock  is  drilled  by  Clipper  electric  well  drills  and  the  whole  face 
blasted  at  once  with  10  per  cent  dynamite.  Small  jack-hammers  are  used 
for  drilling  the  holes  for  the  secondary  blasting.  The  rock  is  loaded  into 
8-yard  quarry  cars  and  pulled  by  a  locomotive  to  the  base  of  the  tipple. 
From  there  it  is  pulled  up  to  the  primary  crusher  by  cable  (fig.  11). 

The  primary  crusher  is  an  Allis-Chalmers  No.  24.  From  it  the  rock 
is  run  through  a  screen  and  back  to  the  secondary  crushers,  which  consist 
of  four  Allis-Chalmers  No.  7  J/2,  four  McAllister  No.  6  and  twelve  Allis- 
Chalmers  No.  4.  The  stone  is  screened  frequently  so  as  to  separate  a  cer- 
tain size  from  the  remainder.  For  this  purpose  four  cylindrical  screens 
6  by  20  feet  and  ten  screens  6  by  25  feet  are  used.  The  last  ten  are 
double  for  half  their  length.  For  the  fine  product  ten  shaker  screens 
with  two  sets  of  screenings  to  each  are  used.  The  upper  screen  of  each 
set  has  ^-inch  mesh  and  the  lower  a  ^-inch  mesh.  From  the  screens  the 
stone  goes  to  the  bins  which  have  a  total  capacity  of  108  cubic  yards 
(fig.  12).  The  plant  is  electrically  operated  throughout  by  various  sized 
Allis-Chalmers  motors. 

The  stone  is  used  as  road  material,  concrete  aggregate,  railroad  bal- 
last, and  agricultural  limestone. 

The  company  has  switches  to  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  and  the  Chi- 
cago and  Eastern  Illinois  railroads. 

L.  No.  138 

Consumers  Company,  Lemont  Quarry 

(Formerly  the  Illinois  Stone  Company) 

Cen.  SE.  y4  SE.  y4  sec.  20,  T.  37  N .,  R.  11  E. 

The  Consumers  Company  operates  a  quarry  at  Lemont.  The  quarry 
is  oval-shaped,  about  2,000  feet  long  and  1,500  feet  wide.     A  22-foot  face 


100 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Pig.  10. 


Loaded  and  empty  quarry  cars  at  foot  of  incline  hoist  in  quarry  of  the 
Brownell  Improvement  Company. 


Fig.  11.    The  primary  crusher,  screen  housing  and  storage  bin  of  the  Brownell 

Improvement  Company. 


COOK  COUNTY 


101 


is  being  worked  and  from  it  about  two  feet  of  black  loam  overburden  is 
being  removed  by  steam  shovel  and  motor  truck.  The  quarry  is  kept  dry 
by  two  4-  and  6-inch  centrifugal  pumps. 

The  rock  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite ;  is  moderately  hard,  porous,  gray- 
white,  and  occurs  in  beds  averaging  6  inches  in  thickness. 

The  rock  is  drilled  by  Clipper  well  drills,  and  the  entire  face  is  shot 
down  at  one  time  with  40  per  cent  dynamite.  In  drilling  for  the  smaller 
shots,  jack-hammers  are  used.  The  stone  is  loaded  by  steam  shovel  into 
6-ton  quarry  cars,  pulled  to  the  incline  by  locomotives  and  up  to  the  pri- 
mary  crusher  by  cable. 


Fig.  12.     Close-up  view  of  the  screen  housing  and  storage  bin  of  the  Brownell 

Improvement  Company. 

The  primary  crusher  is  a  No.  18  Allis-Chalmers.  The  secondary  set 
consists  of  a  No.  7^  McCully,  two  No.  4  McCullys,  and  two  No.  4  Allis- 
Chalmers  crushers.  The  stone  is  screened  between  the  No.  18  and  No. 
7^4,  and  again  between  the  latter  and  the  No.  4s  with  three  Power  and 
Mining  screens,  4  by  24  feet.  Any  sized  stone  can  be  made,  and  the  pro- 
duct is  run  from  the  screens  to  bins  having  a  total  capacity  of  800  cubic 
yards. 

Idie  daily  production  of  this  plant  is  about  1500  tons;  the  annual  pro- 
duction about  400,000  tons.  Quarrying  is  carried  on  for  about  8  months 
of  the  year. 


102  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  stone  is  used  as  railroad  ballast,  concrete  aggregate,  road  stone, 
and  agricultural  limestone. 

There  are  switches  from  the  quarry  to  the  Chicago  and  Joliet  Electric 
Railroad,   and  the   Chicago   and  Alton  Railroad. 

L.  No.  141 

Consumers  Company,  Summit  quarry 

(Formerly   The  Argo  Stone   Company) 

SE.  y4  SW.  yA  NE.  y4  see.  ii,  T.  38  N.,  R.  12  E. 

At  Summit  the  Consumers  Company  operates  a  quarry  which  is  shaped 
roughly  like  a  figure  8,  with  each  loop  of  the  8  about  400  feet  in  diameter. 
A  57-foot  face  is  being  worked,  with  an  average  overburden  of  approxi- 
mately iy2  feet.     The  quarry  is  kept  dry  by  an  electric  and  a  steam  pump. 

The  rock  is  Niagaran  dolomite  and  is  dense,  fine-grained,  white,  and 
massive,  the  beds  varying  in  thickness  from  3  inches  to  3  feet.  The  hard- 
ness apparently  increases  toward  the  bottom  of  the  exposure. 

The  blast  holes  are  drilled  with  well  drills,  and  the  entire  face  shot 
down  at  once.  An  Ingersoll-Rand  and  air  jack-hammers  are  used  for 
drilling  the  holes  for  the  block  hole  shots.  The  rock  is  loaded  by  hand  into 
3-ton  cars,  pulled  by  a  horse  to  the  base  of  the  incline  and  to  the  crusher 
by  cable. 

The  stone  passes  through  a  No.  8  McCully,  a  No.  8  Traylor,.  a  No. 
5  McCully  and  a  No.  3  McCully  crushers.  It  is  screened  between  crushers 
and  for  this  purpose  four  20-foot  by  40-inch  screens,  and  one  12-foot  by 
48-inch  McCully  screen  are  employed.  Any  sized  stone  can  be  produced. 
The  entire  plant  is  operated  by  a  Quincy-Corliss  350-horse  power  steam 
engine. 

The  daily  production  is  between  1100  and  1200  yards,  and  can  be 
maintained  for  300  days  in  a  year  if  the  demand  warrants  it. 

The  stone  is  used  as  railroad  ballast,  concrete  aggregate,  agricultural 
limestone,  and  for  road  construction. 

Shipment  is  made  over  a  switch  to  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad  and  by 
motor  truck. 

L.  No.  142 

Consumers  Company,  MeCook  quarry 

(Formerly    United   States  Stone   Company) 

NE.  y4  SE.  y4  SE.  y4  see.  10,  T.  38  N.,  R.  12  E. 

The  quarry  is  being  worked  as  a  circular  pit  with  a  face  of  rock  vary- 
ing between  30  to  50  feet  in  height,  and  about  10,000  feet  long.  The  clay 
overburden  which  has  an  average  thickness  of  about  3  feet  is  removed  by 
a  steam  shovel  and  cars.  The  quarry  is  kept  dry  by  two  electric  centri- 
fugal pumps. 


COOK  COUNTY  103 

The  rock  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite.  It  is  a  hard,  dense,  brittle,  gray 
stone,  except  where  there  is  an  abundance  of  fossil  debris,  in  which  case 
it  is  rather  porous. 

The  holes  for  the  heavy  blasting  are  drilled  by  Clipper  well  drills  and 
the  smaller  holes  for  block  hole  shots  by  jack-hammers.  The  entire  face  is 
blasted  at  one  time  with  40  per  cent  dynamite,  and  the  broken  stone  loaded 
by  steam  shovels  to  7-yard  quarry  cars  which  are  pulled  to  the  incline  by 
locomotives.     A  cable  is  used  to  pull  the  cars  to  the  crusher. 

The  primary  crusher  is  a  set  of  Edison  Rolls,  which  are  operated  by 
a  200-horse  power  electric  motor,  and  are  capable  of  reducing  7  tons  of 
rock  to  9-inch  size  in  18  seconds.  From  the  crusher  the  stone  is  pulled 
up  an  incline  in  a  12-yard  skip  to  a  screen,  from  which  it  is  run  through 
other  crushers  and  screens  until  reduced  to  the  desired  size.  The  other 
crushing  apparatus  consists  of  two  No.  6  McCullys,  two  No.  4  McCullys, 
and  a  No.  8  Gates.  One  set  of  rolls  is  used  for  crushing  the  stone  to  be  sold 
as  agricultural  limestone.  The  screening  equipment  consists  of  the  following 
rotary  screens  :  two  84  inches  by  25  feet,  four  48  inches  by  25  feet,  two  40 
inches  by  25  feet  and  three  Allwart  shaker  screens.  The  l^J-inch  stone 
is  washed  to  remove  any  dirt  mixed  with  it.  Any  size  of  crushed  stone 
can  be  produced.  The  plant  is  electrically  operated  throughout  by  power 
obtained  from  the  Sanitary  District. 

The  quarry  produces  4,000  tons  of  rock  daily  and  about  1,000,000 
tons  yearly.     The  storage  capacity  of  the  bins  is  about  1200  yards. 

The  stone  is  used  as  agricultural  limestone,  concrete  aggregate,  road 
metal,  and  for  railroad  ballast. 

Switching  facilities  are  furnished  by  the  Indiana  Harbor  Belt,  the 
Santa  Fe,   and  the  Chicago  and   Illinois  Western   railroads. 

L.  No.  149 

Sec.  12,  T.  39  N.,  R.  13  E. 

Consumers  Company,  Grand  and  Campbell  Ave.  Quarry,  Chieago 

(Formerly  the  Producers  Stone  Company) 
This  quarry  is  circular  in  shape,  about  500  feet  in  diameter  and  265 
feet  deep.  It  occupies  a  city  block.  The  quarry  has  been  operated  for  many 
years  and  can  not  be  extended  laterally  because  it  is  hemmed  in  by  city 
streets.  The  only  alternative  is  to  go  deeper  and  this  is  being  done  by  work- 
ing down  in  30-foot  benches. 

As  elsewhere  in  this  region,  the  rock  quarried  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite. 
It  is  a  hard,  gray-white,  somewhat  porous,  coarsely  crystalline  dolomite 
occurring  in  thin  beds  varying  from  3  to  14  inches  which  alternate  with 
beds  of  greater  thickness.  Thin  layers  of  greenish  clay  commonly  separate 
the  thicker  beds  of  stone. 


104  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Four  tripod  drills  are  used  in  drilling  holes  for  the  heavy  blasting.  The 
smaller  drill  holes  are  made  with  jack-hammers  and  tripod  drills.  The  en- 
tire 30  feet  is  blasted  at  one  time,  and  the  broken  stone  is  loaded  by  hand 
into  3-yard  quarry  cars  which  are  pushed  to  the  bottom  of  the  incline  and 
pulled  to  the  crusher  by  a  cable. 

The  stone  is  first  run  through  an  Austin  No.  8  crusher,  screened  and 
then  run  through  two  No.  5  Allis-Chalmers  and  a  No.  3  crusher  of  the  same 
make  until  the  desired  size  has  been  obtained.  A  rotary  screen  48  inches 
by  20  feet  sorts  the  stone  into  the  various  sized  products.  The  screenings 
are  dried  and  run  through  a  tube  mill  which  reduces  them  to  a  fine  powder 
or  lime  dust.  The  entire  plant  is  operated  by  electricity.  Its  capacity  is 
400  tons  daily. 

The  stone  is  used  as  concrete  aggregate,  road  metal,  agricultural  lime- 
stone, and  lime  dust.  The  products  are  largely  consumed  locally  and  are 
transported  by  truck  and  wagon. 

L.  No.  143 

Riverside  Lime  and  Stone  Company,  Lyons 

NE.  y4  SW.  yA  SE.  yA  see.  2,  T.  38  N.,  R.  12  E. 

This  company  operates  an  oval-shaped  quarry  about  800  feet  long  and 
400  feet  wide.  The  face  which  is  52  feet  high  and  about  1800  feet  long 
is  capped  by  an  overburden  averaging  about  9  feet  in  thickness.  This 
overburden  is  loaded  into  cars  by  a  steam  shovel  and  dumped  into  part  of 
the  quarry  which  has  already  been  worked  out.  The  quarry  is  kept  free 
from  water  by  an  electric  centrifugal  pump. 

The  rock  is  Niagaran  dolomite.  It  is  moderately  hard,  somewhat  por- 
ous, especially  where  it  is  composed  largely  of  fossil  debris,  gray  in  color, 
and  in  beds  averaging  10  inches  in  thickness.  Chert  seams  are  common, 
especially  toward  the  bottom  of  the  exposure. 

The  holes  for  the  heavy  blasting  are  drilled  by  a  Cyclone  well  drill. 
The  entire  52  feet  is  blasted  at  one  time,  and  the  larger  pieces  reduced  to 
the  desired  size  by  block  holing  or  dobie  shots.  An  Ingersoll-Rand  steam 
drill  and  jack-hammers  are  used  for  drilling  the  holes  for  the  smaller  shots. 
The  broken  stone  is  loaded  by  hand  into  3-ton  cars,  pushed  to  the  bottom 
of  the  incline,  and  pulled  up  to  the  crusher  by  a  cable. 

The  stone  first  runs  through  a  No.  7 3/2  Austin  crusher  after  which  it 
is  screened.  All  stone  over  0  inches  is  used  for  making  lime.  The  re- 
mainder is  further  crushed  by  a  No.  1  and  No.  G  Austin  and  a  No.  4  Gates, 
to  any  size  desired.  The  screens  are  rotaries,  two  in  number,  with  outer 
jackets  00  inches  in  diameter  and  18  feet  long,  and  with  inner  jackets  48 
inches  in  diameter,  and  of  the  same  length.  The  plant  is  electrically  oper- 
ated thoroughout  by  power  from  the  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago. 


COOK  COUNTY  105 

The  daily  production  is  about  1,000  yards.  The  bins  at  this  plant  are 
capable  of  holding  1,000  cubic  yards. 

The  stone  is  used  as  road  metal,  agricultural  limestone,  concrete  aggre- 
gate, and  railroad  ballast. 

The  stone  is  shipped  over  the  Chicago  and  Joliet  Electric  Railroad. 

L.  No.  144 

Federal  Stone  Company,  La  Grange 

NW.  YA  NE.  y4  NE.  %  see.  io,  T.  38  N.,  R.  12  E. 

This  quarry  was  idle  for  a  number  of  years,  but  was  reopened  in 
1920.  The  pit  is  roughly  oval  in  shape,  and  has  a  35-foot  face  on  the 
upper  level.  A  second  level  with  a  25-foot  face  has  been  developed  below 
the  first,  and  a  third  and  still  lower  level  is  included  in  development  plans. 
The  overburden  averages  about  2  feet  in  thickness  and  consists  of  black- 
loam  and  clay.  It  is  removed  by  a  steam  shovel  and  auto  trucks.  Three 
electric  centrifugal  pumps  keep  the  quarry  dry. 

The  rock  is  Niagaran  dolomite  (figs.  13  and  14),  commonly  a  hard, 
fine-grained,  brittle,  dense,  white  stone,  but  where  fossil  debris  is  prominent, 
it  is  porous  and  gray. 

In  case  of  both  levels  the  entire  thickness  of  rock  is  drilled  with  well 
drills  and  blasted  down  at  one  time.  Jack-hammers  are  used  for  drilling 
the  holes  for  the  block  hole  shots.  On  both  levels  the  stone  is  loaded  by 
steam  shovel  into  quarry  cars,  pulled  by  a  locomotive  to  the  base  of  the  in- 
cline and  by  cable  up  the  latter  to  the  crushers. 

The  primary  crusher  consists  of  an  Allis-Chalmers  No.  18,  style  N. 
The  rock  is  first  run  through  the  crusher,  then  screened  and  distributed 
to  the  smaller  crushers  consisting  of  No.  8  McCully,  No.  5  McCully,  and 
a  No.  -1  Gates.  There  are  2  Allis-Chalmers  rotary  screens  20  feet  by 
60  and  83  inches  respectively,  and  one  16  feet  by  60  inches.  The  plant  is 
capable  of  producing  crushed  stone  of  any  size  desired,  and  is  electrically 
operated  throughout  by  power  from  the  Public  Service  Company.  The 
storage  equipment  consists  of  bins  capable  of  holding  about  1200  yards. 
The  daily  capacity  of  the  plant  is  almost  3,000  yards. 

The  stone  is  used  as  concrete  aggregate,  road  metal,  agricultural  lime- 
stone and  railroad  ballast.  It  is  largely  consumed  locally  in  and  around 
Chicago. 

The  company  has  a  switch  to  the  Indiana  Harbor  Belt  Railroad. 

L.  No.  145 

Dolese  and  Shepard  Crushed  Stone  Company,  Novak 

SW.  y4  see.  15,  and  NW.  yA  see.  22,  T.  38  A.,  R.  12  /:. 

This  quarry,  located  at  Novak,  is  oval  in  shape,  about  half  a  mile  wide 
and  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long,  with  a  circumference  of  about   1^4  miles 


106 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Fig.  13.     The  two  levels  in  the  quarry  of  the  Federal  Stone  Company  showing 
the  method  of  loading  on  the  second  or  lower  level. 


Fig.  14.     Loading  Niagaran  dolomite  from  the  first  level  of  the  quarry  of  the 

Federal   Stone   Company. 

Within  the  larger  quarry  is  a  smaller  circular  one,  with  a  diameter  of  about 
2,000  feet.  In  both  quarries  the  face  of  stone  varies  between  30  and  40 
feet  in  height.     The  overburden  ranges  from  3  to  18  feet  in  thickness  and 


COOK  COUNTY  107 

averages  about  10.  It  consists  of  black  loam  and  brown  clay  till,  and  is 
removed  by  steam  shovels  and  dump  cars.  The  quarry  is  kept  dry  by  six 
centrifugal  pumps,  two  of  which  are  in  operation  continuously. 

The  rock  in  the  quarry  is  Niagaran  dolomite,  and  is  fine-grained,  hard, 
brittle,  and  gray,  with  but  a  small  amount  of  the  common  fossil  debris. 

The  holes  for  heavy  blasting  are  drilled  with  Cyclone  churn  drills  and 
are  spaced  10  feet  apart,  and  16  feet  back  from  the  face.  The  entire  40 
feet  of  rock  is  shot  down  at  one  time.  The  explosives  used  for  blasting 
are  40  per  cent  Trojan  powder  and  60  per  cent  dynamite.  Jack-hammers 
are  used  in  drilling  the  holes  for  the  smaller  shots.  The  broken  rock  is 
loaded  by  steam  shovels  into  12-yard  quarry  cars  which  are  electrically 
operated,  each  equipped  with  two  30  horse  power  motors  and  controlled  by 
an  operator  in  a  tower  near  the  crushing  plant.  The  control  of  the  cars  is 
effected  by  having  separate  switches  for  each  40  feet  of  track.  The  cars 
always  travel  in  the  same  direction,  making  a  complete  trip  around  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  quarry  for  each  load  of  stone. 

The  cars  coming  from  the  quarry  dump  sideways  into  a  No.  42  Power 
and  Mining  Company  crusher  from  which  the  stone  is  conveyed  by  a  rubber 
belt  660  feet  long  to  a  second  crushing  unit.  Here  the  rock  is  screened, 
crushed  again  and  conveyed  on  another  belt  of  the  same  size  to  a  third  crush- 
ing unit  where  the  process  of  screening  and  crushing  is  again  repeated. 
The  secondary  crushers  consist  of  a  No.  9  Power  and  Mining  Company, 
a  No.  9  Allis-Chalmers,  and  a  No.  6  and  a  No.  4  Allis-Chalmers.  Two 
Power  and  Mining  Company  rolls  are  used  in  the  production  of  lime 
dust.  The  broken  rock  is  sorted  by  4  cylindrical  screens,  48  inches  by  30 
feet  and  four  shaker  screens.  The  screen's  are  of  Power  and  Mining  and 
Allis-Chalmers  make.  All  machinery  is  electrically  operated  by  power 
manufactured  by  the  company. 

From  the  crushing  units  the  sorted  stone  is  transferred  to  ten  cylindri- 
cal concrete  bins,  having  a  total  capacity  of  100  carloads.  The  daily  pro- 
duction is  about  3,000  tons;  the  yearly  production  about  1,000,000  tons. 
The  capacity  of  the  plant  is  5,000  tons. 

The  stone  is  used  as  concrete  aggregate,  agricultural  limestone,  rail- 
road ballast,  road  metal,  and  as  a  flux. 

The  company  has  a  switch  to  Hawthorne,  where  connection  is  made 
with  the  Santa  Fe,  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern,  and  Indiana  Harbor  Belt  rail- 
roads. 

L.  No.  146 

Superior  Stone  Company,  La  Grange 

SW.  yA  NE.  yA  NE.  yA  see.  jo,  T.  38  N„  R.  12  E. 

The  quarry  operated  at  La  Grange  is  circular  in  shape  with  a  diameter 
of  about  500  feet.     The  face  of  the  rock  is  (50  feet  high  and  is  capped  with 


108  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

an  overburden  about  4  feet  in  thickness.  The  latter  is  a  black  loam  and 
gravel  mixed  with  sandy  clay.  The  quarry  is  drained  by  two  centrifugal 
electric  pumps. 

The  rock  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite.  It  is  moderately  hard,  crystalline, 
somewhat  porous,  blue-gray  in  color,  with  rather  large  amounts  of  fossil 
debris. 

The  rock  is  drilled  with  a  Cyclone  well  drill  and  the  entire  face  blasted 
at  one  time.  The  holes  for  the  smaller  shots  are  drilled  by  jack-hammers. 
The  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovel  into  3-ton  quarry  cars,  pulled  by  horse 
to  the  base  of  the  incline  and  up  the  latter  by  cable. 

The  rock  is  first  run  through  an  Allis-Chalmers  No.  18  crusher,  and 
then  screened  and  diverted  into  a  No.  8  and  two  No.  5s  of  the  same  make. 
One  pulverizer  is  in  operation  for  the  manufacture  of  lime  dust.  The 
broken  stone  is  sorted  by  two  rotary  screens  48  inches  by  24  feet,  and  two 
shakers  6  by  10  feet.  The  plant  is  operated  by  electricity  obtained  from 
the  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago. 

The  daily  production  is  about  1,000  yards.  The  bins  of  this  plant  have 
a  capacity  of  600  tons. 

The  stone  is  used  as  road  metal,  aggregate,  agricultural  limestone,  and 
railroad  ballast. 

The  company  has  a  switch  to  the  Indiana  Harbor  Belt  Railroad  and 
does  a  considerable  amount  of  shipping  for  short  distances  by  truck. 

L.  No.  147 
NE.  l/4  SE.  y4  sec.  2Cj,  T.  39  N.,  R.  14  E. 

Stearns  Lime  and  Stone  Company 
Twenty-ninth  and  Halsted  Streets,  Chicago 
This  quarry  is  circular  in  outline,  and  is  about  500  feet  in  diameter. 
It  has  been  in  operation  for  a  long  time  and  as  further  lateral  expansion  is 
impossible,  working  is  confined  to  deepening  the  quarry.  A  thickness  of 
200  feet  of  stone  is  exposed  but  only  the  lower  12  of  this  is  being  worked. 
The  quarry  is  being  deepened  in  12-foot  benches.  A  Frahm  steam  pump 
keeps  the  quarry  free  from  water. 

The  stone  in  the  quarry  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite  and  is  moderately 
hard,  somewhat  porous,  gray,  fairly  tough,  and  is  found  in  thick  beds. 

The  holes  for  the  heavy  blasting  are  drilled  with  an  Ingersoll-Rand 
drill  and  the  smaller  ones  for  the  block  hole  shots  by  jack-hammers.  The 
12-foot  face  is  blasted  with  40  per  cent  dynamite.  The  stone  is  loaded 
into  2-ton  quarry  cars  and  pulled  to  the  foot  of  the  incline  by  horses,  and 
up  the  latter  by  cable. 

The  rock  from  the  quarry  is  screened  and  all  over  G  inches  is  used  for 
the  manufacture  of  lime.     The  chunks  of  smaller  size  are  crushed  to  any 


COOK  COUNTY  109 

desired  size  up  to  2  inches,  by  a  No.  5  and  a  No.  3  Gates  crusher.  The 
rock  is  sorted  by  four  screens  36  inches  by  10  feet.  The  plant  is  operated 
by  steam  throughout. 

The  daily  production  is  about  100  yards,  which  represents  about  one- 
half  capacity.  The  bins  of  this  company  can  hold  300  yards  of  crushed 
stone. 

The  stone  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  lime  as  concrete  aggregate 
and  road  metal.     The  stone  is  sold  locally,  and  is  transported  by  truck. 

L.  No.  148 

Chicago  Union  Lime  Works 

Sec.  ip,  T.  39  N.,  R.  14  E. 

Nineteenth  St.  and  Lincoln  Ave.,  Chicago 

This  quarry  is  circular  in  shape,  with  a  diameter  of  about  550  feet.  It 
is  a  very  old  quarry,  and  has  reached  its  maximum  lateral  extension,  so  that 
rock  can  be  obtained  at  present  only  by  deepening.  The  opening  is  already 
350  feet  deep,  and  is  being  worked  deeper  in  20-foot  benches.  The  quarry 
is  kept  dry  by  Allis-Chalmers  pumps,  which  discharge  the  water  into  the 
city  sewer. 

The  quarry  is  in  the  Niagaran  dolomite.  The  dense,  gray,  moderately 
hard  dolomite  is  composed  of  beds  only  3  to  10  inches  thick  which  are  sepa- 
rated along  the  bedding  planes  by  thin  layers  of  greenish  clay. 

Certain  portions  of  the  rock  in  the  quarry  are  better  fitted  for  the  manu- 
facture of  lime  than  others.  The  stone  to  be  burned  for  lime  is  loaded  by 
hand  into  small  cars  which  are  lifted  directly  to  the  kilns  by  a  crane  with  a 
long  cable.  The  stone  to  be  crushed  for  other  purposes  is  loaded  by  a  steam 
shovel  into  2-yard  cars,  pulled  to  the  hoist  by  a  gasoline  locomotive  and  ele- 
vated to  the  crusher  by  an  Allis-Chalmers  double  drum  hoist. 

The  primary  crusher  is  a  Traylor,  with  a  jaw  28  by  36  inches.  The 
rock  is  fed  into  it  by  a  metal  belt  and  having  received  its  first  crushing  is 
transferred  by  bucket-belt  elevators  to  the  screens.  From  the  screens  it 
goes  to  two  Xo.  3  McCully  crushers,  and  to  two  sets  of  Power  and  Alining 
Company  rolls  in  case  a  finer  product  is  desired.  Two  screens  are  in  use, 
both  60  inches  by  25  feet. 

The  capacity  of  this  plant  is  500  yards  daily  and  it  can  be  kept  in  oper- 
ation for  the  entire  year.  The  limit  of  deepening  the  quarry  is  said  to  be 
500  feet.  In  that  case  the  company  still  has  a  reserve  of  150  feet  of  rock. 
The  bins  at  this  plant  have  a  storage  capacity  of  5,000  yards. 

The  stone  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  lime  and  as  road  metal,  con- 
crete aggregate,  and  agricultural  limestone.  It  is  sold  locally,  and  is  trans- 
ported by  wagon  or  motor  truck. 


110  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L.  No.  151 

A.  C.  O'Laughlin  Stone  Company,  Bellewood 

SE.  yA  NW.  ]/A  SE.  yA  sec.  8,  T.  39  N.t  R.  12  E. 

This  quarry  is  circular  in  outline  and  about  1000  feet  in  diameter.  The 
face  being  worked  is  105  feet  high,  and  has  a  clay  overburden  which  aver- 
ages 5  feet  in  thickness.  The  quarry  is  drained  by  centrifugal  electric 
pumps. 

The  stone  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite,  and  is  dense,  fine-grained,  finely 
crystalline,  white,  with  thin  layers  of  green  clay  along  the  bedding  planes. 

A  well  drill  is  used  to  make  the  deep  holes,  and  after  the  entire  face 
has  been  blasted  down  with  40  per  cent  dynamite  the  large  pieces  are  further 
reduced  in  size  by  block  holing.  The  stone  is  loaded  by  steam  shovel  into 
6-yard  cars  and  pulled  by  a  locomotive  to  the  incline  from  where  it  is  pulled 
up  to  the  primary  crusher  by  cable. 

The  rock  first  passes  through  a  No.  18  Allis-Chalmers  then  through  a 
screen  and  finally  to  five  other  smaller  crushers  of  sizes  No.  5  to  No.  8 
which  reduce  it  to  the  desired  size.  Some  of  the  stone  is  dried  and  run 
through  Allis-Chalmers  ball  mills  which  reduce  it  to  a  size  usable  for  agri- 
cultural or  ground  limestone.  Two  ball  mills  are  in  operation.  The  en- 
tire plant  is  electrically  operated. 

The  daily  production  of  this  quarry  is  about  2,400  yards ;  the  yearly 
production  about  400,000  tons. 

The  stone  is  used  as  concrete  aggregate,  road  metal,  railroad  ballast, 
ground  limestone,  and  agricultural  limestone. 

The  company  has  switching  facilities  to  the  Illinois  Central,  and  Chi- 
cago Great  Western  railroads. 

The  Waste  Pile  Along  the  Desplaines  Drainage  Canal 
In  deepening  Desplaines  River  or  straightening  its  channel  so  as  to 
make  the  Drainage  Canal,  it  was  necessary  to  do  a  great  deal  of  excavating 
in  some  places.  In  general  at  least  a  portion  of  this  excavation  was  made 
in  the  underlying  Niagaran  dolomite,  and  this  stone  has  been  piled  up  on 
each  side  of  the  canal  in  a  long  ridge  varying  from  10  to  50  feet  in  height. 
This  spoil  bank  offers  a  supply  of  good  stone  easily  obtainable,  which  has 
been  and  is  being  crushed  and  made  use  of,  near  Lemont,  by  the  Great 
Lakes  Dredge  and  Dock  Company,  and  by  the  Lincoln  Park  Commission 
of  Chicago.  In  both  cases  the  rock  is  loaded  into  skips  and  transferred 
to  barges  which  are  towed  to  their  destination.  The  stone  is  used  for 
filling  cribs  and  breakwaters  at  Chicago. 


COOK  COUNTY  111 

Western  Stone  Company,  Lenwnt 
SE.  y4  SIV.  y4  NE.  y4  see.  19,  T.  37  N.,  R.  11  E. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  Desplaines  Drainage  Canal  there  is  an 
abandoned  plant  at  one  time  used  by  the  Western  Stone  Company  for 
crushing  the  rock  in  the  spoil  bank  along  the  canal.  The  stone  was  put 
into-  skips  and  these  were  loaded,  two  high,  on  the  barges  which  were 
pulled  to  Chicago  by  a  steam  tug.  The  equipment  on  the  premises  is  as 
follows : 

9  barges 

1  steam  tug 

One  Allis-Chalmers  crusher  No.  3,  two  No.  4,  and  one  each  of  Nos.  5,  6,  and  7 

23  sections  of  screen 

Two  Kehm  and  Metz  boilers 

16  smaller  boilers 

Miscellaneous  small  equipment 

There  is  another  similar  plant  on  the  south  side  of  the  canal  which 
evidently  served  the  same  purpose.  It  is  much  more  nearly  dismantled  than 
is  the  one  described  above. 

QUARRY  SITES 

All  of  the  best  locations  are  occupied  by  quarries  at  the  present  time. 
There  are,  however,  a  few  abandoned  sites,  and  possible  new  sites  that 
warrant  discussion. 

L.  140C 
Stony  Island 

Stony  Island  is  a  small  mound  shaped  like  a  figure  8,  lying  south  of  91st 
Street,  and  east  of  Stony  Island  Avenue,  Chicago.  The  entire  hill  is  un- 
derlain by  Niagaran  dolomite  with  a  surficial  covering  not  exceeding  15 
feet,  and  possibly  less  than  two  feet  in  some  places.  The  rock  is  a  dense, 
white,  coarsely  crystalline,  moderately  hard  dolomite,  and  contains  a  large 
amount  of  bituminous  material  in  cavities.  The  bituminous  material  is  a 
thick  tarry  substance,  and  might  necessitate  special  treatment  of  the  rock 
during  the  crushing  process. 

This  "island"  has  already  been  the  site  of  two  quarries,  now  abandoned, 
and  there  still  remains  an  area  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  square  which 
has  not  as  yet  been  subdivided  into  city  lots,  and  would  therefore  be  avail- 
able for  quarrying.  About  1,000,000  cubic  yards  of  stone  would  be  avail- 
able, if  the  quarry  were  worked  to  a  depth  of  30  feet. 

The  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific,  and  the  Indiana  Harbor  Belt 
railroads,  approximately  800  feet  to  the  south  of  this  site,  could  furnish 
transportation. 


112  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L.  No.  140 
SE  %  sec.  17,  T.  37  N.,  R.  11  E. 
At  this  place  a  bluff  about  3,000  feet  long  exposes  45  feet  of  thin- 
bedded,  fine-grained,  buff-colored,  Niagaran  dolomite.  Along  the  edge  of 
the  bluff,  for  a  distance  of  about  50  feet  back  from  the  rock  face,  there 
is  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden  and  small  gullies  have  cut  down  to  the 
rock  in  places.  The  stone  rises  in  the  hills  away  from  the  bluff  but  the 
overburden  also  increases  in  thickness  to  at  least  25  feet.  In  the  50-foot 
strip,  about  225,000  cubic  yards  of  stone  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet 
of  overburden.  Some  old  building  stone  quarries  were  once  in  operation 
at  this  place,  and  the  grading  has  been  done  for  the  necessary  switch 
to  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  south. 

L.  No.  140A 
About  half  a  mile  east  of  the  Sag  bridge,  on  both  sides  of  the  Calu- 
met Feeder  Canal  there  are  outcrops  of  hard,  dense,  white,  fine-grained 
Niagaran  dolomite,  in  most  places  covered  by  only  a  few  feet  of  surficial  ma- 
terial. The  stone  has  been  quarried  in  many  places  for  building  stone. 
An  outcrop  of  this  dolomite  was  noted  along  the  road  on  the  south  side 
of  the  canal,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  greater  part  of  the  hill  is  under- 
lain by  this  stone.  Transportation  is  possible  by  means  of  the  Chicago 
and  Alton  Railroad,  by  barge  on  the  Drainage  Canal,  and  by  truck  over 
good  roads. 

L.  No.  140B 

Along  the  east  bank  of  the  Desplaines  River  Drainage  Canal,  for 
about  3  miles  north  of  the  south  line  of  the  county,  the  rock  lies  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  surface.  It  is  in  this  flat  that  the  Illinois  Stone  Company 
has  its  quarry,  and  it  is  probable  that  additional  favorable  sites  could  be 
found  in  this  territory.  Transportation  is  obtainable  by  means  of  the 
Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad,  the  Chicago  and  Joliet  Electric,  and  by  barge 
on  the  canal.  Concrete  roads  are  now  being  built  in  this  region  and  will 
afford  truck  routes  to  Chicago,  Joliet,  and  other  towns. 

The  spoil  banks  of  the  Main  Drainage  Canal  and  of  the  Calumet  Feeder 

as  a  source  of  stone 
The  spoil  banks  are  found  on  both  sides  of  both  canals  for  nearly 
their  entire  length.  They  are  composed  of  earth  and  rock  removed  in 
digging  the  canals.  Where  the  canals  were  cut  through  rock,  which  did 
not  have  a  heavy  surficial  covering,  these  piles  afford  an  excellent  source 
of  stone.  In  many  places,  however,  clay  and  glacial  boulders  are  in  pre- 
dominance, in  which  case  the  pile  does  not  offer  favorable  opportunities 
for  a  supply  of  road  metal.     The  spoil  banks  of  the  main  Drainage  Canal. 


De  KALB  —  DUPAGE  COUNTIES  113 

which  are  composed  chiefly  of  stone,  extend  from  the  vicinity  of  Lock- 
port,  Will  County,  Northward  into  Cook  County  to  a  point  about  800 
feet  north  of  the  Willow  Springs  bridge.  In  some  places  deposits  lie  on 
both  sides  of  the  canal,  but  most  commonly  they  are  found  on  the  west 
side  only.  South  of  Lemont,  the  waste  pile  does  not  show  objectionable 
amounts  of  clay  or  soil. 

Along  the  Calumet  Feeder,  stone  is  abundant  in  the  spoil  banks  from 
Blue  Island  west  to  the  Sag,  and  west  to  the  junction  of  the  Feeder  and 
the  main  canal.  The  bed  rock  at  Blue  Island  is  covered  by  glacial  drift, 
and  the  waste  pile,  therefore,  consists  largely  of  that  material.  This  is 
true  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  for  the  pile  along  the  entire  length  of  the 
Feeder,  except  for  the  stretch  about  iy2  miles  long  between  the  Sag  bridge 
and  the  main  canal,  where  the  pile  is  largely  rock  and  might  provide  a 
good  supply  of  stone.  Sample  L.  No.  137  was  taken  from  the  pile  in  the 
NW.  cor.  NW.   ]/A  sec.  21,  T.  37  N.,  R.   12  E. 

DE    KALB   COUNTY 

A  covering  of  glacial  drift  obscures  the  underlying  rock  of  De  Kalb 
County  (fig.  21,  p.  125)  except  in  a  few  places  along  the  major  streams.  The 
most  important  outcrops  reported  are  as  follows  r1 

In  sec.  2,  T.  42  N.,  R.  4  E.,  a  small  quarry  in  Galena  dolomite  may  be  found. 

Near  the  middle  of  the  dividing  line  between  sees.  17  and  18,  T.  42  N.,  R.  4  E., 
two  small  quarries  expose  5  feet  of  yellowish  (locally  reddish)  porous  limestone, 
composed  largely  of  fragmentary  organic  remains.  The  limestone  probably  belongs 
to  the  Alexandrian  series. 

Near  the  cen.  W.  %  of  sec.  30,  T.  42  N.,  R.  3  E.,  about  10  feet  of  thin-bedded, 
buff,  porous  fossiliferous  limestone,  probably  of  Galena  age  outcrops  in  a  small 
ravine  along  the  road. 

DUPAGE   COUNTY 

Although  Dupage  County  (fig.  9,  p.  98)  is  underlain  by  Niagaran  dolo- 
mite, so  deeply  does  the  drift  bury  it,  that,  with  one  exception,  no  areas  of 
more  than  several  acres  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden  occur  near  any 
of  the  railroad  lines.  In  one  or  tw7o  localities,  however,  rock  may  be  ob- 
tained in  quantity. 

SHIPPING   QUARRY 

L.  No.  150 

Elmhurst -Chic  ago  Stone  Company,  Elmhurst 

SW.  yA  NW.  %  sec.  2,  T.  39  N.,  R.  n  E. 

Due  to  the  flatness  of  the  surrounding  country  the  Elmhurst  quarry  is 

worked  as  a  pit.     It  is  oval  in  outline  and  has  a  maximum  width  of  about 


bannister,  Henry  M.,  Geology  of  DeKalb,  Kane  and  Du  Page  counties:      Geological 
Survey  of  Illinois,   vol.   IV,  p.   122,   1870. 


114  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

950   feet,  and  a  minimum  of   800   feet.     The  quarry  is   kept  dry   by  two 
centrifugal  pumps. 

The  overburden  is  of  clay  till  which  ranges  from  5  to  20  feet  in 
thickness  but  averages  about  12  feet.  The  overburden  is  removed  by  clam- 
shell cranes,  and  some  of  it  is  used  by  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Rail- 
road for  making  fills. 

Seventy  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite  is  quarried.  The  upper  30  feet  is 
brown,  medium-grained,  and  porous  dolomite,  in  beds  6  inches  to  3  feet 
thick.  The  lower  40  feet  is  fine-grained,  white  dolomite,  in  layers  4  to  14 
inches  thick.  Chert  as  thin  layers  and  nodules  is  common  in  the  lower  40 
feet. 

A  face  of  rock  70  feet  high  is  worked.  The  holes  are  drilled  with  a 
clipper  electric  drill  and  the  full  thickness  is  blasted  down  at  one  time  with 
40  per  cent  Trojan  powder. 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovels  into  6-ton  quarry  cars  which 
are  hauled  to  the  tipple  by  a  gasoline  locomotive.  The  cars  are  drawn  up 
the  tipple  to  the  primary  crusher  by  cable. 

The  crushing  plant  consists  of  a  primary  crusher  (a  No.  36  McCully- 
Superior)  and  of  two  secondary  crushing  and  screening  units.  After  the 
rock  has  passed  through  the  large  crusher  it  is  carried  by  conveyor  belts  to 
one  or  both  of  the  smaller  units  for  final  crushing  and  screening.  The  first 
of  the  secondary  crushing  units  contains  a  McCully  No.  7J^,  and  two  Mc- 
Cully  No.  5  crushers,  while  the  other  contains  three  McCully  crushers,  a 
No.  iy2,  a  No.  6,  and  a  No.  4. 

Worthington  rotary  screens  are  employed  in  both  units,  the  first  unit 
contains  two  48-inch  screens,  one  20  feet  long  and  one  16  feet  long,  and  the 
second  unit,  two  48-inch  screens,  one  of  which  is  a  double  screen.  By 
changing  sections  of  screening,  rock  of  any  size  up  to  5  inches  or  even  larger, 
can  be  obtained.  The  daily  capacity  of  each  unit  is  about  1,000  yards. 
The  total  daily  production  is  about  1,000  tons  per  day  and  the  yearly  pro- 
duction about  250,000  tons.  Bins  of  650  tons  capacity  are  used  for  storage 
purposes. 

The  product  is  used  for  railroad  ballast,  road  material,  concrete  aggre- 
gate, and  agricultural  limestone.  The  company  also  manufactures  concrete 
blocks. 

Transportation  is  provided  by  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad. 

OUTCROPS   MAINLY   OF   LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

SW.  YA  sec.  24,  T.  jo  N.,  R.  n  E. 
Six  feet  of  fine-grained,  light-gray,  Niagaran  dolomite  outcrops  in  an 
old  abandoned  quarry  in  the  SE.  %  SW.  yA  sec.  24,  T.  39  N.,  R.  11  E.     The 
rock  occurs  in  beds  from  1  inch  to  6  inches  thick,  and  probably  continues 
in  depth  for  more  than  100  feet. 


GRUNDY  COUNTY  115 

The  surrounding  topography  is  almost  flat,  and  it  is  probable  that  as 
much  as  25  acres  is  underlain  by  rock  at  depths  of  less  than  5  feet. 

The  nearest  railroad,  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern,  is  about  3  miles 
north  of  this  locality. 

L.  No.  166 

About  5  feet  of  coarse-grained,  crystalline  limestone  is  exposed  in  an 
old  abandoned  quarry  about  1J4  miles  south  of  Naperville,  in  the  NE.  % 
NW.  yA  sec.  30,  T.  38  N.,  R.  10  E.  The  country  is  gently  rolling.  About 
8  acres  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden.  Other  outcrops 
of  similar  rock  are  found  at  places  along  Dupage  River  in  this  vicinity. 

GRUNDY   COUNTY 

Rock  for  use  as  road  material  can  be  obtained  only  in  the  small  area 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county  (fig.  21,  p.  125),  where  the  Galena- 
Platteville  dolomite  and  the  Maquoketa  limestone  comprise  the  bed  rock. 
The  remainder  of  the  county  is  underlain  by  the  shales  and  sandstones  of 
Pennsylvanian  age. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

No  rock  is  being  quarried  within  the  county  at  the  present  time,  but 
both  the  Galena  dolomite  and  Maquoketa  limestone  outcrop,  or  are  known 
to  be  very  close  to  the  surface  at  several  places.  Outcrops  of  the  Galena- 
Platteville  are  found  along  Collins  Run  in  the  east-central  part  of  sec.  18, 
T.  34  N.,  R.  8  E.,  in  an  old  abandoned  quarry  near  the  center  of  sec.  24, 
T.  34  N.,  R.  7  E.,  and  along  Aux  Sable  Creek  near  the  cen.  sec.  19,  T.  34  N., 
R.  8  E.  At  none  of  these  outcrops  is  the  overburden  over  5  feet,  and  it  is 
probable  that  rock  may  be  found  at  depths  of  less  than  8  feet  throughout 
the  area  containing  these  outcrops. 

POSSIBLE    SHIPPING   QUARRY    SITES 

L.  No.  175 

Exploration  may  reveal  a  considerable  area  in  the  N.  y2  sec.  19  or  the 
SW.  yA  sec.  20,  T.  34  N.,  R.  8  E.  within  half  a  mile  of  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  and  Pacific  Railroad,  where  large  quantities  of  rock  may  be  obtained 
by  removing  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

The  rock  is  Galena- Platteville  and  where  exposed  is  a  dense,  buff  dolo- 
mite in  beds  not  over  12  inches  thick.  The  greatest  thickness  exposed  is 
about  5  feet,  but  the  rock  is  reported  to  continue  in  depth  for  more  than  150 
feet. 

L.  No.  176 

Outcrops  of  Maquoketa  limestone  occur  at  several  places  in  the  north 
central  and  southeast  part  of  T.  34  N.,  R.  8  E.  The  overburden  is  not  more 
than  5  feet  thick  at  any  of  the  exposures  and  as  some  of  the  outcrops  are 
found  in  the  higher  elevations  it  is  probable  that  most  of  sees.  25,  26,  27, 


116  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

34,  and  35,  T.  34  N.,  R.  8  E.  are  underlain  by  Maquoketa  limestone  with 
no  great  thickness  of  overburden. 

The  rock  is  a  mottled  pink  and  white,  coarsely  granular,  crystalline 
limestone  in  beds  ranging  from  4  to  12  inches  in  thickness.  The  greatest 
thickness  observed  was  12  feet,  but  the  rock  may  reach  a  thickness  of  ap- 
proximately 60  feet  before  the  underlying  shaly  phase  of  the  Maquoketa 
is  reached. 

The  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern  Railroad  crosses  this  area  near  the  center 
of  sees.  27  and  34,  and  could  provide  shipping  facilities  should  a  quarry  be 
opened  here. 

JO   DAVIESS  COUNTY 

TOPOGRAPHIC   RELATIONS 

Jo  Daviess  County  (fig.  15)  exhibits  by  far  the  roughest  topography 
in  northern  Illinois.  Unlike  the  other  counties  of  that  portion  of  the  State, 
it  has  not  been  glaciated,  except  in  the  eastern  part,  so  that  stream  erosion 
has  dissected  the  region  to  a  stage  of  maturity.  The  obscuring  effect  of  the 
glacial  drift,  however,  is  in  a  measure  supplanted  by  a  covering  of  a  fine, 
buff-colored  earth  known  as  loess.  The  loess  reaches  its  maximum  thick- 
ness on  top  of  the  bluff  along  Mississippi  River,  where  30  to  40  feet  of  it 
may  be  observed.  It  thins  rapidly  to  the  east,  however,  and  at  several  loca- 
tions two  or  three  miles  east  of  the  river  bluff  has  a  thickness  of  only  8  or 
12  feet. 

THE    ROCK    FORMATIONS 

Piatt cvillc  limestone- — The  Platteville  limestone  outcrops  at  but  one 
place  in  the  county,  namely,  along  Galena  River.  The  character  of  the  out- 
crop makes  quarrying  unfeasible. 

Galena  dolomite. — The  Galena  dolomite  is  the  most  important  source 
of  road  material  in  the  county.  It  consists  of  a  crystalline,  coarse-grained, 
porous  rock,  gray  when  fresh,  and  buff  when  weathered.  The  beds  range 
from  one  to  four  feet  in  average  thickness,  but  particularly  in  the  upper 
and  lower  parts  of  the  formation,  thinner  beds  are  not  at  all  uncommon 
(fig.  16).  The  medial  portion  of  this  formation  contains  chert  as  bands  or 
as  disseminated  masses  (figs.  17  and  18). 

Maquoketa  formation. — The  Maquoketa  formation  consists  of  inter- 
bedded  limestone  and  shale,  the  latter  constituting  about  80  per  cent  of  the 
total  thickness.  It  is  unimportant  as  a  source  of  any  great  amount  of  road 
material. 

The  Niagaran  dolomite. — The  Niagaran  dolomite  forms  the  cap  of  most 
of  the  hills  particularly  in  the  southwest  and  central  portions  of  Jo  Daviess 
County.  There  are  apparently  two  divisions  of  the  Niagaran : — the  lower, 
which  is  thin-bedded,  cherty,  buff-colored  and  highly  argillaceous ;  and  the 
upper,  which  contains  beds  5  to  10  feet  thick,  is  moderately  hard,  coarse- 
grained, and  generally  free  from  chert. 


Jo  DAVIESS  COUNTY 


118 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Fig.  16.    Upper  thin  beds  of  the  Galena  dolomite  in  a  quarry  one  and  a  third 
miles  north  of  the  hotel  at  Hanover. 


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Fig.  17.    Typical  section  of  the  massive  non-cherty  and  massive  cherty  member 
of  the  Galena  dolomite  on  Galena  River  at  Millville. 


Jo  DAVIESS  COUNTY 


119 


SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

There  are  no  quarries  shipping  crushed  stone  in  this  county. 

SITES  FOR  SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

L.  Nos.  324,  325  and  326 
The  bluff  of  Mississippi  River  north  of  Galena  Junction 
The  search  for  shipping  quarry  sites  in  this  county  was  confined  pri- 
marily to  the  territory  adjoining  the  railroads.     The   following  discussion 
treats  with  the  more  important  sites.     There  is,  however,  possibility  of  ob- 
taining stone  at  other  places,  but  to  a  lesser  advantage  than  at  those  par- 


■&zz  ^^~ 


Fig.  18.    Thin  bedded  Galena  dolomite  on  Sinsinawa  Creek  at  the  bridge  in 
sec.  4,  T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W.    (Rawlins  Twp.). 

ticularly  mentioned  in  this  report.  The  numbers  given  to  the  various  unit 
areas  in  the  following  text  correspond  with  those  on  the  map  of  Jo  Daviess 
County. 

1.  North  from  Galena  Junction  the  bluff  is  composed  of  characteristic 
Galena  dolomite  (fig.  18).  The  lower  20  to  30  feet  of  the  bluff  is  hidden 
by  an  accumulation  of  talus,  above  which  rises  a  sheer  face  of  stone  for 
about  75  feet,  overlain  by  loess,  which  gradually  increases  to  a  thickness  of 
from  10  to  25  feet  back  from  the  immediate  face  of  the  bluff. 


120 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


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Jo  DAVIESS  COUNTY  121 

"J.  The  bluff  maintains  this  character  for  about  half  the  distance  be- 
tween Galena  Junction  and  Gears  Ferry,  in  the  SW.  cor.  sec.  35,  T.  28  N., 
R.  1  W.  For  the  remainder  of  the  distance  the  bluff  is  lower  and  more 
irregular,  the  tains  accumulation  at  its  base  greater,  and  the  loess  covering 
more  obscuring. 

3.  North  from  Gears  Ferry  to  Sinsinawa  River,  the  bluff  is  rather 
low  and  irregular  and  exhibits  about  the  same  general  relations  as  discussed 
in  unit  2,  except  that  the  loess  overburden  is  generally  greater  and  that 
the  bluff  is  more  markedly  dissected  by  fair-sized  valleys. 

4.  From  Sinsinawa  River  north  to  the  Little  Menominee  River  the 
bluff  again  assumes  an  appearance  similar  to  that  at  unit  1.  In  places  it 
stands  with  a  bold  face  40  to  60  feet  high,  and  then  rises  rapidly  as  a  steep 
but  irregular  slope  for  30  to  50  feet,  composed  of  large  fragments  of  rock 
and  is  partly  overgrown  with  vegetation.  The  overburden  is  in  general 
from  10  to  20  feet  in  thickness. 

5.  From  Little  Menominee  River  north  to  the  Menominee  River, 
the  bluff  partakes  of  the  characters  of  all  the  preceding  portions.  In  gen- 
eral, however,  the  bluff  is  highest  in  sees.  18,  T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W.,  12  and  1.3, 
T.  28  N.,  R.  2  W.  and  gradually  lowers  toward  Menominee  River.  In  sec. 
2,  T.  28  N.,  R.  2  W.  it  is  not  generally  attractive  for  quarrying. 

6.  From  Menominee  River  north  to  the  county  line  the  bluff  is  low 
considerable  distance  back  from  the  railroad  and  of  no  great  importance  for 
quarrying. 

THE   BEST    QUARRY    SITES 

The  Illinois  Central,  Chicago  and  Northwestern,  Chicago  Great  West- 
ern, and  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  railroads  use  jointly  the  right 
of  way  which  runs  along  the  bottom  of  the  bluff  from  Galena  Junction 
as  far  north  as  Menominee  River.  Any  site  selected  in  this  portion  of  the 
bluff  would  therefore  have  the  desired  transportation  if  a  switch  could  be 
installed.  Almost  all  portions  of  the  bluff  would  furnish  quarry  sites,  but 
the  most  favorable  ones,  that  is,  with  the  least  overburden  and  the  greatest 
thickness  of  rock,  are  to  be  found  in  parts  numbered  1  and  4  with  possi- 
bilities in  unit  5. 

Sample  L.  No.  325  represents  the  rock  in  sec.  17,  T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W. 
in  part  4  of  the  bluff  and  L.  No.  324  in  sec.  21,  T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W.  in  part 
3  of  the  bluff. 

Mississippi  River  bluff  south  of  Galena  Junction 

7.  By  far  the  best  site  for  a  shipping  quarry  to  be  found  anywhere 
along  the  bluff  is  located  on  the  inside  of  the  bend  where  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  and  Quincy  turns  up  the  valley  of  the  Galena  River  (fig.  19D). 


122 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


The  bluff  at  this  place  has  an  almost  sheer  face  for  approximately  60  to  80 
feet  above  the  railroad,  a  total  height  of  110  to  130  feet,  and  is  overlain 
by  a  thin  overburden,  probably  less  than  12  feet  on  the  average.  The  rock 
is  of  good  quality  and  sample  L.  No.  326  represents  it  as  closely  as  was 
obtainable.  Further,  the  site  is  in  such  a  location  as  to  permit  the  use  of 
the  switching  facilities  offered  at  the  railroad  junction  so  as  to  ship  on  the 
Illinois  Central,  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy,  Chicago  Great  Western, 
and  Chicago  Northwestern.  The  quantity  of  rock  available  is  immense 
and  labor  could  undoubtedly  be  obtained  from  Galena  about  three  miles 
to  the  northeast. 

8.     About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the  bend  in  the  railroad  the 
bluff   loses   the   characteristics    described    above    and   gradually   lowers    in 


Fig.  20.     The  Mississippi  River  bluffs  at  Galena  Junction. 


height  until  it  vanishes  almost  completely  in  sees.  8,  9  and  16,  T.   27  N., 
R.  1  E.  north  and  south  of  Aiken. 

9.  From  the  north  line  of  sec.  21,  T.  27  N.,  R.  1  E.  south  to  Blanding 
the  bluff  consists  of  Galena  dolomite  overlain  by  Maquoketa  shale,  which  is 
in  turn  overlain  by  Niagaran  dolomite.  The  Galena  is  not  visible  in  the  bluff 
for  the  entire  distance  but  occurs  in  the  bottoms  and  sides  of  the  small  valleys 
which  have  cut  down  through  the  bluff.  In  sec.  21,  in  general,  the  respec- 
tive thicknesses  of  the  three  formations  in  ascending  order  are  about  100, 
100,  and  180  feet,  with  a  capping  of  loess  15  to  30  feet  thick.  In  sec.  33, 
T.  27  N.,  R.  1  E.  the  Galena  dolomite  is  not  exposed  but  110  feet  of 
Maquoketa  and  170  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite  can  be  seen.  The  Chicago, 
Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  runs  along  the  bottom   of  the  bluff  and 


Jo  DAVIESS  COUNTY  123 

if  a  quarry  in  the  Niagaran  dolomite  140  to  200  feet  above  the  railroad 
were  desired,  this  site  would  offer  abundant  opportunities  for  such  a 
quarry. 

10.  South  of  Blanding  the  railroad  recedes  from  the  bluff,  which 
lowers  and  becomes  obscured  by  talus  so  that  only  portions  of  the  capping 
Niagaran   dolomite  are  visible. 

From  Galena  Junction  north  along  Galena  River 

11.  In  general  the  banks  of  Galena  River  between  Galena  Junction 
(fig.  20)  and  Galena  do  not  show  any  particularly  favorable  quarry  sites. 
Perhaps  the  best  one  is  to  be  found  on  the  west  side  of  the  stream  about 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  north  of  the  Junction,  where  about  100  feet  of 
Galena  dolomite  is  available  in  the  bluff  along  the  river.  The  overburden 
is  thin,  but  because  the  site  is  served  only  by  the  Chicago  and  North- 
western Railroad,  and  because  it  is  so  close  to  the  bluff  of  the  Mississippi 
with  its  better  sites,  this  location  is  probably  of  minor  interest. 

North  from  Galena  along  the  river,  the  following  sites  are  available 
along  the  Chicago  and   Northwestern   Railroad. 

12.  In  the  center  of  sec.  16,  T.  28  N.,  R.  1  E.  on  the  north  side  of 
the  railroad  there  is  a  bluff  of  Galena  dolomite,  the  lower  part  of  which 
is  obscured.  The  total  thickness  of  rock  available  is  about  100  feet  and  is 
overlain  by  less  than  20  feet  of  overburden. 

13.  In  the  NW.  y4  sec.  10,  T.  28  N.,  R.  1  E.  on  the  west  side  of 
the  railroad,  the  bluff  is  covered  to  a  great  extent  but  contains  about  200 
feet  of  Galena  dolomite,  with  an  overburden  of  20  to  40  feet  of  Maquoketa 
shale.  By  proper  selection  of  a  quarry  site,  however,  a  great  part  of  this 
overburden  could  be  avoided  and  a  large  quantity  of  rock  with  a  small 
overburden  be  obtained. 

14.  In  the  center  of  the  W.  y  sec.  34,  T.  21)  N.,  R.  1  E.  on  the 
south  side  of  the  railroad  and  in  the  NW.  ]/\  on  the  east  side  of  the 
railroad,  there  is  a  bluff  of  Galena  dolomite  about  130  feet  high,  with  a 
relatively  small  amount  of  overburden,  which  might  afford  possible  sites 
for  shipping  quarries. 

L.  No.  323 

15.  In  the  NW.  yA  NW.  yA  sec.  21,  T.  28  N.,  R.  1  E.  on  the  south 
side  of  Galena  River  there  is  a  rock  hill  about  1100  feet  long.  A  quarry 
along  the  road  on  the  south  side  of  the  hill  exposes  the  Galena  dolomite, 
which  also  shows  in  the  road.  The  soil  on  the  hill  is  thin  and  could  easily 
be  removed  if  quarrying  were  to  be  carried  on.  Sample  L  No.  323  repre- 
sents the  less  weathered  layers  in  the  small  quarry. 

Along  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  northeast  from  Galena,  the  follow- 
ing are  the  better  sites  encountered. 


124  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

16.  In  the  XE.  ]/A  NW.  %  sec.  2,  T.  28  N.,  R.  1  E.  there  is  a  very 
precipitous  bluff  of  Galena  dolomite  about  180  feet  high,  and  with  a  rela- 
tively slight  overburden. 

17.  In  the  SW.  y4  sec.  35,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.  a  similar  bluff  is  to 
be  found. 

18.  In  the  center  of  the  SW.  ]/A  sec.  36,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.  is  a  bluff 
about  120  feet  high,  composed  of  Galena  dolomite,  with  a  relatively  small 
amount  of  overburden. 

LOCAL   QUARRIES 

Stone  has  been  quarried  to  a  small  extent  at  Galena  and  at  Stockton. 
At  the  former  place  the  Galena  dolomite  was  quarried  and  at  Stockton 
the  limestone  member  of  the  Maquoketa. 

LOCAL    QUARRY    SITES 

Because  of  the  general  roughness  of  the  topography  and  proximity  of 
the  rock  to  the  surface,  outcrops  of  stone  suitable  for  use  on  local  road 
construction  are  available  in  very  great  number  throughout  the  county. 
These  outcrops  usually  occur  in  the  tops  of  hills  or  along  creeks.  In  gen- 
eral the  rock  which  caps  a  hill  with  a  gentle  slope  is  Niagaran  dolomite  and 
that  occurring  along  the  streams  and  in  the  bottom  of  the  valleys  is  the 
Galena  dolomite. 

KANE   COUNTY 

The  Galena  and  Niagaran  dolomite  constitute  a  large  portion  of  the 
bed  rock  of  Kane  County  (fig.  21).  They  are,  however,  nearly  everywhere 
so  deeply  buried  beneath  a  cover  of  glacial  drift  as  to  be  unavailable  for 
use  as  road  material. 

The  Galena  dolomite,  which  underlies  most  of  the  western  half  of  the 
county,  presents  no  outcrops  worthy  of  consideration  as  sources  for  road 
material. 

The  Niagaran  dolomite,  which  underlies  most  of  the  east  half  of  the 
county,  is  well  exposed  only  along  Fox  River  south  of  Elgin.  The  ex- 
posures are  limited  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  river  bank  and  as 
there  are  roads  on  both  sides  of  the  river  a  short  distance  from  the  banks, 
the  area  of  available  stone  is  not  large. 

SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

No  shipping  quarries  are  located  in  the  county,  but  rock  for  local  use 
has  been  quarried  at  several  places.  None  of  the  outcrops  examined  ap- 
pears to  offer  any  great  opportunities  for  development  of  shipping  quar- 
ries, but  some  of  them  may  be  of  local  importance. 


KANE  COUNTY 


L2; 


LOCAL   QUARRIES 

L.  Nos.  156  and  157 

Hcndricksons  quarry 

Rock  for  use  on  local  roads  has  been  quarried  about  a  mile  south  of 

Batavia  on  the  east  bluff  of  Fox  River  in  the  SE.  %  NE.  %  sec.  27,  T. 

39  N.,  R.  8  E.     The  quarry  is  about  300   feet  long  and  has  been  worked 

back  into  the  bluff  for  100  feet.     The  quarry  face  is  25  feet  high. 


126  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  overburden  consists  mainly  of  gravel  with  some  sand,  and  ranges 
in  thickness  from  about  15  to  35  feet,  with  an  average  of  about  25  feet. 
Much  of  the  gravel  overburden  is  used  directly  as  road  material,  but  be- 
cause of  its  coarseness  it  is  necessary  to  crush  the  gravel  from  the  lower 
10  feet  of  the  overburden  to  fit  it  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  underlying  dolomite  is  of  Niagaran  age  and  the  following  section 
is  exposed. 

Thickness 
Feet 
2.     Dolomite,  compact,  gray-white,  in  beds  6  to  10  inches,  with  layers  and 

nodules   of   chert 8 

1.     Dolomite  like  above  but  free  from  chert  and  in  beds  1  to  3  feet 17 

The  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  runs  on  top  of  the 
bluff  just  east  of  the  quarry,  so  that  further  development  in  that  direc- 
tion is  prevented.  However,  as  much  of  the  gravel  along  the  bluff  has 
already  been  removed,  there  is  available  a  strip  about  50  feet  wide  and 
1,000  feet  long  with  little  or  no  overburden,  and  if  about  10  to  15  feet 
of  overburden  were  removed  a  total  width  of  about  100  feet  of  rock 
would  be  made  available. 

At  present  the  rock  is  quarried  by  prying  loose  blocks  of  stone  and 
loading  them  on  wheelbarrows  and  wheeling  them  to  a  No.  5  Austin 
crusher.  A  36-inch  screen  is  used  to  separate  the  crushed  rock  into  de- 
sired sizes.  The  daily  production  when  the  quarry  is  being  worked  amounts 
to  about  125  yards.     The  capacity  of  the  plant  is  300  yards. 

No  shipping  facilities  are  at  present  available,  but  it  is  planned  to 
elevate  the  rock  to  bins  on  a  level  with  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy 
Railroad. 

Sample  L.  No.  156  is  from  a  lower  rock  ledge  near  the  quarry  and 
L.  No.  157  from  the  quarry  face. 

L.    No.    155 

Rivcrbank  Stone  and  Lime  Quarries  Company 
The   Riverbank    Stone   and   Lime   Quarries    Company   have   operated 

a  small  quarry  along  the  west  bank  of  Fox  River  about  half  a  mile  south 

of  Geneva,  in  the  cen.  S.  y2  of  sec.  10,  T.  39  N.,  R.  8  E. 

The  rock  is  a  fine-grained,  buff  dolomite  in  beds  1  to  3  inches  thick. 

It  is  Niagaran  in  age. 

The  quarry  is  about  500   feet  long  and  has  been  worked  back  about 

250  feet.     The  greatest  thickness  of  rock  exposed  is  12  feet.     The  quarry 

was  not  in  operation  at  the  time  of   investigation  so  that  no  data  are  at 

hand  regarding  methods  of  operation.     An  Aurora  Rock  crusher  No.  1  is 

used  in  crushing  the  rock. 


KANE  COUNTY  127 

The  amount  of  rock  still  available  at  this  place  is  probably  not  great. 
The  quarry  has  been  worked  back  to  the  road  so  that  no  great  extension 
in  that  direction  is  possible ;  lateral  expansion  parallel  to  the  river  is  not 
feasible  because  the  amount  of  rock  above  the  water  decreases  abruptly  on 
each  side  of  the  present  quarry  ;  and  downward  expansion  is  impracticable 
because  the  quarry  would  be  subject  to  flooding  in  high  water  and  even  in 
normal  times  the  amount  of  water  due  to  seepage  would  probably  be  ex- 
cessive. 

L.  No.  161 

On  the  west  side  of  Fox  River  about  half  a  mile  south  of  Batavia 
in  the  NE.  y4  NW.  y4  sec.  27,  T.  39  N.,  R.  8  E.,  there  is  exposed  along 
the  foot  of  the  bluff  about  13  feet  of  fine-grained,  white  to  buff  Niagaran 
dolomite  in  beds  4  to  10  inches  thick.  The  exposure  is  about  2,000  feet 
long  and  is  capped  by  about  25  feet  of  sandy,  clay  till.  The  overburden 
rises  sharply  from  the  edge  of  the  rock  but  a  strip  about  50  feet  wide  is 
available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden.  Rock  for  local  use  has  been 
quarried  here. 

The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  runs  along  the  foot  of  the  bluff. 

LOCAL  QUARRY   SITES 

NE.  y4  sec.  15,  T.  39  N.}  R.  8  E. 

About  22  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite  outcrops  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff 
along  the  east  bank  of  Fox  River  about  half  a  mile  north  of  Batavia  in  the 
SW.  %,  NE.  %  sec.  15,  T.  39  N.,  R.  8  E. 

The  exposure  is  about  1,500  feet  long  and  is  covered  by  about  18  feet 
of  gravelly  till.  Only  the  rock  along  the  lower  part  of  the  bluff  would  be 
available  for  quarrying,  for  a  road  running  parallel  to  the  river  is  located 
at  the  top  of  the  bluff  and  is  flanked  by  dwellings. 

The  rock  is  a  fine-grained,  buff  to  gray  dolomite  in  beds  1  to  6  inches 
thick.  A  width  of  about  200  to  300  feet  of  rock,  having  an  average  thick- 
ness of  about  15  feet,  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

A  branch  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  runs  on  an  8- foot 
embankment  at  the  foot  of  the  slope. 

SW.  y4  sec.  3,  T.  40  N.,  R.  8  E. 

About  18  feet  of  finely  crystalline  Niagaran  dolomite  is  exposed  along 
the  west  bank  of  Fox  River  about  4  miles  north  of  St.  Charles  in  the  SW. 
y4  SW.  y4  sec.  3,  T.  40  N.,  R.  8  E. 

The  exposure  is  about  2,500  feet  long  and  lies  between  the  St.  Charles 
road  and  the  river.  A  strip  not  more  than  75  feet  wide  is  available  for 
quarrying  here.  Some  rock  does  outcrop  west  of  the  road  but  the  rapid 
thickening  of  the  overburden  prohibits  its  utilization.  It  is  probable  that 
small  amounts  of  rock  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  here. 


128  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

SW.  yA  sec.  33,  T.  38  N.,  R.  8  E. 

Finely  crystalline,  cherty,  bufT-colored  Niagaran  dolomite,  11  feet  thick, 
outcrops  in  the  east  bank  of  Fox  River  just  south  of  Aurora  in  the  SW. 
l/A  sec.  33,  T.  38  N.,  R.  8  E.  An  area  about  400  feet  by  150  feet  is  avail- 
able with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

Other  outcrops  of  dolomite  may  be  found  at  the  following  locations : 

1.  Gen.  W.  y2  W.  y2  sec.  11,  T.  39  N..  R.  8  E.—Five  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite. 

2.  Gen.  see.  27,  T.  39  N.,  R.  8  E.— Twelve  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite. 

3.  SW.  14  SW.  %  see.  27,  T.  39  N.,  R.  8  #.— Eleven  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite. 

4.  NW.  %  NE.  14  sec.  33,  T.  39  N.,  R.  8  E—  Eighteen  feet  of  Niagaran  dolo- 
mite, along  Fox  River  between  St.  Charles  and  Batavia. 

KANKAKEE   COUNTY 

The  bed  rock  of  Kankakee  County  (fig.  35,  p.  184)  is  Silurian  in  age, 
mainly  Niagaran  dolomite  except  for  a  belt  6  to  8  miles  wide  along  the  west- 
ern edge  where  shale  and  sandstone  of  Pennsylvanian  age  or  shale  and 
limestone  of  Maquoketa  age  are  found. 

Though  it  conceals  most  of  the  bed  rock,  the  overlying  glacial  drift  is 
thinner  on  the  average  than  in  adjoining  counties  and  rock  is  available  at 
many  places  with  only  a  thin  cover  of  overburden. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  19th  century  large  quantities  of  rock  were 
quarried  in  the  county  for  use  as  building  stone,  but  the  use  of  concrete  for 
construction  purposes  and  the  popularity  of  the  Bedford  stone  are  respon- 
sible for  the  abandonment  of  the  building-stone  industry  in  this  county. 
Most  of  the  abandoned  quarries  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Momence  and 
Kankakee. 

At  the  present  time  there  is  only  one  shipping  quarry  in  the  county. 
Rock  for  local  use  is  quarried  at  several  places. 

SHIPPING   QUARRY 

L.  No.  108 
Lehigh  Stone  Company 

The  Lehigh  Stone  Company  owns  about  400  acres  in  sec.  7,  T.  30  N., 
R.  14  W.  The  topography  of  the  country  is  flat  or  gently  rolling.  The 
quarry  located  in  the  NW.  J4  °^  the  section  is  worked  as  a  pit.  It  is  about 
3,000  feet  long  and  600  feet  wide,  and  has  a  40-foot  face.  The  over- 
burden of  sandy  loam  varies  from  1  to  6  feet  in  thickness. 

The  rock  is  of  Niagaran  age,  and  is  a  finely  crystalline,  dense,  white 
dolomite.  The  upper  30  feet  is  in  beds  2  to  12  inches  thick,  which  are  often 
separated  by  thin  laminae  of  shale.  In  the  lower  10  feet  the  bedding  is  less 
distinct.     Drilling  shows  the  rock  continuous  in  depth  for  at  least  150  feet. 


KANKAKEE  COUNTY 


129 


In  quarrying,  the  face  is  worked  as  a  unit,  rather  than  in  benches. 
Clipper  churn  drills  are  used  in  putting  down  the  blast  holes  and  40  per 
cent  dynamite  is  used  in  blasting. 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovels  into  6-ton  dump  cars,  and 
drawn  to  the  tipple  by  locomotives.  There  a  cable  is  attached  and  cars 
drawn  up  the  tipple  to  the  crusher  (fig.  22). 

Seven  gyratory  crushers  and  two  roll  crushers  are  used  to  crush  the 
rock  to  the  desired  sizes.  The  gyratory  crushers  include  a  Superior  No. 
36,  three  16-inch  Superiors,  two  No.  6  Allis-Chalmers,  one  Austin  No.  5, 
and  2  rolls,  a  Superior  36-inch  and  a  Buchanan  24-inch. 

Six  screens,  two  60-inch  and  two  48-inch,  cylindrical,  and  two  shakers 
are  used  to  separate  the  crushed  rock  into  the  desired  sizes. 


Fig.  22.    The  crushing  plant  of  the  Lehigh  Stone  Company  near  Kanka- 
kee.  The  rock  being  quarried  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite. 

The  product  is  used  for  railroad  ballast,  road  material,  aggregate  in 
concrete,  and  for  agricultural  limestone.  From  5,000  to  6,000  tons  of 
crushed  rock  are  produced  daily,  and  about  1,000,000  tons  yearly.  Storage 
is  provided  by  bins  with  a  2,000-ton  capacity. 

Transportation  facilities  are  provided  by  the  New  York  Central  and 
Illinois  Central  railroads. 

POSSIBLE   SHIPPING    QUARRY    SITES 

L.  No.  101 
A  large  area  in  the  vicinity  of  Aroma  Park  is  underlain  by  rock  at 
depths  of  less  than  8  feet.  Two  abandoned  quarries  in  the  SE.  J4-SW.  Y\ 
sec.  14,  T.  30  N.,  R.  13  W.  show  that  the  overburden  has  an  average  thick- 
ness of  less  than  3  feet.  It  is  probable  that  at  least  320  acres  are  available 
with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden. 


130  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  rock  is  Niagaran  dolomite,  but  only  5  feet  is  exposed  in  the  aban- 
doned and  water-filled  quarries,  and  such  rock  as  is  exposed  is  so  badly 
weathered  that  no  satisfactory  test  sample  could  be  obtained ;  nor  was  it 
possible  to  arrive  at  any  satisfactory  conclusion  regarding  its  probable  char- 
acter when  fresh.     The  rock  probably  continues  in  depth  for  about  100  feet. 

The  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  crosses  the 
area  and  no  great  difficulty  would  be  experienced  in  obtaining  transportation 
facilities. 

Should  this  location  be  considered  as  a  possible  quarry  site,  the  char- 
acter and  extent  of  the  rock  should  be  determined  by  diamond  drilling. 

L.  No.  102 

In  the  vicinity  of  Momence  the  region  is  nearly  flat  for  some  distance 
from  Kankakee  River,  and  bed  rock  is  very  near  the  surface  as  shown  at 
two  abandoned  quarries,  one  south  of  the  river  in  the  NW.  y^  sec.  19,  T. 
31  N.,  R.  14  E.,  and  the  other  near  the  center  of  sec.  18,  T.  31  N.,  R.  14  E. 
At  both  these  quarries  the  average  overburden  is  less  than  5  feet.  The 
available  acreage  is  large,  probably  as  much  as  one  section. 

The  old  quarries  are  reported  to  be  about  50  feet  deep  but  are  filled 
with  water  so  that  no  good  exposures  are  available.  The  rock  is  Niagaran 
dolomite  and  such  of  it  as  could  be  seen  is  so  badly  weathered  and  soft  that 
no  sample  of  the  fresh  rock  was  available.  It  is  reported  that  the  rock  be- 
comes harder  in  depth.     This  can  easily  be  verified  by  core  drilling. 

The  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad  crosses  the  area,  and  could 
provide  transportation  facilities. 

It  is  probable  that  a  more  detailed  examination  of  the  county  might 
reveal  other  areas  where  large  quantities  of  rock  may  be  obtained  within 
reach  of  railroads,  but  because  of  lack  of  outcrops  these  areas  can  be  dis- 
covered and  their  extent  determined  only  by  exploration  with  a  drill. 

LOCAL    QUARRIES 

L.  No.  103  and  L.  No.  105 

A  brown  dolomite  of  Niagaran  age  outcrops  along  Kankakee  River 
and  Rock  Creek  in  the  vicinity  of  Rockville. 

The  topography  of  the  country  is  flat  or  gently  rolling  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  rock  with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden  underlies  the  whole 
vicinity. 

The  fresh  rock  is  a  coarse-grained,  buff  dolomite  but  where  weathered 
it  has  a  brown,  sandy  appearance.  The  stone  occurs  in  thin  beds  which 
average  6  inches  and  seldom  exceeds  one  foot  in  thickness.  At  some 
localities  they  are  separated  by  thin  shaly  partings.  The  greatest  thickness 
of  rock  exposed  is  about  30  feet.  Rock  for  local  use  has  been  quarried 
at  several  places  in  the  vicinity. 


KANKAKEE  COUNTY  131 

L.  No.  103 

In  the  hillside  southwest  of  Rockville  in  the  SW.  Y\  SW.  %  sec.  32, 
T.  32  N.,  R.  11  E.,  there  is  an  abandoned  quarry  about  75  feet  long,  in 
which  the  crusher  house  with  a  No.  2  Gates  gyratory  crusher  and  a  set 
of  screens  still  remains.  Eleven  feet  of  rock  has  been  quarried  with  an 
average  overburden  of  less  than  one   foot. 

L.  No.  105 

Rock  for  use  on  nearby  roads  was  also  obtained  from  the  hill  near 
the  center  NE.  *4  sec-  5,  T.  31  N.,  R.  11  E.,  about  a  mile  southeast  of 
Rockville.  A  No.  3  crusher  made  by  the  Fleming  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany was  used  to  crush  the  rock.  The  quarry  face  is  about  5  feet  high 
and  75  feet  long. 

L.  No.  106 

Finely  crystalline  Niagaran  dolomite  in  beds  2  to  12  inches  thick  has 
been  quarried  by  Manteno  Township  in  the  NE.  %  SE.  Y\  sec.  28,  T.  32  N., 
R.  12  E.  The  quarry  is  100  feet  long,  roughly  square  in  outline,  and  is 
worked  as  a  pit. .  At  the  time  of  investigation  the  quarry  was  filled  with 
water  so  that  the  height  of  the  face  could  not  be  determined  accurately.  It  is 
probably  between  15  and  20  feet,  however.  The  rock  is  buff  in  color 
and  weathers  to  a  soft,  sandy-appearing  rock  which  crumbles  readily. 

The  overburden  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  quarry  is  a  sandy  loam 
which  averages  about  2  feet  in  thickness.  It  is  probable  that  a  consider- 
able area  in  the  vicinity  is  covered  by  less  than   10    feet  of   overburden. 

A  No.  3  Gates  gyratory  crusher  and  a  2-foot  screen  were  employed 
in  crushing  and  sizing  the  stone. 

The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  passes  within  one-fourth  of  a  mile  of 
the  outcrop. 

L.  No.  107 

Rock  for  use  as  agricultural  limestone  has  been  quarried  in  the  SE. 
Y4  NE.   ]/A  sec.  20,  T.  32  N.,  R.  12  E.  about  1  mile  west  of  Manteno. 

The  quarry  is  located  in  the  side  of  a  broad  flat  hill  and  shows  a  face 
of  rock  15  feet  high.  The  overburden  is  a  brown,  sandy  loam  ranging 
in  thickness  from  6  inches  to  5  feet,  but  averaging  probably  about  2  feet. 
There  are  at  least  10  acres  in  the  vicinity  on  which  the  overburden  does 
not  reach  a  thickness  of  10  feet. 

The  rock  is  of  Niagaran  age  and  is  a  finely  crystalline,  blue-gray  dolo- 
mite in  beds  1  to  12  inches  thick.  The  middle  5  feet  is  in  beds  1  to  3 
inches,  and  is  softer  and  more  argillaceous  than  the  upper  and  lower  beds. 

A  No.  4  Gates  gyratory  crusher  and  a  small  Allis-Chalmers  Hummer 
pulverizer  were  used  in  crushing  the  rock. 

The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  passes  about  a  mile  east  of  the  quarry. 


132'  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

KENDALL   COUNTY 

The  >rock  outcrops  observed  in  Kendall  County  are  all  of  compara- 
tively small  extent  and  the  overburden  increases  so  rapidly  that  only  small 
areas  are  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden  except  at  a  few 
localities  which  are  so  far  from  railroads  that  transportation  facilities  are, 
not  obtainable^  fig.  24,  p.  136). 

There  are  no  shipping  quarries  in  the  county,  but  rock  for  local  use 
has  been  quarried  at  several  places.  The  most  important  and  typical  out- 
crops are  described  below. 

LOCAL   QUARRIES 

L.  No.  171 

Rock  is  occasionally  quarried  by  Kendall  Township  in  the  SW.  J/\.  sec. 
23,  T.  35  N.,  R.  7  E.  The  quarry  is  located  in  flat  country  and  is  worked 
as  a  pit.  An  oval  area  about  150  feet  long  and  100  feet  wide  has  been 
excavated  to  a  depth  of  about  8  feet. 

The  rock  is  of  Galena  age,  and  is  a  buff  crystalline  dolomite  in  beds 
3  to  6  inches  thick.  Although  only  about  8  feet  are  exposed,  the  rock 
probably  continues  in  depth  for  over  hundred  feet  more. 

A  No.   1  Aurora  Rock  Crusher  is  used  in  crushing  the  rock. 

The  overburden  consists  of  brown  clay  till  having  an  average  thick- 
ness of  3  feet.  A  large  area  is  available  under  such  conditions  of  over- 
burden, but  because  of  lack  of  exposures  the  exact  limits  can  not  be  fixed 
without  some  exploration. 

A  No.  1  Aurora  Rock  crusher  is  used  for  crushing  the  rock. 

L.  No.  170 

Lisbon  Township  operates  a  small  quarry  in  the  NE.  l/\  SW.  *4  sec- 
21,  T.  35  N.,  R.  7  E.  The  quarry  is  located  in  flat  prairie  country  and  is 
worked  as  a  pit.  It  is  roughly  circular  in  outline,  and  has  a  diameter  of 
about  100  feet. 

The  quarry  face  shows  iy2  feet  of  crystalline,  gray  and  buff  dolomite 
in  beds  2  to  6  inches  thick. 

The  overburden  of  brown  clay  till  ranges  in  thickness  from  2  to  5 
feet.  Possibly  as  much  as  30  acres  may  be  available  with  less  than  5  feet 
of  overburden. 

A  jaw  crusher  with  a  10-by  20-inch  jaw  is  used  to  crush  the  rock 
which  is  then  screened  to  different  sizes  and  used  on  local  roads  and  as 
aggregate  in  concrete. 

The  Fox  River  and  Illinois  Union  Electric  Railway  crosses  the  prop- 
erty. 

The  same  formation  outcrops  at  other  localities  in  this  vicinity  sug- 
gesting that  the  surrounding  region  is  underlain  by  rock  with  only  a  thin 
covering  of  overburden. 


KENDALL  COUNTY  133 

L.  No.  165 

Rock  for  crushed  stone  and  agricultural  limestone  has  been  quarried 
from  small,  low  rock  hills  in  the  flood  plain  of  Fox  River  about  half  a  mile 
north  of  Oswego,  in  the  XE.  ]/A  SW.  yA  sec.  8,  T.  37  N.,  R.  8  E. 

Two  circular  pits  about  100  feet  in  diameter  were  worked  but  are 
now  tilled  with  water. 

The  rock  is  a  fine-grained,  dense,  gray  dolomite  of  Niagaran  age, 
and  is  found  in  beds  1  to  6  inches  thick.  About  13  feet  is  exposed.  The 
overburden  consists  of  brown  clay  till  and  averages  about  2  feet  in  thick- 
ness. 

The  stone  was  blasted  down,  hand  loaded  into  small  quarry  cars  and 
pulled  to  the  crusher  by  a  cable.  An  Aurora  Rock  crusher  No.  1  was 
used  to  break  the  stone,  which  was  then  sized  by  means  of  a  3-  by  10-foot 
cylindrical  screen. 

An  area  of  about  5  acres  is  included  in  these  low  hills. 

The  Aurora  and  Elgin  Electric  Railway  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
west  of  these  quarries. 

OUTCROPS  OF  LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

L.  No.  164 

About  14  feet  of  thin-bedded  coarsely  crystalline  limestone  outcrops  in 
the  valley  of  a  small  creek  near  the  northern  outskirts  of  Oswego  in  the 
NE.  %  SW.  ]/A  sec.  17,  T.  37  N.,  R.  8  E.  The  rock  is  of  Maquoketa 
(Richmond)   age  and  is  underlain  by  shale  with  interbedded  limestone. 

The  outcrop  is  about  2,700  feet  long  and  for  a  distance  of  about  150 
feet  on  each  side  of  the  creek  has  less  than  5  feet  overburden.  Large 
amounts  of  stone  may  be  obtained  here  for  local  use. 

SE.  y4  sec.  i,  T.  37  N,,  R.  6  E. 

Along  Big  Rock  Creek  at  the  above  location  there  is  exposed  15  feet 
of  fine-grained,  buff-colored,  cherty  dolomite.  The  outcrop  is  about  1,100 
feet  long  and  for  a  width  of  about  150  feet  has  less  than  10  feet  of  over- 
burden. 

SE.  y4  sec.  8,  T.  36  N.,  R.  6  E. 

About  6  feet  of  brown  porous  weathered  Galena  dolomite  with  thin 
irregular  seams  of  pink  chert,  outcrops  in  the  flood  plain  of  Fox  River, 
in  the  XE.  j£  SE.  yA  sec.  8,  T.  36  N.,  R.  6  E.,  opposite  Millbrook.  The 
fresh  rock  is   dense,  coarse-grained,   and  dark  gray  in  color. 

The  overburden  rises  rapidly  back  from  the  river  but  about  5  acres 
is  available  with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden. 


134 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


LAKE  — La  SALLE  COUNTY  135 

L.  No.  173 

A  coarsely  crystalline  limestone,  in  beds  3  to  8  inches  thick,  outcrops 
at  several  places  along  Aux  Sable  Creek  in  the  southeast  part  of  the 
county.  The  greatest  thickness  exposed  is  3  feet.  As  the  limestone  is  of 
Maquoketa  (Richmond)  age,  probably  shale  will  be  found  interbedded  with 
it.  but  fairly  pure  limestone  3  feet  thick  may  be  obtained. 

Only  the  rock  along  the  river  bank  will  be  available  without  prohibi- 
tive thickness  of  overburden. 

Outcrops  were  observed  in  the  SW.  %  sec.  15  and  cen.  sec.  22,  T.  35  N., 
R.  8.E.,  and  northern  part  of  sec.  4,  T.  34  N.,  R.  8  E. 

NW.  YA  sec.  3,  T.  36  N.t  R.  6  E. 
An  outcrop  of  8  feet  of  Galena  dolomite  occurs  along  the  lower  slope 
of  the  east  bluff  of  Fox  River  in  the  NE.  j/4  NW.  ]/A  sec.  3,  T.  36  N.,  R. 
6  E.  The  outcrop  is  about  1,500  feet  long  but  the  overburden  rises  so 
rapidly  from  its  edge  that  scarcely  any  width  of  rock  is  available  with 
less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

LAKE   COUNTY 

The  underlying  rock  of  Lake  County  (fig.  23)  is  obscured  by  a  heavy 
mantle  of  glacial  drift  except  in  a  few  places.  Three  exposures  of  lime- 
stone are  reported2,  both  of  which  are  Niagaran  dolomite.  The  first  occurs 
in  the  NW.  yA  sec.  31,  T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  where  about  6  feet  of  light 
gray  limestone  which  weathers  to  buff  is  exposed  in  a  small  quarry.  The 
overburden  at  the  quarry  is  about  18  inches  thick. 

The  other  two  exposures  were  encountered  in  wells  in  the  NW.  Y^ 
sec.  1,  and  in  the  NE.  J/\.  sec.  36,  T.  44  N.,  R.  10  E.,  where  limestone  was 
struck  at  a  depth  of  4  and  5  feet  respectively. 

LA  SALLE   COUNTY 

The  limestones  of  this  county  (fig.  24)  which  are  available  in  quantity 
and  which  might  be  used  for  road  materials  are  the  La  Salle  limestone, 
the  Galena-Platteville  dolomite,  and  the  Shakopee  dolomite  of  the  Prairie 
du  Chien  group. 

The  La  Salle  limestone  outcrops  only  along  the  bluffs  of  Vermilion 
and  Little  Vermilion  rivers,  and  along  Illinois  River  in  the  vicinity  of 
La  Salle.  Its  lithologic  character  varies  greatly  with  the  different  beds 
and  also  from  place  to  place.  It  is  a  dense  nodular  brecciated  limestone 
and  contains  considerable  argillaceous  material  either  as  interbedded  shale 


2Bannister,   Henry  M.,   Geology  of  Kendall  County :      Geological   Survey  of  Illinois, 
vol.  IV.,  p.  132,  1870. 


136 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


or  as  impurities  in  the  rock  itself.  Its  variable  character  and  the  presence 
of  shale  make  it  of  doubtful  value  for  use  as  a  source  of  good  road  material. 
The  most  important  outcrops  of  the  Shakopee  dolomite  occur  in  the 
bluffs  of  Illinois  River  east  of  La  Salle.  This  rock  also  shows  great  vari- 
ation in  character  and  contains  many  sandy  and  shaly  beds  which  are 
comparatively  soft.  Certain  beds  of  the  Shakopee  may  be  suitable  for  use 
as  road  material  but  their  lack  of  uniformity  in  hardness  and  the  softness 


La  SALLE  COUNTY 


137 


Fig.  25.    Quarry  of  the  Lehigh  Portland  Cement  Company  as  seen  from  the 

quarry  floor. 


Fig.  26.    Trainload  of  LaSalle  limestone  coming  out  of  mine  of  the  Marquette 
Portland  Cement   Company. 


138 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


of   the  interbedded  sandy  and   shaly  layers   will  prevent  the   development 
of  such  deposits  except  on  a  small  scale. 

The  Galena-Platteville  dolomite  which  underlies  the  northern  part  of 
the  county  constitutes  the  most  acceptable  road  material ;  but  the  rock  is 
nearly  everywhere  so  deeply  buried  by  drift  as  to  be  unavailable  except  in 
small  areas  which  are  at  considerable  distance  from  railways. 

SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

No  quarries  which  ship  crushed  stone  are  known  in  the  county. 
There  are  however  4  large  quarries  which  produce  stone  for  cement  manu- 
facture.    They  are  brieflly  described  and  illustrate  the  method  of  quarrying. 


!'             PP 

1                                               „ '""*""'                 -''           A 

I                                           * 

-----    •*     .   -s+  -a. 

pS^KJr       v               Bin     <( 

■■■-?  <v:— 

-  ..  . 

- — "           ^" 

■    M  . 

Fig.  27.    Loading  LaSalle  limestone  with  a  compressed-air  shovel  in  the  mine  of 
the  Marquette  Portland  Cement  Company. 

L.  No.  186 

SE.  %  NIV.  y4  see.  14,  T.  33  N„  R.  1  E. 

Alpha  Portland  Cement  Company 

At  this  quarry  a  straight   face  of   LaSalle  limestone   about   1300   feet 

long  and  25  feet  high  is  being  worked.     The  holes  for  the  heavy  blasting 

are  drilled  with  churn  drills  and  sprung  with  40  per  cent  dynamite.     The 

broken  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovels  into  6-ton  cars  and  pulled  to  the 

crusher  by  locomotives.     It  is  reduced  to  about  agg  size  by  a  Fairmount 


La  SALLE  COUNTY  139 

roll  crusher  and  three  No.  5  Gates  crushers  after  which  the  rock  is  run 
through  hammer  and  ball  mills  until  pulverized  to  the  desired  degree  of 
fineness. 

L.  No.  185 
SB.  Vk  SW.  yA  sec.  25  T.  33  N.,  R.  i  E. 
Lehigh  Portland  Cement  Company 
The  quarry  of  the  Lehigh   Portland   Cement   Company   is  V   shaped; 
the  V  is  about  two  miles  long.     A  face  of  LaSalle  limestone  32  feet  high 
is  being  worked  (fig.  25).     The  holes  for  the  heavy  blasting  are  drilled  with 
churn  drills  and  the  entire  face  is  shot  down  at  one  time.       The  stone  is 
loaded  by  steam  shovels  and  pulled  directly  to  the  primary  crusher  by  loco- 
motives.    The  crushing  battery  consists  of  a  No.  8  Gates,  a  No.  iy2  Austin 
and  a  McCully,  with  hammer  and  ball  mills  for  the  final  grinding. 

L.  No.  187 

SE.  yA  NE.  yA  sec.  36,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E. 

The  Marquette  Portland  Cement  Company 

Because  of  excessive  overburden  this  company  is  mining  its  rock  for 

cement    (fig.   26).     A   21-foot   face   of   LaSalle   limestone   is   worked   and 

mining  is  carried  on  by  the  room  and  pillar  method.     The  blast  holes  are 

drilled  with  tripod  drills  operated  by  compressed  air.     The  broken  rock  is 

loaded  by  compressed-air  shovels   (fig.  27)  into  mine  cars  which  are  pulled 

to  the  primary  crusher   by  electric  locomotives.     The  cars   dump   directly 

from   a  cradle  into  a   Power  and   Mining   crusher   with  a  48-   by   60-inch 

jaw,  and  the  rock  then  passes  to  a  secondary  battery  of  two  No.  8  Gates 

crushers  and  hammer  and  ball  mills. 

L.  No.  184 
Ccn.  NE.  yA  sec.  17,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E. 
Utica  Hydraulic  Cement  Company 
The  Utica  Hydraulic  Cement  Company3'  4  is  quarrying  a  7-foot  bed  of 
Shakopee  dolomite  similar  to  that  in  the  Illinois  River  bluff  to  the  west. 
The  rock  occurs  in  a  sort  of  island  or  low  hill  in  the  flood  plain  of  Illinois 
River.     The  overburden  consists  of  cherty   Shakopee  and  is  broken   with 
dynamite  and  removed  to  abandoned  portions  of  the  quarry  by  steam  shovels. 
The  cement  rock  is  drilled  with  air  drills,  shot  down  with  40  per  cent  dyna- 
mite and  loaded  into  1-yard  cars  by  steam  shovels.     Two  locomotives  are 
used  to  transfer  rock  from  the  quarry  to  the  kilns. 


3W.  T.  Christine.     Cement,  Mill  and  Quarry,  p.  25,  Mar.   5,   1923. 
*Cady,  G.   H.,  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  Hennepin  and  La  Salle  quad- 
rangles:     111.   Geol.   Survey  Bull.   37,    1919. 


140  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

LOCAL    QUARRIES 

L.  No.  182  and  L.  No.  183 

About  12  feet  of  fine-grained  buff  dolomite,  in  beds  1  to  6  inches  thick, 
outcrops  in  the  bank  of  Little  Vermilion  River  east  of  Troy  Grove  in  SW. 
YA  NE.  yA  sec.  35,  T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E. 

The  exposure  is  about  1800  feet  long  and  though  the  overburden  of 
clay  till  rises  to  heights  of  20  feet  or  more  back  from  the  bank,  there  is  a 
strip  several  hundred  feet  wide  on  which  the  overburden  averages  less  than 
10  feet. 

Similar  rock  outcrops  along  the  small  creek  which  joins  Little  Ver- 
milion River  near  the  center  of  section  35.  A  thickness  of  17^  feet  is 
exposed  for  about  1500  feet  along  the  bank  and  a  strip  of  about  200  feet 
wide  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden.  The  rock  does  not 
continue  much  below  the  base  of  the  exposure  for  the  underlying  St.  Peter 
sandstone  outcrops  a  short  distance  south.  Rock  has  been  quarried  for 
local  use,  and  an  Austin  No.  1  crusher  with  a  bucket  belt,  but  no  screen,  is 
still  at  the  quarry. 

The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  crosses  the  outcrop. 

OUTCROPS   FROM    WHICH    ROCK   FOR  LOCAL   USE   MAY   BE   SECURED 

SE.  yA}  sec.  7,  T.  35  N.,  R.  5  E. 

About  25  feet  of  fine-grained  buff  dolomite  outcrops  in  the  banks  of 
Fox  River  in  the  NW.  J/4  SE.  y4  SE.  yA  sec.  7,  T.  35  N.,  R.  5  E.,  about 
\y2  miles  southwest  of  Sheridan. 

The  outcrop  in  the  east  bank  is  about  500  feet  long  and  a  strip  about 
100  feet  wide  is  available  with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden.  The  out- 
crop on  the  west  bank  is  about  300  feet  long,  but  here  a  strip  only  about 
20  feet  wide  is  available  with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden.  The  over- 
burden is  of  clay  till  and  increases  in  thickness  away  from  the  outcrop. 

The  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  lies  about  1  mile  west 
of  the  outcrops. 

L.  No.  180  and  No.  181 

Stone  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  from  the  La  Salle  limestone  where 
it  outcrops  along  Vermilion  River  and  Bailey  Creek  near  the  center  of  sec. 
6,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.  The  outcrops  are  limited  to  the  banks  of  the  streams 
but  areas  several  hundred  feet  wide  may  be  found  on  which  the  overburden 
is  less  than  10  feet. 

The  overburden  consists  of  red  clay  and  clay  till  and  increases  in  thick- 
ness away  from  the  creek  and  river  banks. 


LEE  COUNTY  141 

A  thickness  of  about  30   feet  of  rock  is  exposed.     The  section  is  as 
follows :  Thickness 

Ft.  In. 

5.     Clay  shale,  red,  concretionary 5 

4.     Limestone,  thin-bedded,  brecciated  and  nodular 15  8 

3.     Shale,  soft,  gray  clay 2 

2.     Limestone  like  No.  4  (Sample  No.  180) 8 

1.     Limestone,    coarse-grained,    light    gray,    partly    obscured    (Sample 

No.    181)    


The  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  is  within  1000  feet  of 
the  outcrop,  but  at  a  level  20  feet  higher. 

L.  No.  177,  L.  No.  178  and  L.  No.  179 

The  Shakopee  dolomite  comprises  most  of  the  north  bluff  of  Illinois 
River  between  Utica  and  La  Salle,  T.  33  N.,  Rs.  1  and  2E. 

The  exposure  is  70  feet  high  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  east  of  Pecum- 
saugan  Creek  but  decreases  to  the  east  and  west  because  the  rock  dips  be- 
low the  surface  in  both  directions. 

The  overburden  is  St.  Peter  sandstone  and  clay  till  and  has  its  maxi- 
mum thickness  near  the  extremities  of  the  exposure.  Near  the  middle  of 
the  exposure  the  overburden  is  about  15  feet  thick  and  increases  to  about 
30  feet  away  from  the  edge  of  the  bluff.  Near  the  edge  of  the  bluff  there 
are  areas  from  50  feet  to  several  hundred  feet  wide  where  the  overburden 
is  less  than  10  feet. 

The  right  of  way  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railroad  is 
at  the  foot  of  the  bluff. 

The  variability  in  the  character  of  the  different  beds  and  the  softness 
of  some,  make  the  rock  of  doubtful  value  as  road  metal. 

LEE   COUNTY 

TOPOGRAPHIC  RELATIONS 

Topographically  Lee  County  (fig.  28)  may  be  divided  into  two  units: — 
the  northern  half  undulatory  rolling  and  rough,  and  the  southern  half  gen- 
erally flat  and  prairie-like.  Most  of  the  outcrops  are  to  be  found  in  the 
northwest  quarter  of  this  county,  where  Rock  River  and  its  tributaries 
have  produced  a  topography  of  marked  dissection. 

DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  ROCK   FORMATIONS 

All  the  exposed  rock  of  this  county  is  of  Ordovician  age. 

The  Galena  dolomite. — The  Galena  is  a  coarse-grained,  coarsely  crystal- 
line, moderately  hard,  gray  dolomite,  which  upon  weathering  becomes 
soft,  porous  and  buff-colored,  and  on  extreme  weathering  breaks  up  into 
small  grains  of  dolomite  resembling  sand.  The  stone  is  in  1-  to  10-inch  beds 
and  is  not  uncommonly  associated  with  irregular  masses  or  nodules  of 
chert. 

The  Platteville  limestone. — This  limestone  is  composed  of  three  dis- 
tinct units: — (a)  the  upper  buff  beds,  (b)  the  middle  blue  beds,  and  (c) 
the  lower  buff  beds. 


142 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


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LEE  COUNTY 


143 


The  upper  beds  are  moderately  hard,  fine-grained,  finely  crystalline, 
buff  to  brown  limestone.  The  beds  vary  in  thickness  from  1  to  9  inches, 
but  most  of  the  rock  is  very  thin-bedded,  with  a  thin  layer  of  brown  sand 
residual  from  the  weathering  of  the  stone  along  the  bedding  planes,  sepa- 
rating the  beds.  The  rock  as  a  whole  seems  to  be  rather  susceptible  to 
weathering. 

The  middle  beds  consist  of  layers  of  fine-grained,  dense,  finely  crystal- 
line, hard,  brittle,  blue  limestone.  It  weathers  slowdy  to  thin  slabs  about 
an  inch  thick. 

The  lower  buff  beds  are  fine-grained,  moderately  hard,  thin-bedded, 
finely  crystalline  limestone,  mottled  buff  and  gray.  In  general  they  do  not 
seem  to  be  quite  so  susceptible  to  weathering  as  do  the  upper  buff  beds. 


Fig.  29.    Quarry  of  the  Sandusky  Portland  Cement  Company  near   Dixon, 
rock  being  quarried  is  Platteville  limestone. 


The 


The  St.  Peter  sandstone. — This  formation  consists  of  an  aggregate  of 
white  rounded  sand  grains,  locally  iron  stained,  forming  a  loosely  consoli- 
dated, massive  sandstone.  The  sandstone  is  unsuited  for  use  as  road  ma- 
terial. 

The  Lower  Magnesian  formation. — At  the  only  quarried  outcrop  of  the 
Lower  Magnesian,  it  consists  of  coarse-grained  dolomite,  interbedded  with 
thin  layers  of  shale  and  sand. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

There  are  no  quarries  in  this  county  shipping  crushed  stone.  The 
quarry  of  the  Sandusky  Portland  Cement  Company  produces  no  road  ma- 
terial but  a  description  is  included  as  a  matter  of  general  interest. 


144  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L.  No.  233,  L.  No.  234A,  and  L.  No.  234  B 

SW.  yA  NE.  )/A  sec.  33,  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E. 

The  Sandusky  Portland  Cement  Company 

The  quarry  of  the  Sandusky  Portland  Cement  Company  is  located  in 
the  east  bluff  of  Rock  River  and  is  worked  with  a  practically  straight  north- 
south  face  about  2000  feet  long  (fig.  29).  Three  well  drills  are  used  for 
drilling  the  holes  for  the  heavy  blasting  and  jack-hammers  for  making  the 
holes  for  the  smaller  shots.  The  stone  is  loaded  by  steam  shovels  into 
8-yard  steel  dump  cars,  pulled  by  locomotives  to  the  primary  crusher,  a 
48-  by  60-inch  Traylor  jaw  crusher.  Two  No.  5  McCullys  and  a  set  of 
Power  and  Mining  Rolls  further  reduce  the  rock  to  a  powder. 

The  overburden  consists  of  5  to  15  feet  of  buff  clay,  locally  sandy  and 
calcareous.  It  is  loaded  by  steam  shovel  into  4-yard  wooden  dump  cars 
and  hauled  either  to  the  waste  pile  or  to  the  plant  for  use  in  the  cement  mix. 

The  rock  being  quarried  is  the  Platteville  limestone  and  is  a  fine-grained, 
dense,  brittle  blue-gray  stone  in  beds  2  to  40  inches  thick.  It  is  probably  a 
part  of  the  middle  Platteville.  Two  samples,  L.  No.  234  A  and  L.  No.  234  B 
were  taken,  the  first  from  the  lower  10  to  15  feet  of  the  quarry  face,  and 
the  second  from  the  upper  10  to  20  feet.  Since  the  Cement  Company  does 
not  sell  crushed  stone  these  tests  have  no  immediate  bearing  on  the  rock 
in  the  quarry  where  they  were  obtained.  They  do  however,  indicate  what 
sort  of  tests  may  be  expected  from  the  fresh  rock  farther  north  in  the  bluff 
along  the  east  bank  of  Rock  River. 

SITES   FOR   SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

L.  No.  203 

sw.  yA  sw.  yA  nw.  yA  sec.  8,  t.  21  n\,  r.  9  e. 

The  exposure  three-quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  Dixon  consists  of  16 
feet  of  fine-grained,  soft,  porous,  mottled,  buff,  argillaceous  Galena  dolo- 
mite, the  upper  10  feet  of  which  is  in  beds  1  to  10  inches  in  thickness  and 
the  lower  6  feet  in  beds  varying  from  1  to  3  feet.  The  upper  rock,  close 
to  the  surface,  is  rather  badly  weathered  and  leached  by  surface  water,  but 
the  rock  improves  in  quality  toward  the  bottom  of  the  exposure  and  prob- 
ably may  be  expected  to  improve  as  the  rock  is  quarried  deeper. 

The  quarry  in  which  this  rock  is  exposed,  occurs  in  the  upper  part  of 
a  moderately  steep  slope  to  the  north  which  flattens  out  gradually  in  its 
upper  part.  The  approximate  amount  of  rock  available  at  this  location, 
assuming  30  feet  as  a  minimum  thickness,  is  much  over  three-quarters  of  a 
million  cubic  yards  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden.  However,  an 
east-west  road  cuts  the  tract  with  the  most  available  rock  supply  into  two 
almost  equal  parts,  so  that  unless  the  road  can  be  avoided  the  best  site  will 
be  the  area  to  the  north  of  the  road.     This  is  the  side  toward  the  Chicago 


LEE  COUNTY  145 

and  Northwestern  Railroad  located  about  half  a  mile  to  the  north  and  down 
grade.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  lies  three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  the 
east  over  rolling  country. 

The  quarry  has  been  a  county  source  of  local  road  material. 

L.  No.  210 

cm.  e.  y  sw.  yA  sw.  yA  sec.  18,  t.  21  n.,  r.  9  e. 

Two  small  quarries  on  the  side  of  a  gently  sloping  hill  2y  miles  south 
of  Dixon  expose  28  feet  of  coarse-grained,  moderately  hard,  somewhat  por- 
ous, hurt-gray  Galena  dolomite,  in  beds  2  to  8  inches  thick.  The  stone  is 
rather  badly  weathered  on  the  exterior  and  presents  a  rough  sandy  appear- 
ance. 

Around  these  quarries  there  is  a  tract  of  approximately  8  acres  under- 
lain by  28  feet  of  rock  with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden,  and  an  additional 
tract  about  25  acres  in  extent  with  28  feet  of  rock  and  less  than  15  feet 
overburden.  The  first  area  can  furnish  about  350,000  cubic  yards  of  stone 
and  the  second  about  a  million.  The  overburden  consists  of  brown  loam 
and  glacial  clay  till.  The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  right-of-way 
cuts  the  base  of  the  hill  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south.     A  siding  is  possible. 

L.  No.  218 
Cen.  NE.  y4  NW.  yA  sec.  7,  T.  21  N.,  R.  9  E. 

This  site  located  on  the  outskirts  of  Dixon  is  a  hillside  sloping  gently 
to  the  north,  cut  midway  by  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad.  North 
of  the  railroad  13  feet  of  stone  is  exposed  in  a  small  quarry  and  to  the  south 
of  the  railroad  the  hill  rises  and  exposes  30  additional  feet  of  the  same  rock. 
Of  these  two  locations  the  better  for  a  large  quarry  is  the  one  to  the  south 
of  the  tracks,  where  between  one-half  and  three-quarters  of  a  million  cubic 
yards  are  available  with  an  average  of  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 
The  overburden  here  consists  of  brown  clay  till. 

The  stone  exposed  is  Galena  dolomite,  coarse-grained,  rust  yellow  in 
color,  occuring  in  beds  1  to  8  inches  in  thickness.  In  some  places  it  is  badly 
weathered  and  decayed  to  a  dolomitic  sand. 

L.  No.  219 

sw.  y4  sw.  yA  nw.  y  sec.  7,  r.  21  n.,  r.  9  e. 

One  or  two  large  hills  composed  of  stone,  with  about  5  feet  of  over- 
burden, are  located  1  mile  southwest  of  Dixon.  The  quantity  of  rock  avail- 
able in  these  hills  is  approximately  over  a  million  cubic  yards. 

The  rock  is  the  Galena  dolomite,  coarse-grained,  soft,  and  crumbly. 
There  is,  however,  no  fresh  rock  exposed  at  the  surface  so  that  only  the 


146  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

weathered  stone  is  visible.     An  opening  made  into  the   fresh   rock  would 
probably  expose  stone  moderately  hard  and  gray  in  color. 

The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  is  600  feet  north  of  the  hill. 

L.  No.  221 

sw.  Y\  sw.  yA  se.  y4  sec.  13,  t.  21  n.,  r.  9  e. 

A  large  oval-shaped  hill  located  2l/2  miles  southeast  of  Dixon  contains 
about  three-fourths  of  a  million  cubic  yards  of  stone  with  less  than  6  feet 
of  overburden.  The  rock  is  exposed  in  a  small  quarry  in  one  end  of  the 
hill  where  22  feet  of  coarse-grained,  soft,  crumbly,  rust-colored  Galena  dolo- 
mite, in  beds  3  to  14  inches  in  thickness,  is  visible.  The  stone  has  been 
exposed  to  the  action  of  the  weather  for  some  time  and  will  probably  be  of 
much  better  quality  where  freshly  quarried.  The  overburden  consists  of 
black  and  brown  loam. 

The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  is  400  feet  north  of  the  out- 
crop.    The  topography  is  favorable  for  the  installation  of  a  switch. 

L  No.  232 

Center  of  north  line  of  NW .  ^4  sec-  3,  T.  21  N.,  R.  cj  E. 
About  iy2  miles  east  of  Dixon,  a  small  stream  has  cut  a  rather  pro- 
nounced gully  in  a  level  tract,  exposing  42  feet  of  Galena  dolomite,  which 
where  fresh  is  moderately  hard,  fine  grained,  mottled  buff  and  gray  in  color. 
Residents  of  the  vicinity  estimate  that  about  250  acres  of  stone  are  available 
with  less  than  4  to  7  feet  of  overburden.  The  rock  is  dry  at  its  outcrop 
42  feet  below  the  general  level  of  the  country  so  an  area  of  a  few  acres  will 
furnish  a  very  considerable  quantity  of  rock.  The  Chicago  and  Northwest- 
ern Railroad  is  one  mile  to  the  south  and  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  an 
equal  distance  to  the  northwest. 

L  No.  11 
The  bluff  along  the  west  bank  of  Rock  River 
Beginning  at  the  center  of  sec.  28,  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E.,  a  bluff  composed 
largely  of  the  Platteville  limestone,  extends  northward  along  the  west  bank 
of  Rock  River.  The  bluff  varies  considerably,  but  in  general  consists  of  a 
relatively  steep  slope  of  bare  or  nearly  bare  rock,  overlain  by  the  overburden 
with  its  gentler  slope.  At  almost  any  place  along  the  bluff,  rock  might  be 
quarried  in  amounts  ample  for  local  use.  The  best  locations  for  shipping 
quarries,  however,  occur  just  south  of  Lowell  Park,  in  the  N.  J/2  of  sec. 
20,  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E.  At  this  place  the  bluff  ranges  from  60  to  100  feet 
in  height,  and  is  composed  largely  of  Platteville  limestone  with  a  thin  cap- 
ping of  Galena  dolomite  where  the  bluff  is  the  highest.  The  Platteville  is 
a  fine-grained  dense  hard  gray-white  stone,  in  beds  3  to   12   inches  thick 


LEE  COUNTY  147 

where  fresh  and  in  beds  1  to  3  inches  thick  where  weathered.  The  Galena 
is  coarse-grained  moderately  hard  dolomite.  These  two  formations  un- 
doubtedly extend  back  into  the  hills,  and  a  large  amount  of  good  stone  is 
available  with  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden. 

The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  runs  along  the  top  of  the  bluff  about  half 
a  mile  to  the  northwest,  and  could  furnish  transportation. 

L  No.  12 

The  bluffs  north  of  the  cement  plant 
In  sec.  22,  T.  22  X.,  R.  9  E.,  just  north  of  the  Sandusky  Cement  Plant 
quarry,  on  the  east  side  of  Rock  River,  there  is  a  bluff  some  110  feet  high, 
composed  of  fine-grained,  hard,  brittle,  dense,  gray  Platteville  limestone, 
in  beds  from  1  to  8  inches  thick.  The  bluff  extends  for  at  least  3,000  feet, 
and  although  the  amount  of  overburden  is  problematical,  it  probably  does 
not  exceed  25  feet,  and  is  probably  less.  The  greatest  difficulty  encountered 
at  this  site  is  the  lack  of  railroad  transportation.  The  nearest  railroad  which 
is  the  switch  extending  into  the  quarry  of  the  cement  company  lies  from  a 
half  to  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  above-mentioned  bluff.  If  the 
problem  of  transportation  could  be  solved,  this  bluff  wrould  be  a  very  favor- 
able site  for  a  shipping  quarry. 

Sec.  ii,  T.  2i  N.,  R.  8  E. 
In  the  center  of  sec.  11,  T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.  along  Rock  River  is  a  high 
bluff  of  limestone  known  locally  as  "The  Rocks".     It  will  supply  a  local 
demand  and  is  close  enough  to  a  railroad  to  be  a  shipping  possibility.     At 
this  site  which  is  a  private  park  an  immense  amount  of  stone  is  available. 

LOCAL    QUARRIES 

L  No.  188 
NE.  yA  SE.  yA  SW.  YA  see.  2i,  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E. 

A  quarry  2  miles  north  of  Dixon  is  operated  in  conjunction  with  the 
Dixon  State  Hospital.  The  quarry  is  crescent-shaped,  and  has  a  face  about 
300  feet  long,  50  feet  high,  composed  of  dense,  fine-grained,  finely  crystal- 
line, hard,  gray-colored  Platteville  limestone,  in  beds  3  to  L3  inches  in  thick- 
ness. The  rock  breaks  with  a  sharp  edge  and  conchoidal  fracture.  The 
overburden  is  a  brown  clay  till  averaging  about  7  feet  in  thickness. 

The  quarrying  equipment  consists  of  an  Aurora  Rock  crusher,  an 
Aurora  well  drill,  a  rotary  screen  with  perforations  ^4,1,  and  J/2  inches,  bins 
with  a  capacity  of  10  tons,  and  a  gasoline  engine  for  operating  the  crusher. 

The  entire  50  feet  of  rock  is  blasted  down  at  one  time  using  40  per  cent 
dynamite.  At  the  face  the  rock  is  loaded  by  hand  into  two  horse  drawn 
dump  carts  and  pulled  to  the  crusher  platform,  where  it  is  fed  by  hand  into 
the  crusher.     The  stone  is  hauled  from  the  bins  by  trucks  to  the  hospital 


148  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

grounds,  where  it  is  being  used  for  the  construction  of  a  building  and  for 
local  roads.     The  daily  output  is  about  50  yards. 

This  quarry  is  favorably  located  to  expand  to  a  shipping  one.  The 
bluff  in  which  it  is  situated  extends  along  the  west  bank  of  Rock  River  for 
some  distance  above  and  below  the  quarry  and  the  supply  of  stone  is  ample 
though  a  somewhat  greater  overburden  may  be  expected  farther  back  in  the 
bluff  and  to  the  north  of  the  present  site.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  west,  runs  on  top  of  the  bluff  at  an  elevation 
somewhat  above  that  of  the  top  of  the  quarry,  so  that  a  little  different  ar- 
rangement of  the  crushing  machinery  would  probably  be  necessary  to  adapt 
the  quarry  for  shipping.     A  railroad  switch  is  topographically  possible. 

L  No.  id; 
SIV.  34  NE.  y4  sec.  23,  T.  22  N.,  R.  io  E. 

A  small  quarry  located  3  miles  north  of  Franklin  Grove  exposes  16 
feet  of  rather  porous,  moderately  hard,  buff,  Platteville  limestone  in  3-  to 
12-inch  beds  interbedded  with  layers  of  sand  and  shale  3  to  7  inches  thick. 
About  60,000  cubic  yards  are  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

The  quarry  has  a  straight  face  about  200  feet  long  from  which  the  rock 
was  loaded  by  hand  into  two  horse-drawn  dump  carts  and  pulled  to  the 
crusher.  The  latter  is  a  No.  20  Aurora  Rock  crusher.  Bins  having  a 
capacity  of  approximately  40  yards  are  also  a  part  of  the  quarrying  equip- 
ment. The  quarry  is  about  three  miles  from  a  railroad  and  is  therefore  of 
purely  local  importance. 

L  No.  200 
SE.  y4  SE.  y4  SE.  y4  sec.  6,  T.  20  N.,  R.  ii  e. 

Eighteen  feet  of  fine-grained,  dense,  hard,  tough  Platteville  limestone, 
mottled  brown  in  color,  is  exposed  half  a  mile  southeast  of  Lee  Center. 
The  upper  8  feet  occurs  in  beds  3  to  6  inches  in  thickness  and  the  lower 
10  feet  in  beds  6  to  14-  inches.  The  overburden  is  black  soil  and  clay  till, 
and  varies  in  thickness  up  to  about  25  feet.  However,  an  ample  supply  of 
stone  for  local  purposes  is  available,  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

The  crushing  machinery  in  the  quarry  consists  of  a  Wheeling  Mold 
and  Foundry  Company  crusher  with  a  12-  by  6-inch  jaw  and  a  Bartlett 
Snow  pulverizer,  which  have  been  used  for  crushing  stone  for  local  road 
construction  and  for  agricultural  purposes. 

A  railroad,  formerly  an  electric  line,  lies  half  a  mile  to  the  north.  The 
line  is  dismantled  at  present  and  is  used  as  a  switch  line  connecting  with 
the  Illinois  Central  at  Amboy.  If  the  rock  rises  in  the  hill  and  this  rise  is 
accompanied  by  a  consequent  decrease  in  the  thickness  of  the  overburden, 
and  if  the  proper  transportation  can  be  secured,  this  site  may  be  of  interest 
as  a  site  for  a  shipping  quarry. 


LEE  COUNTY  149 

L  No.  211 
Cen.  SW.  y4  sec.  o,  T.  20  N.,  R.  it  E. 

A  pile  of  waste  rock  removed  in  excavating  the  Green  River  drainage 
canal  has  been  the  source  of  a  supply  of  stone  for  road  and  agricultural 
purposes.  The  rock  is  Platteville  limestone,  fine  grained,  gray-buff,  mod- 
erately hard  to  hard,  and  generally  in  thin  slabs,  of  which  more  than  half 
are  over  6  inches  in  their  longest  dimension. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  an  Indiana  Road  Machine  jaw 
crusher,  a  rotary  screen  3  by  8  feet,  with  perforations  1  and  2  inches,  and 
a  bin  with  a  capacity  of  about  35  yards.  The  rock  is  easily  obtainable  but 
is  too  far  from  a  railroad  to  be  of  shipping  importance. 

L  No.  212 
NW.  yA  NW.  yA  sec.  24,  T.  20  N.}  R.  10  E. 

At  this  location  a  pile  of  waste  rock  similar  to  that  at  L  No.  211  is 
found,  except  that  the  rock  here  is  moderately  coarsely  crystalline,  porous, 
rather  soft,  decayed  Galena  dolomite,  with  a  brownish-purple  color. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  an  Aurora  Rock  crusher  No.  120 
(jaw,  24  inches),  a  Western  Rock  crusher  with  a  12-inch  jaw,  and  a 
5 -yard  bin. 

The  waste  pile  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  northeast  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad. 

L  No.  217 

Niv.  yA  nw.  yA  siv.  yA  sec.  32,  t.  22  n.,  r.  9  e. 

An  unused  quarry  near  the  outskirts  of  Dixon  exposes  40  feet  of 
coarse-grained,  rather  soft,  badly  weathered,  brown  Galena  dolomite,  in 
beds  8  to  24  inches  in  thickness.  About  1,000,000  cubic  yards  is  available 
with  less  than  20  feet  average  overburden  by  working  back  the  old  face 
into  the  hill  on  the  north. 

A  well-drill  rig  and  a  C-2  Bunnell  Manufacturing  Company  jaw 
crusher  comprise  the  machinery  still  on  the  premises. 

A  switch  to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  is  located  about  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  south  of  the  quarry,  but  an  additional  siding  to  the  quarry  would 
have  to  cross  two  streets,  if  this  were  to  be  made  a  shipping  quarry. 

L  No.  241 
NW.  yA  NW.  yA  NE.  y4  sec.  2j,  T.  22  N.,  R.  n  E. 
A  small  quarry  here  exposes  21  feet  of  coarse-grained,  coarsely  crystal- 
line, soft,  granular  Galena  dolomite  in  beds  averaging  G  to  8  inches.  The 
upper  (')  feet  contains  masses  of  gray  and  pink  chert,  which  weathers  locally 
to  clinker-like  masses.  The  overburden  at  the  quarry  is  small  and  consists 
of  black  soil  and  red  till. 

The  surrounding  country  especially  that  to  the  south  and  west,  is  under- 
lain by  this  stone  at  no  great  depth,  and  by  expanding  in  these  directions 


150 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


and  deepening,  more  than  a  million  cubic  yards  of  stone  is  available  with 
less  than  10  feet  of  overburden.  The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad 
is  half  a  mile  to  the  southeast.     The  intervening  country  is  gently  rolling. 

At  this  quarry  there  is  an  Indiana  Road  Machine  crusher  (jaw,  8  by  14 
inches),  a  25-yard  bin,  a  bucket  belt  elevator,  a  slat  screen,  and  a  tractor. 

The  quarry  has  been  operated  by  Ashton  Township  for  local  road  stone. 


Fig 


30.    The  Shakopee  dolomite  as  exposed  near 
Franklin  Grove,  Lee  County. 


LOCAL    QUARRY    SITES 

The  following  sites,  listed  in  Table  9,  are  too  far  from  a  railroad  or 
contain  too  small  an  amount  of  stone  to  be  considered  as  shipping  quarry 
sites.  They  will,  however,  furnish  an  ample  supply  of  stone  for  local  pur- 
poses and  from  many  of  them  rock  has  been  quarried  in  comparatively 
recent  years. 


LEE  COUNTY 


151 


Table  9. — List  of  local  quarry  sites  in  Lee  County 


Location 

Reference 
number 

Town- 
ship 
North 

Range 
East 

Section 

Part  of  section 

Description 

22 

8 

35 

Center  S.  %  SW.  y±  SW. 

Thirty-three    feet    good 

Galena;       overburden 

from  0  to  15  ^eet. 

22 

9 

18 

NE.  %  SE.   %  NE.  1,4  .  . 

Seventy    feet    of   stone; 

overburden     averages 

18  feet. 

22 

9 

19 

NW.   14    SW.   14   SW.  14 

Sixteen     feet     badly 

weathered  Galena; 

overburden     5     to     20 

feet. 

22 

9 

22 

NW.  14  NW.  i/4  NW.  14 

Thirty-six  feet  of  Platte- 
ville.     About     300,000 

yards    available    with 

less    than    10    feet    of 

overburden. 

LNo.  194.. 

22 

9 

26 

NW.    %    NE.    1/4    SE.    % 

Seventeen  feet  of  Platte- 
ville;  12  to  15  feet  of 
overburden. 

22 

9 

30 

SE.   14   SE.   14  NE.  14 .  . 

Twenty  feet  good  Platte- 
ville;  overburden  0  to 

18  feet. 

22 

9 

33 

SE.  14   SE.  14  SW.  14  •  • 

Thirty-one  feet  of 
Platteville;      20      feet 

average      overburden. 

About   50,000    yards 

available      with      less 

than  10   feet  of  over- 

burden. 

L  No.  229.. 

22 

9 

34 

Middle   north   line   NW. 

y4  se.  1/4 

Twenty-four  feet  of  fair 
Platteville;  overbur- 
den 6  to  20  feet. 

LNo.  216.. 

22 

11 

20 

NE.    14    NE.   14   NW.   % 

Ten  feet  of  lower  Platte- 
ville; 100,000  yards 
available  with  less 
than  10  feet  overbur- 
den. 

22 

11 

27 

SE.    14    NE.    14    NW.    14 

Twenty-four  feet  of  Ga- 

lena;     about     250,000 

yards    available    with 

less  than  10  feet  over- 

burden.       Abandoned 

quarries     north     of 

Ashton. 

152 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Table  9. — List  of  local  quarry  sites  in  Lee  County — Continued 


Reference 
number 


Location 


Town- 
ship 
North 


Range 
East 


Section 


Part  of  section 


Description 


L.  No.  223 
A&B 


21 

9 

4 

21 

9 

4 

21 

9 

8 

21 

9 

28 

21 

9 

30 

21 

10 

2 

21 

10 

19 

21 

8 

2 

21 

8 

10 

21 

8 

11 

Middle    south    half    SE. 
%  SE.  % 


SW.  %  SW.  14  SE.  14 


SW.  14  SE.  1,4  NE.  % 


SW.    14    NE.    14    NE.    14 

SW.  i/4  SE.  %  NE.  %  •  • 
NE.    %    SE.    14   NW.    14 


Middle     of     south     line 

NW.   14 

NE.  14   SE.  14   SE.  1/4  .  . 


SW.    %    SW.    1/4   NE.   14 


NW.  14  NW.  14 


Twenty-three  feet  badly 
weathered   Galena: 
overburden     6    inches 
to  15  feet. 

Twelve     feet     of    badly 
weathered  Galena; 
overburden    4    to    20 
feet. 

Twelve  feet  of  badly  de- 
cayed Galena  overly- 
ing 18  feet  of  fair 
stone.  About  25,000 
yards  available  with 
less  than  10  feet  over- 
burden. 

Fourteen  feet  of  Ga- 
lena; less  than  6  feet 
of  average  overbur- 
den. 

Eleven  feet  of  Galena; 
overburden  2  feet. 

Twenty-one  feet  of 
Shakopee  dolomite;  10 
feet  of  overburden 
(fig.  30). 

Ten  feet  of  fair  Galena; 
overburden  6  to  15 
feet. 

Twenty-five  feet  of  fair 
Galena;  overburden  0 
to  15  feet. 

Twenty-six  feet  good 
Galena;  overburden 
averages  10  feet. 
Sample  A  from  upper 
12  feet,  B  from  lower 
14   feet. 

Thirty-five  feet  of  Ga- 
lena; overburden  0 
to  15  feet,  average  8 
feet. 


LEE  COUNTY  153 

Table  9. — List  of  local  quarry  sites  in  Lee  County — Concluded 


Location 


Reference     Town- 
number    |     ship 
North 


Range 
East 


Section 


Part  of  section 


Description 


21 

8 

13 

20 

10 

28 

20 

10 

29 

39 

2 

25 

SW.   %   NW.   14   NE.   14 


NW.  %  NW.  %   SW.  14 


SW.  14    SW.  !4   NW.   14 


NE.  %  NE.  %  SE.  14..  Twenty  feet  of  fair  Ga- 
lena; 75,000  yards 
with  less  than  10  feet 
overburden. 

Nine  feet  fair  Galena; 
overburden  5  to  15 
feet. 

Five  feet  of  Galena  in  a 
field. 

Twenty  feet  of  good  Ga- 
lena; overburden  1  to 
7  feet. 


154  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

MC    HENRY   COUNTY 

McHenry  County  (fig.  23,  p.  134)  is  extensively  covered  with  glacial 
drift  which  obscures  the  underlying  rock,  in  all  but  a  few  places.  Two  ex- 
posures are  reported.5  About  2  miles  east  of  Garden  Prairie  along  the  Chi- 
cago and  Northwestern  Railroad  in  T.  44  N.,  R.  5  E.,  there  is  exposed  about 
12  feet  of  thin-bedded,  buff  or  bluish  limestone,  which  locally  contains  much 
chert.  The  stone  is  probably  one  of  the  limestones  of  the  Alexandrian  (lower 
Silurian)  series.  The  other  outcrop  of  limestone  in  McHenry  County  oc- 
curs in  a  road  cut  in  the  NE.  corner  sec.  17,  T.  44  N.,  R.  9  E.,  nearly  on 
the  county  line.  The  exposed  stone  is  the  Niagaran  dolomite  and  is  light 
gray  in  color  when  fresh,  but  weathers  to  buff. 

OGLE   COUNTY 

Ogle  County  (fig.  31)  exhibits  the  general  topographic  dissection  char- 
acteristic of  regions  bordering  Rock  River.  In  places,  Leaf  River  and  Pine 
Creek,  tributaries  of  Rock  River,  have  also  produced  a  rugged  topography 
and  where  they  cut  through  masses  of  limestone,  are  not  uncommonly 
flanked  by  rather  precipitous  bluffs. 

The  rock  formations  exposed  in  this  county  duplicate  those  of  Lee 
County  in  number  and  character,  except  that  the  Galena  dolomite  shows 
a  general  increase  in  the  thickness. 

t  SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

There  are  no  shipping  quarries  in  Ogle  County. 

SITES   FOR   SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

Sites  for  shipping  quarries  are  numerous  in  this  county  and  in  general, 
occur  in  stream  bluffs  on  hillsides.  Quarries  may  therefore  be  developed 
by  merely  working  into  the  outcrops  rather  than  by  the  somewhat  more  ex- 
pensive method  of  pit  development.  Following  are  brief  descriptions  of 
the  best  sites. 

L  No.  202 
Cen.  N.  line  NW.  ]/A  SW '.  Ya  sec.  2,  T.  23  N .,  R.  10  E. 

Forty  feet  of  Platteville  limestone  is  exposed  1  mile  east  of  Oregon  in 
two  quarries  which  have  been  the  source  of  a  local  supply  of  road  material. 
In  the  west  quarry  the  rock  consists  of  a  fine-grained,  soft,  argillaceous, 
gray-buff  limestone  in  beds  2  to  10  inches  thick.  The  rock  in  the  lower  20 
feet  of  the  east  quarry  differs  from  that  in  the  west  quarry  and  in  the  upper 
portion  of  the  same  quarry.     It  is  a  very  dense,  hard,  brittle,  glassy-look- 


r,Bannister,  Henry  M.,  Geology  of  McHenry  County  :      Geological   Survey  of  Illinois, 
vol.   IV.,   p.    132,   1870. 


OGLE  COUNTY  155 

ing  stone,  which  breaks  with  very  sharp  edges.  This  stone  probably  forms 
the  basal  portions  of  the  hills  of  the  vicinity  which  are  capped  with  the  more 
earthy  limestone. 

If  measured  from  the  top  of  the  exposed  rock  to  the  summit  of  the 
hills  the  maximum  overburden  would  be  found  to  be  about  40  feet.  How- 
ever, it  is  reported  that  the  rock  is  encountered  in  post  holes  on  the  top  of 
the  hills  so  that  the  overburden  which  consists  of  sandy  clay  till  is  very  much 
less  than  40  feet. 

An  estimate  of  the  available  thickness  of  rock  at  this  location  is  about 
100  feet,  judging  from  the  height  of  the  hills  and  the  thickness  of  the  rock 
in  the  wells  of  the  vicinity.  The  hills  themselves  are  of  considerable  size, 
such  that  at  least  one  and  a  half  million  cubic  yards  of  stone  should  be 
available  in  this  vicinity. 

The  main  line  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  is  about 
a  mile  to  the  south  and  a  branch  line  running  to  Oregon  about  a  mile  to  the 
west.  In  both  cases  the  land  slopes  toward  the  railroad,  but  a  switch  to  the 
main  line  would  be  preferable  since  it  would  not  necessitate  the  crossing  of 
Rock  River. 

Sample  L  No.  202A  is  from  the  westernmost  quarry;  sample  L  No. 
202B  is  from  the  lower  glassy  looking  stone  in  the  easternmost  quarry.  . 

L  No.  239 

nw.  yA  niv.  y4  ne.  yA  sec  33,  t.  25  n.,  r.  10  e. 

A  small  quarry  east  of  Leaf  River  in  the  brow  of  a  large  ridge  exposes 
20  feet  of  Platteville  limestone.  The  rock  is  coarse-grained,  soft,  vesicular, 
gray  where  fresh,  but  largely  weathered  to  a  rust-colored,  loose,  granular 
stone.  The  beds  become  progressively  thicker  toward  the  bottom  of  the 
quarry. 

The  partially  timbered  ridge  in  which  the  quarry  is  located  rises  gently 
to  the  south  and  is  cut  by  even-sloped  valleys.  It  is  estimated  that  in  this 
ridge  probably  about  30  acres  is  underlain  by  limestone  with  less  than  5 
feet  of  overburden.  A  large  amount  of  stone  is  available  at  this  place  with 
less  than  10  feet  overburden — approximately  about  500,000  cubic  yards.  If 
the  quarried  thickness  of  the  rock  is  doubled,  as  it  probably  would  be,  were 
it  to  be  worked  on  a  commercial  basis,  the  quantity  of  available  stone  would 
of  course  also  be  doubled. 

At  the  base  of  the  slope  to  the  north,  about  1,000  feet  from  the  quarry, 
a  siding  is  possible  to  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad. 


156 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


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OGLE  COUNTY  157 

L  No.  250 
SE.  cor.  NIV.  y4  sec.  6,  T.  23  N.,  R.  10  E. 

About  2J/2  miles  west  of  Oregon  a  small  quarry  exposes  35  feet  of 
Lower  Magnesian  limestone  which  is  fine-grained,  dense,  buff-colored,  hard, 
and  in  beds  1  to  6  inches  thick.  Near  the  top  of  the  exposure,  a  thin  band 
of  chocolate  and  green  shale  is  in  evidence. 

The  exposure  occurs  in  a  large  hill  which  will  furnish  about  400, 000 
cubic  yards  of  stone  with  an  average  of  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

The  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Ouincy  Railroad  goes  partly  around  and 
cuts  through  the  north  end  of  the  hill. 

L  No.  252      • 
The  bluff  west  of  Polo 

Beginning  1,000  feet  west  of  the  crossing  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington 
and  Ouincy  Railroad  and  the  northwest-southeast  road  in  sec.  17,  T.  23  N., 
R.  8  E.,  a  bluff  60  to  80  feet  high  extends  westward  along  the  railroad  for 
a  little  over  a  mile.  The  bluffs  are  due  to  erosion  by  a  small  creek,  whose 
valley  the  railroad  has  used  as  a  right-of-way. 

The  first  large  exposures  at  the  east  end  of  the  bluff  are  found  in  a 
quarry  (L  No.  251)  on  the  south  side  of  the  railroad  and  in  another  quarry, 
now  abandoned  but  once  the  source  of  rock  for  lime,  across  the  railroad. 
The  rock  at  this  place  is  the  coarse-grained,  moderately  hard,  tough,  porous 
coarsely  crystalline,  brown  and  gray  Galena  dolomite,  in  beds  averaging 
8  to  15  inches  in  thickness. 

About  500  feet  farther  west,  stone  is  exposed  which  resembles  the  upper 
Platteville  limestone  or  the  transition  beds  of  the  Platteville  and  Galena. 
Still  farther  west  the  rock  becomes  characteristically  Platteville,  and  is  fine- 
grained, dense,  hard,  brittle,  buff-colored,  thin-bedded,  with  thin  seams  of 
clay  and  chert  (fig.  32). 

About  5,000  feet  west,  the  middle  blue  layers  of  the  Platteville  appear 
in  a  small  quarry  overlain  by  the  upper  Platteville.  As  the  beds  rise  to  the 
west  the  blue  stone  finally  forms  the  entire  bluff  at  its  western  extremity. 
Sample  L  No.  252  comes  from  these  blue  layers.  The  blue  stone  is  fine- 
grained, finely  crystalline,  hard,  dense,  brittle,  in  layers  4  to  12  inches  thick, 
and  contains  masses  of  crystalline  calcite.  The  bluff  is  somewhat  lower 
here  than  at  the  east  end,  and  from  this  place  gradually  lowers  and  flattens 
to  the  west. 

The  overburden,  especially  near  the  immediate  edge  of  the  bluff,  is  gen- 
erally only  about  10  feet  and  is  composed  of  clay  till. 

Because  of  the  ease  of  transportation,  the  relatively  great  thickness  of 
stone  available,  and  the  small  amount  of  overburden,  this  bluff  would  make 


158 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


a  good  quarry  site.  Back  from  its  face  the  land  flattens  rapidly  and  is 
probably  underlain  by  rock  at  no  great  depth.  Almost  a  million  and  a  half 
cubic  yards  of  stone  are  probably  available. 

The  distance  of  the  face  of  the  bluff  from  the  railroad  varies  on  both 
sides  of  the  creek  and  certain  localities  offer  better  conditions  for  the  con- 
struction of  switches  and  quarry  buildings.  A  consideration  of  such  mat- 
ters would  belong  in  a  more  detailed  investigation. 

L  No.  261 
Pine  Creek  bluff  south  of  the  east-west  road  in  sec.  4,  T.  2$  N.,  R.  o  E. 
From  a  point  about  2,000  feet  south  of  the  east-west  wagon  road  in 
sec.  4,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E.,  a  bluff  of  Galena  dolomite  extends  in  an  approxi- 


IK*^ 


■r  Jfc: 


Pig.  32.    Quarry  in  the  Platteville  limestone  on  the  Lowden   farm  near  Oregon 
in  the  SW.  %,  NE.  14,  sec.  23,  T.  23  N.,  R.  10  E. 

mate  southerly  direction  along  Pine  Creek  for  about  2,000  feet.  The  dolo- 
mite appears  in  both  banks  along  the  creek,  extending  for  1,900  feet  in  the 
east  bank  and  1,000  feet  in  the  west.  Both  bluffs  have  the  same  southern 
termination  about  1,000  feet  north  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy 
Railroad. 

The  unweathered  Galena  found  here  is  a  moderately  coarsely  crystal- 
line, medium  coarse-grained,  moderately  hard,  gray  stone.  It  occurs  in  beds 
varying  from  1  to  24  inches  in  thickness  and  stands  persistently  in  steep, 
sheer  faces. 

In  the  bluff  on  the  east  side  of  the  creek,  a  thickness  of  from  50  to  60 
feet  of  stone  with  less  than  10  feet  of  average  overburden,  is  exposed  or 


OGLE  COUNTY  159 

at  least  suggested,  over  an  area  along  the  top  of  the  bluff  from   150  to  200 
feet  wide. 

The  west  bluff  is  less  precipitous  than  the  east,  and  exposes  in  general 
a  lesser  thickness  of  stone.  The  quarriable  stone  in  this  bluff  has  an  aver- 
age exposed  thickness  of  about  45  feet.  Because  the  slopes  are  relatively 
gentle,  the  overburden  has  washed  down  over  the  rock  face  in  some  places 
and  obscured  portions  of  it.  This  decreases  the  apparent  thickness  of  rock 
and  increases  the  apparent  thickness  of  the  overburden.  The  thickness  of 
rock  probably  rather  closely  approximates  that  in  the  east  bluff  so  that  a 
strip  about  150  feet  wide  with  45  feet  of  stone  is  available  with  less  than 
15  feet  of  overburden. 

L  No.  262 
The  Pine  Creek  bluff  in  sec.  32,  T.  24  N.,  R.  0  E. 

Beginning  at  the  junction  of  Pine  Creek  and  the  wagon  road,  a  bluff 
of  Galena  dolomite  extends  northwest  along  the  creek  for  1,000  feet  in 
the  northeast  bank  and  beginning  about  400  feet  north  from  the  road  ex- 
tends 1,900  feet  in  the  southwest  bank  (fig.  33). 

To  the  northwest  both  bluffs  disappear  with  a  few  local  recurrences, 
where  the  stream  cuts  through  hills.  This  is  especially  true  on  the  north- 
east side,  where  about  2,300  feet  from  the  road  the  stream  cuts  through 
a  hill  and  exposes  45  feet  of  stone  for  a  distance  of  about  500  feet. 

In  the  southwest  bank  the  exposed  thickness  of  rock  varies  from  30  to 
60  feet  and  averages  about  45  feet.  The  southern  end  of  the  bluff  is  grass 
covered;  800  feet  north  of  the  road  the  bluff  is  composed  of  45  feet  of  rock, 
with  an  area  200  feet  wide  overlain  by  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden ; 
1,000  feet  north  the  bluff  shows  55  feet  of  rock  with  a  strip  250  feet  wide 
overlain  by  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden;  1,400  feet  north  the  bluff  is 
rather  gentle  and  exposes  45  feet  of  stone  with  an  area  about  100  feet  wide 
overlain  by  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden ;  finally,  at  about  2,350  feet  north 
of  the  road  the  bluff  becomes  low  and  grass  covered  so  that  the  rock  core 
is  entirely  obscured. 

The  northeast  bluff  is  much  smaller  than  the  southwest.  About  400 
feet  north  of  the  road  the  bluff  is  covered  but  gradually  it  becomes  higher 
and  at  615  feet  north  of  the  road  is  28  feet  high,  with  a  maximum  over- 
burden of  15  feet.  At  1,075  feet  north,  33  feet  of  rock  is  exposed  with 
the  same  amount  of  overburden.  Finally,  at  1,500  feet  north  of  the  road 
the  bluff  disappears  and  is  grass  covered. 

The  Galena  here  is  a  coarsely  crystalline,  coarse-grained,  rather  soft, 
porous,  buff  dolomite,  in  beds  averaging  8  to  14  inches  in  thickness. 

The  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  may  be  reached  2  miles 
to  the  north  for  the  north  branch  line  and  2J/3  miles  to  the  south  for  the 
south  branch  line. 


160 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


L  No.  263 

sw.  yA  se.  yA  se.  yA  sec.  27,  t.  23  n.,  r.  9  e. 

Ten  feet  of  fine-grained,  dense,  moderately  hard,  earthy,  buff  Platte- 
ville  limestone  in  beds  1  to  6  inches  in  thickness  outcrops  V/z,  miles  west  of 
Leaf  River.  Chert  seams  are  common.  This  outcrop  occurs  in  the  south 
end  of  a  hill  extending  some  2,000  feet  to  the  north.     The  vertical  distance 


EAST 


BLUFF 


WEST 


BLUFF 


Fig.  33. 


Scale 


Vertical 


Diagrammatic  cross  sections  of  the  bluff  of  Galena  dolomite  along  Pine 
Creek  in  sec.  32,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E.  Sections  located  south  of  east- 
west  road.     Both  vertical  and  horizontal  scales  in  feet. 


from  the  top  of  the  exposed  stone  to  the  top  of  the  hill  is  25  feet,  an  inter- 
val which  should  be  considered  overburden  if  the  rock  does  not  rise  in  the 
hill.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  rock  rises  in  the  hill  so  that  the 
overburden  will  probably  average  more  nearly  15  than  25  feet.     From  the 


OGLE  COUNTY  161 

information  secured,  it  is  estimated  that  about  10  to  12  acres  should  be 
available  in  this  hill  with  at  least  25  feet  of  stone  and  less  than  15  feet  of 
average  overburden. 

The  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad  is  about  half  a  mile 
to  the  south.     The  intervening  country  is  hilly. 

L  No.  266 

Sec.  21,  T.  25  N.,  R.  9  E. 

Bluffs  on  Leaf  River 

Extending  north  along  the  east  side  of  Leaf  River,  and  beginning  at 
the  road  bridge,  near  the  center  of  the  south  line  of  sec.  21,  T.  25  N.,  R. 
9  E.,  1  mile  east  of  Adeline  there  is  a  marked  bluff  composed  of  Galena 
dolomite  underlain  by  Platteville  limestone.  The  Platteville  is  poorly  ex- 
posed and  shows  only  near  the  road  bridge.  The  Galena,  however,  is  the 
principal  bluff-forming  rock  and  is  a  coarse-grained,  moderately  hard  to 
hard,  coarsely  crystalline,  gray-buff  dolomite  occurring  in  heavy  beds. 

The  height  of  the  bluff  varies  considerably  and  reaches  its  maximum 
about  half  a  mile  from  the  road,  where  120  feet  of  stone  is  exposed.  Meas- 
ured from  the  stream  level  the  height  to  the  top  of  the  bluff  is  about  135 
feet,  and  the  available  thickness  of  rock  about  the  same.  Most  of  the 
bluff  is  precipitous,  with  occasional  steps  formed  by  heavy  ledges  of  the 
Galena  dolomite.  Back  from  the  edge  of  the  bluff  the  overburden  rises 
gently  through  a  timbered  tract  to  the  cultivated  area  above.  The  area 
with  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden  varies  at  different  places,  but  on  the 
average  a  strip  about  150  feet  wide  is  available  with  less  than  15  feet  of 
overburden. 

The  nearest  railroad,  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul,  is  V/% 
miles  to  the  south  over  rough  country. 

L  No.  271 
SE.  yA  SW.  yA  sec.  29,  T.  25  N.,  R.  11  E. 
This  exposure  occurs  in  a  moderately  large  quarry  located  in  the  south- 
east end  of  a  large  hill  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  northeast  of  Byron, 
and  evidently  was  once  the  source  of  local  stone  for  roads.  It  consists  of 
61  feet  of  Platteville  limestone.  The  limestone  shows  marked  horizontal 
and  vertical  variations  and  is  probably  middle  Platteville.  It  consists  of 
layers  of  blue,  fine-grained,  dense,  hard,  brittle,  finely  crystalline  stone 
which  grades  laterally  and  vertically  into  fine-grained,  finely  crystalline, 
hard,  brittle,  buff  limestone,  somewhat  coarser  than  the  blue  stone.  The 
latter  is  found  scattered  throughout  the  entire  61  feet,  and  is  nowhere  con- 
tinuous vertically  for  more  than  5  feet  nor  horizontally  for  more  than  15 
feet.     About  80  per  cent  of  the  entire  exposure  is  the  buff-colored  stone 


162  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

and  the  remaining  20  per  cent  the  blue  stone.  The  blue  stone  is  found  in 
beds  1  to  3  inches  thick,  and  the  buff  is  a  little  heavier  bedded,  beds  aver- 
aging 5  inches  in  thickness.  The  buff  colored  stone,  however,  weathers  to 
the  thin  slabs  similar  to  that  of  the  blue. 

This  hill  has  an  area  of  about  12  acres  and,  if  an  average  thickness  of 
40  feet  of  rock  is  assumed,  it  will  furnish  about  a  million  cubic  yards  of 
rock  with  less  than  an  average  of  10  feet  of  overburden.  As  the  quarry 
is  not  at  the  base  of  the  hill,  the  thickness  of  rock  and  consequently  the 
quantity  available  may  be  increased  about  two  fold  if  the  stone  is  quarried 
to  a  depth  of  40  feet  more. 

The  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad  is  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred feet  to  the  south,  at  a  somewhat  lower  elevation  than  that  of  the  floor 
of  the  quarry.     Topographically  a  switch  is  possible. 

Sec.  9,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E. 

The  bluffs  of  Pine  Creek,  at  "The  Pincs"G 

Extending  south  for  about  one  mile  from  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Railroad  tracks,  there  is  a  bluff  of  Galena  dolomite  along  Pine 
Creek.  The  stone  is  a  coarse-grained,  coarsely  crystalline,  moderately  hard, 
buff  to  gray,  heavy-bedded  dolomite,  similar  to  that  found  elsewhere  in  this 
county. 

The  height  of  the  bluff  measured  above  the  level  of  the  stream  varies 
from  a  minimum  of  15  feet  to  a  maximum  of  60  feet,  but  in  general  aver- 
ages about  40  feet.  Where  the  bluff  is  the  highest  the  rock  usually  stands 
in  a  steep,  precipitous  face  which  may  extend  down  to  the  creek  without 
interruption  or  may  be  covered  at  its  base  by  talus.  Where  the  bluff  is 
lower  the  slopes  are  moderate  or  gentle,  and  are  commonly  covered  with 
vegetation,  as  are  also  the  uplands  rising  away  from  the  steeper  slopes. 
The  exact  amount  of  overburden  is  therefore  indeterminate  without  de- 
tailed work  with  a  drill.  At  the  steeper  faces,  however,  the  overburden  is 
probably  not  great,  considering  the  thickness  of  the  stone,  which  appears  to 
increase  back  from  the  edge  of  the  bluff.  The  overburden  consists  of  black 
soil,  and  clay  till  covered  with  a  growth  of  scrub  trees  and  some  large  pines. 

The  best  location  for  a  quarry  would  be  near  the  Chicago,  Burlington 
and  Quincy  Railroad,  where  40  feet  of  rock  are  available  with  a  relatively 
small  overburden.  The  next  best  location  is  at  the  other  end  of  the  bluff, 
about  five-eighths  of  a  mile  from  the  railroad.  Here  60  feet  of  stone  is 
available  with  a  relatively  small  amount  of  overburden  also. 


6"The  Pines"  is  a  privately  owned  forest  preserve,  so-called  because  of  the  large 
indigenous  pine  trees  which  it  contains. 


OGLE  COUNTY  163 

LOCAL  QUARRIES 

L  No.  202 
Cen.  W.  y2  IV.  V2  sec.  2,  T.  23  N .,  R.  10  E. 
This  site  has   been  described   fully   under  sites    for   shipping  quarries 
(p.  155).     It  is  now  the  source  of  a  local  supply  of  road  material  and  is 
equipped  with  an  Aurora  Rock  crusher,  model  G  120. 

L  No.  239 

Niv.  y4  nw.  yA  ne.  yA  sec.  33,  t.  25  n.,  r.  10  e. 

This  site  has  also  been  fully  described  under  shipping  quarry  sites 
(p.  157).  It  is  equipped  with  an  Aurora  Rock  crusher  No.  3  and  a  tractor, 
and  has  been  the  source  of  local  road  material. 

L  251 

SE.  y4  NW.  y4  NW.  yA  sec.  17,  T.  23  N.,  R.  8  E. 

This  site  1^4  miles  west  of  Polo  has  already  been  mentioned  in  a  gen- 
eral way  in  connection  with  the  discussion  of  the  Polo  bluff.  More  par- 
ticularly, however,  at  this  place  there  is  a  quarry  which  exposes  40  feet  of 
coarse-grained,  moderately  hard,  tough,  porous,  brown  and  gray  Galena 
dolomite,  in  beds  averaging  from  8  to  15  inches  in  thickness,  with  local 
seams  of  white  chert  from  1  to  4  inches  thick.  Located  as  it  is,  in  a  large 
bluff,  this  quarry  is  capable  of  affording  a  great  amount  of  stone  with  a 
small  overburden. 

The  quarry  is  roughly  semi-circular  and  has  a  face  300  feet  in  length 
The  quarrying  and  crushing  apparatus  consists  of  an  Ingersoll-Rand  jack 
hammer,  an  Aurora  Rock  crusher  (jaw  12  by  18  inches),  a  rotary  screen, 
2  by  5  feet  with  perforations  y>  and  lJ/2  inches,  a  Nichols  steam  tractor, 
and  a  7 5-yard  bin.  The  entire  40- foot  face  is  blasted  at  one  time  with  40 
per  cent  dynamite.  The  stone  is  hand  loaded  into  horse-drawn  dump  carts 
and  pulled  to  the  crusher  platform. 

L  No.  258 

SW.  yA  SE.  yA  NE.  yA  sec.  17,  T.  23  N.,  R.  8  E. 

A  small  quarry  one  mile  southwest  of  Polo  exposes  21  feet  of  fine- 
grained, dense,  moderately  hard,  finely  crystalline,  thin-bedded  (1  to  8  in- 
ches), buff  Platteville  limestone,  interbedded  with  layers  of  shale  and  chert. 
The  stone  is  rather  badly  broken  and  decayed  at  the  top  of  the  quarry 
especially. 

The  overburden  at  the  edge  of  the  quarry  is  about  10  feet  thick  and 
rises  to  about  20  feet  in  a  short  distance,  so  that  this  quarry  will  not  be  the 
source  of  any  great  amount  of  stone. 

An  Aurora  Rock  Crusher  No.  1  and  a  30-yard  bin  are  on  the  premises. 


164  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L  No.  259 
Cen.  SE.  yA  SE.  yA  sec.  20,  T.  23  N.,  R.  8  E. 

The  quarry  2^  miles  southwest  of  Polo  is  in  the  tract  adjoining  a 
barnyard  and  as  the  face  is  being  worked  back  toward  the  farm  buildings, 
the  present  quarry  is  limited  to  a  few  more  thousand  yards  of  stone. 

The  exposure  consists  of  18  feet  of  soft,  porous,  frothy,  buff  Galena 
dolomite.  In  places  it  has  weathered  to  a  soft,  earthy  mass,  especially 
toward  the  top  of  the  quarry.  The  lower  part  of  the  exposure  is  in  heavy 
beds  but  even  in  them  the  stone  is  very  soft  and  crumbly  and  is  easily 
powdered  to  a  dust. 

The  stone  is  being  used  in  the  construction  of  a  local  water-bound 
macadam  road.  The  quarrying  equipment  is  owned  by  the  contractors  who 
are  building  the  road  and  consists  of  two  Ingersoll-Rand  steam  drills,  a 
Thew  steam  shovel  with  a  one-yard  bucket,  an  Aurora  Rock  Crusher  No. 
1,  a  flat  steel  grating  with  y2-'mch  perforations,  and  two  horse-drawn  one- 
yard  carts.  The  stone  is  blasted  down  in  one  18-foot  bench  or  as  two  9- 
foot  benches  loaded  by  hand  to  the  carts,  pulled  to  the  crusher  and  fed  into 
it  by  hand.     The  daily  output  is  about  30  yards. 

L  No.  267 

Center  NW .  yA  NW.  l/A  sec.  4,  T.  23  N.f  R.  10  E. 

The  quarry  1  mile  northwest  of  Oregon  is  located  in  a  hill  which  is 
also  the  site  of  the  Oregon  city  reservoir.  In  order  to  prevent  cracking 
the  concrete  reservoir,  only  very  small  shots  are  used  in  blasting  down  the 
rock  in  the  quarry.  Despite  this  handicap  a  considerable  amount  of  stone 
has  been,  and  is  being  removed,  for  local  road  work.  A  local  supply  is  still 
available. 

The  stone  exposed  is  of  Platteville  age  and  consists  of  a  fine-grained, 
finely  crystalline,  hard,  brittle,  dense,  buff,  earthy  limestone  in  beds  4  to  16 
inches  thick. 

The  quarrying  and  crushing  machinery  consists  of  an  Aurora  Rock 
Crusher  No.  1,  a  rotary  screen,  2  by  6  feet  with  y2-  and  1^4 -inch  mesh,  a 
60-yard  bin,  a  Fordson  tractor,  and  a  steam  boiler.  The  quarry  is  worked 
by  hand. 

L  No.  268 

sw.  yA  sw.  yA  ne.  y4  sec.  36,  t.  24  n.,  r.  8  e. 

About  5  miles  west  of  Mount  Morris  there  is  exposed  22  feet  of  moder- 
ately hard,  moderately  coarse,  crystalline,  gray-buff  dolomite  in  beds  1  to  14 
inches  thick  at  the  weathered  surface  but  thicker  where  fresh. 


OGLE  COUNTY  165 

The  exposure  occurs  in  the  banks  of  a  small  creek  and  extends  540 
feet  upstream  from  the  road.  An  area  about  125  feet  wide  is  available 
with  an  average  of  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden  and  will  furnish  about 
50,000  cubic  yards  of  stone. 

Preparations  are  being  made  for  opening  a  small  quarry  for  use  in  the 
construction  of  a  mile  of  local  road  and  the  following  apparatus  is  on  the 
ground : — an  Aurora  Rock  Crusher  No.  1 ;  a  portable  bin  with  a  cylindrical 
screen  2  by  6  feet  with  ^<-inch  perforations ;  a  well  drill ;  and  a  Keystone 
steam  shovel  (one-yard  bucket). 

LOCAL  QUARRY   SITES 

Table  10  gives  the  sites  which  have  supplied  or  are  capable  of  supply- 
ing local  demands  for  stone.  Most  of  them  are  too  far  from  the  railroad 
to  be  shipping  possibilities,  and  many  have  too  small  a  quantity  of  available 
rock  to  be  of  commercial  importance. 

In  the  table  the  thickness  given  for  the  rock  is  the  exposed  thickness; 
the  thickness  of  the  overburden  is  the  average  over  the  area  which  contains 
the  amount  of  rock  available. 


166 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  10. — List  of  local 


Ref. 
No. 


Town- 
ship N. 


Range 
E. 


Sec. 


Part  of  section 


Formation 


Thick- 


Rock 


240 


L237 


25 
25 

25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 

25 
24 
24 
24 
24 

24 
24 
24 
23 

23 

23 

23 

23 
23 
23 

23 
23 
23 

23 
22 

22 
22 
22 
22 
42 

42 
41 


10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 

11 
7 
8 
8 

10 

ii 
n 

n 


9 

9 

10 

10 
10 
10 

11 

9 

9 

10 

10 

11 

1 

1 
1 


10 

22 
25 
8 
33 
23 
26 
27 
27 
32 

34 

25 

2 

5 

34 

4 

9 
21 

7 

14 

16 

17 

25 

27 
3 

23 
26 
35 


3 
12 

4 

5 

28&34 


32 
7 


E.    line    

NW.  i/4  NW.  ^  NW.  14 

Center  S.   % 

SW.  14  NE.  14  NW.  %. 
SW.    cor 

n.  y2  

W.   y2   S.  line 

N.   y>    


S.   1/0  NE.  V4  SE.  % 


Center    S.    line 

Cen.  NE.  Vi  SE.  Vi  SE.  14  •  • 
SE.   cor 

SE.  14  NW.  14  NE.  14 


SE.  14  SE.  %   SW.  V4 

NW.   14   SW.  %  NW.   14..  •• 

Center    NW.    Vi 

Middle  S.  line  NW.  14  SW.  14 

NW.   14   NE.   14   NE.   14 


NW.  V4  SW.  14  SW.  % 
Center  SW.   14   SW.   % 


Center  W.  y2  SW.  14  NE.  M 

South    VL>    

Middle   E.   y2   E.-W.  line  bi- 
secting sec. 

SW.   %   SW.   14   NE.   14 

SW.   14   SW.  14  NE.  i/4 

Center  SE.   14 


Center  W.    y2 


SE.  V4  NW.  14  NW.  % 


SE.  1/4 


Feet 

Platteville 

Platteville 

10 

Platteville 

22 

Platteville 

14 

Platteville 

24 

Galena 

10 

Platteville 

3 

Platteville 

Platteville 

9 

Platteville 

28 

Platteville 

15 

Galena 

30 

Galena 

14 

Platteville 

17 

Platteville 

50 

Platteville 

38 

Platteville 

31 

Platteville 

32 

Galena  and 

33 

Platteville 

Galena 

28 

Platteville 

41 

Platteville  and 

18 

Galena 

Platteville 

22 

Platteville 

25 

Platteville 

36 

Platteville 

30 

Platteville 

7V2 

Galena 

5 

Platteville 

12 

Platteville 

40 

Platteville 

18 

Platteville 

14 

Platteville 

18 

Platteville 

6 

Galena 

15 

Galena 

Galena • 

OGLE  COUNTY 


167 


quarry  sites  in  Ogle  County 


Over- 
burden 


Where  exposed 


Amount 
available 


Distance  to 
railroad 


Remarks 


Feet 

Moderate 

5— 

20— 

8— 
10— 


Slight 
Slight 


10— 

5— 
10— 
10— 

10— 

20— 

10— 
10— 
10— 
10— 

10— 

12— 
10— 

10— 
10— 
10— 

5— 

10— 

Heavy 

5— 
20— 
10— 
10— 
10— 

5— 
Heavy 


Road 

Hillside 

Hillside 

Hillside 

Road  cut 

E.-W.  road 

In  road 

E.-W.  road 

Hillside 

R.R.  cut  and  hill- 
side 

Hillside 

Creek  banks 

Creek  banks 

Hillside 

Valley  sides 


Creek  Bluffs. 
Creek  Bluffs, 
Creek  Bluffs. 
Hillside 


Creek  bank  and 
road 

Creek  bluff 

Creek  bluff 


Hillside 

Along  Pine  Creek. 
Valley  sides 


Hillside 

Hill 

Infield. 


Hill 

Creek  bluff 

Creek  bluff 

Road  cut 

Creek  bluff 

Hill 

Cut  of  C.  G.  W.  R. 

R. 
Small  quarries.  . 
Stillman  Creek.  . 


Yards 

Local  supply 

75,000± 

100,000± 

90,000 

375,000± 

Local  supply 

Local  supply 

Local  supply 

Local  supply 

Relatively 

small   amount 

Local  supply 

170,000 

40,000 

140,000± 

500,000± 

300,000± 

500,000± 

Large  amounts 

140,000± 

Ample  supply 

200,000± 
Ample  local 

35,000± 
Large  amount 

225,000± 

600,000± 
5,000± 


Miles 


2%  South. 
1  South . . . 
1  South. . . 
iy2  North 


Close. . . . 
4  South . . 
2  West.  .  . 

1  East 

2%  South 


Sample  local 
1,000,000± 
15,000± 
100,000± 
130,000± 
350,000± 
1  Possible    local 
supply 
Local  supply 
Local  supply 


1  South 

1%  Northeast 

2%  North 

1  South 


Small  quarry 


Abandoned  quarry 


Very  thin-bedded  and 
variable 


iy2  North. 
iy2  North. 


3  North 

6  Southwest. 
2  Southwest. 


2%  Northeast. 
2%  North 


2^4  South.. 
3y2  South.  . 
4%  North.. 

7  North 

5V2  South.. 
4  Northeast. 
On  railroad. 


Poor  stone;  soft  and 
granular 


Scattered  outcrops 


168 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  10. — List  of  local  quarry 


Ref. 
No. 


Town- 
ship N. 


Range 
E. 


Sec. 


Part  of  section 


Formation 


Thick- 


Rock 


41 

1 

17 

41 

1 

26 

41 

1 

31 

41 

1 

32 

41 

2 

8 

41 

2 

29 

41 

2 

9 

40 

1 

13 

Middle  N.  line 

SE.  Vi  SW.  %  NW.  % 

SE.  14  SE.  1,4  SE.  14  •  • 
NW.  14  NW.  Vi  NE.  % 
Center  E.  y2 

SE.  i/4  NE.  1,4  NE.  14. 
NE.  14  NE.  %  SW.  14. 
SE.  14   SE.  1,4  NW.  14  . 


Feet 

Galena 

8 

Galena 

Platteville 

17 

Platteville. .  . . 

11 

Galena 

15 

Galena 

Platteville. .  . , 

10 

Galena. ...... 

11 

The  Rock  River  bluff,  particularly  along  the  west  bank,  contains  a  large 
amount  of  Platteville  and  Galena  favorably  situated  for  quarrying.  No 
railroad  facilities  within  two  miles  confine  the  use  of  the  stone  to  local  pur- 
poses. 


OGLE  COUNTY 


169 


sites  in  Ogle  County — Concluded 


ness 


Over- 
burden 


Where  exposed 


Amount 
available 


Distance  to 
railroad 


Remarks 


Feet 
5— 


5— 

7— 


lu- 
lu— 


Yards  Miles 

Small  quarry Local  supply  Partly  filled 

Small  quarry Local  supply  

Small  hill I  50,000  1%  Southwest 

Hillside 75,000±  1%  East 

Small  quarry Local  supply  Quarry  being  filled 

Small  quarry :  Local  supply  

Small  hill Local  y2  East 

Small  hill 30,000±  UA  South 


170 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


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STEPHENSON  COUNTY  171 

STEPHENSON  COUNTY 

DESCRIPTION    OF   ROCK   FORMATIONS 

The  bed  rock  of  Stephenson  County  (fig.  34)  is  of  Silurian  or  Ordovi- 
cian  age,  and  consists  of  Niagaran  dolomite,  Maquoketa  shale,  Galena  dolo- 
mite and  Platteville  limestone. 

The  Niagaran  dolomite. — The  Niagaran  dolomite  is  the  cap  rock  of  the 
large  ridge  extending  southeast  from  Wadham  for  about  2J/2  miles.  The 
formation  is  a  doubtful  source  of  any  very  great  amount  of  road  material 
because  of  its  relative  thinness  and  limited  areal  extent.  The  character  of 
the  rock  is  somewhat  variable  but  in  general  it  consists  of  a  coarse-grained, 
coarsely  crystalline,  moderately  hard  to  hard,  buff-gray  dolomite  in  beds 
averaging  between  8  to  10  inches.  As  observed  in  this  county,  it  has  a 
middle  layer  of  thin-bedded,  shaly,  rather  soft  dolomite  which  is  probably 
of  no  great  value  as  road  metal. 

The  Maquoketa  shale. — The  Maquoketa  shale  comprises  the  major  por- 
tion of  the  ridge  extending  southeast  from  Wadham  and  in  addition  prob- 
ably underlies  the  greater  part  of  the  area  southwest  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  track  northwest  of  Eleroy,  and  west  of  a  north-south  line  through 
Eleroy.  The  rock  is  a  dense,  fine-grained,  soft,  gray-buff,  compact  shale. 
It  pulverizes  easily  and  is  of  doubtful  value  as  road  material,  though  it  is 
used  locally  to  some  extent. 

The  Galena  dolomite. — The  Galena  dolomite  constitutes  the  bed  rock- 
over  more  than  half  the  county.  Most  of  the  quarriable  stone  is  to  be 
found  in  this  formation.  From  it  the  quarries  about  Freeport  derived  their 
product,  when  they  were  active.  Numerous  smaller  openings  in  it  are  at 
present  the  source  of  a  local  supply  of  road  and  agricultural  stone.  The 
formation  has  apparently  been  subjected  to  considerable  weathering  even 
before  the  present  exposures  were  made  and  shows  as  a  result,  decayed  por- 
tions along  the  joint  and  bedding  planes  as  well  as  small  cavities  partially 
filled  with  a  porous  mass  of  iron-stained  dolomite  crystals.  Where  weather- 
ing has  been  less  active  the  rock  occurs  as  precipitous  slopes,  and  is  heavy- 
bedded.  The  bedding  of  the  Galena  may  vary  from  1  inch  to  5  feet,  but 
most  of  the  beds  are  between  8  and  10  inches  thick.  The  dolomite  is  coarse- 
grained, coarsely  crystalline,  moderately  hard,  and  generally  gray  or  buff- 
gray  where  fresh. 

The  Platteville  limestone. — The  outcrops  of  Platteville  limestone  are 
found  along  Rock  Run  and  its  tributaries  from  Rock  Grove,  south  to  the 
junction  with  the  Pecatonica  River,  and  from  this  point  west  for  about  6 


172  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

miles  along  the  latter  stream.  The  limestone  occurs  in  thin  beds,  averaging 
about  2  inches  in  thickness.  The  stone  is  a  buff,  fine-grained,  earthy, 
moderately  hard,  magnesian  limestone,  or  a  blue,  fine-grained,  finely  crystal- 
line, hard,  brittle,  magnesian  limestone. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

There  are  at  present  no  shipping  quarries  in  this  county. 

SITES   FOR  SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

L  No.  299 
Cen.  SW.  y4  SE.  y4  sec.  2,  T.  27  N.,  R.  7  E. 
About  one-fourth  of  a  mile  northeast  of  Scioto  Mills  a  small  idle  quarry 
exposes  13  feet  of  moderately  hard,  coarse-grained,  gray  Galena  dolomite. 
The  dolomite  averages  about  27  feet  in  thickness,  in  a  hill  about  8  acres  in 
extent,  which  has  a  content  of  about  350,000  cubic  yards  of  stone,  with 
overburden  averaging  less  than  10  feet.  A  very  large  amount  of  stone  could 
be  obtained  by  quarrying  below  the  level  of  the  base  of  the  hill. 

The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  is  about  1,800  feet  to  the  west  of  this  site. 
A  switch  is  possible. 

L  No.  304 

sw.  y4  sw.  y4  ne.  y4  sec.  36,  r.  29  n.,  r.  7  e. 

The  village  of  Orangeville  has  opened  a  small  quarry  in  the  south  end 
of  a  hill  of  Platteville  limestone.  The  rock  is  a  thin-bedded,  rather  soft, 
buff,  earthy  stone  and  has  an  exposed  thickness  of  29  feet.  The  hill  is 
about  20  acres  in  extent  with  an  average  overburden  of  probably  not  more 
than  6  to  10  feet.  The  rock  contents  of  the  hill  is  somewhat  less  than  a 
million  cubic  yards. 

Topographic  conditions  do  not  favor  a  switch  from  the  present  quarry 
to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  west,  but  a  little 
exploration  work  on  the  north  and  west  sides  of  the  hill  might  lead  to  the 
selection  of  a  site  suitable  for  quarrying  and  of  more  easy  access  to  the 
railroad. 

L  No.  307 
Cen.  S.  y2  NE.  y4  sec.  29,  T.  26  N.,  R.  8  E. 

Approximately  \y2  miles  north  of  Bailey ville  a  good  quarry  site  is  af- 
forded by  a  tract,  comprising  about  25  acres  with  less  than  5  feet  overburden 
and  with  at  least  28  feet  of  rock.  The  track  lies  between  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  and  a  small  bluff-bordered  creek  to  the  west.  The  rock  is 
hard,  tough,  blue-gray,  and  in  layers  averaging  about  8  inches  in  thickness. 
The  inferred  rock  content  of  the  site  is  somewhat  over  a  million  cubic  yards. 

The  railroad  runs  on  a  small  embankment  so  that  special  provisions 
would  be  necessary  for  the  construction  of  a  siding. 


STEPHENSON  COUNTY  173 

L  No.  309 

Cen.  NE.  yA  SW.  yA  sec.  24,  T.  26  N.}  R.  8  E. 

About  3  miles  north  of  German  Valley,  30  to  40   feet  of  stone,  with 

overburden  averaging  between  10  and  15  feet  is  exposed  in  a  hill  about  20 

acres  in  extent.     The  rock  is  hard,  fairly  tough,  buff-gray,  Galena  dolomite, 

in  beds  averaging  9  inches  in  thickness. 

The  Chicago  Great  Western  Railroad  runs  on  an  embankment  about 
600  feet  to  the  south.  Special  consideration  would  have  to  be  given  to  the 
problem  of  locating  a  siding,  since  the  topography  is  not  favorable. 

L  No.  311 
NE.  ]/A  sec.  10,  T.  27  N .,  R.  8  E. 
For  a  distance  of  approximately  about  1000  feet  along  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  an  average  of  27  feet  of  Galena  dolomite 
is  exposed  in  a  cut  through  a  hill.  The  rock  is  a  coarse-grained,  moderately 
hard,  gray-buff  stone,  rather  porous  in  places  and  in  beds  averaging  10 
inches.  The  hill  in  which  this  cut  occurs  is  about  13  acres  in  extent  and 
contains  about  500,000  cubic  yards  of  stone  above  the  level  of  the  railroad 
tracks,  with  less  than  an  average  of  10  feet  of  overburden.  The  railroad 
cut  at  present  will  not  accommodate  a  switch,  but  a  little  excavation  at  the 
ends  of  the  cut  will  allow  sufficient  space  for  one  without  great  difficulty. 

L  No.  312 

sw.  yA  sw.  yA  nw.  yA  sec.  22,  t.  28  n.,  r.  0  e. 

About  five-eighths  of  a  mile  east  of  Rock  City  an  unused  quarry  ex- 
poses 22  feet  of  moderately  hard,  gray-buff  Galena  dolomite  in  12-inch  beds. 
The  opening  has  been  made  in  the  north  end  of  a  hill  about  15  acres  in  ex- 
tent, with  an  average  thickness  of  about  36  feet  of  stone,  and  an  average 
overburden  of  less  than  10  feet.  The  inferred  amount  of  rock  available 
in  this  hill  is  approximately  1,000,000  cubic  yards. 

The  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul  Railroad  is  750  feet  to  the  north 
and  at  a  somewhat  greater  elevation  than  the  quarry.  This  makes  a  switch 
more  feasible  a  little  to  the  east  where  the  topographic  conditions  are  more 
favorable. 

L  No.  400 
SW.  yA  sec.  2j  and  SE.  )/A  sec.  28,  T.  27  N.,  R.  8  E. 

i\n  outcrop  of  Galena  dolomite  in  the  road  2  miles  east  of  Freeport 
exposes  a  total  thickness  of  about  40  feet  of  stone  for  about  2,000  feet. 
Definite  information  is  not  available,  but  the  hill  is  a  large  one  and  would 
probably  furnish  over  500,000  cubic  yards  of  stone.  The  thickness  of  the 
overburden  is  uncertain  but  it  is  probably  less  than  20  feet. 


174  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  right-of-way  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  is  600 
feet  to  the  south,  and  is  so  situated  topographically  as  to  permit  the  construc- 
tion of  a  siding. 

L  No.  401 
SE.  y4  sec.  13,  T.  28  N.,  R.  9  E. 
Along  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  about  one-quarter  of  a 
mile  east  of  Davis,  is  a  large  hill  about  15  acres  in  extent,  at  one  end  of 
which  is  exposed  41  feet  of  Galena  dolomite.  Of  this  thickness,  26  feet 
is  below  the  level  of  the  railroad  and  15  feet  above.  The  stone  is  of  fair 
quality  and  almost  700,000  cubic  yards  is  probably  available. 

L  No.  402 
Ccn.  N.  y2,  west  line  sec.  23,  T.  28  N.,  R.  7  E. 
In  a  large  hill  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  Buena  Vista,  about  75 
feet  of  Galena  dolomite  of  fair  quality  is  exposed  in  a  road  cut.     More  thaw 
500,000  cubic  yards  is  probably  available  with  less  than   10   feet  of  over- 
burden.    The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  is  about  900  feet  to  the  west. 

L  No.  403 
NW.  ]/4  sec.  17,  T.  28  N.,  R.  7  E. 
In  the  section  five-eighths  of  a  mile  southeast  of  McConnell,  there  is 
an  exposure  of  20  to  55  feet  of  Galena  dolomite  in  an  irregular  bluff  which 
extends  for  about  2,200  feet  along  the  northeast  side  of  the  Illinois  Central 
tracks.  This  is  a  good  site  and  an  immense  amount  of  stone  is  available 
with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden. 

L  No.  404 

SW.  l/A  sec.  33,  T.  29  N.,  R.  7  E. 

A  moderately  large  amount  of  the  thin-bedded,  argillaceous,  Platteville 

limestone  forms  a  bluff  along  a  small  creek  one-half  a  mile  west  of  Orange- 

ville.     The  overburden  is  less  than   10   feet   on  the  average.     The   Illinois 

Central  Railroad  right-of-way  is  2,500  feet  to  the  north. 

L  No.  405 

sw.  yA  sw.  yA  sw.  y  sec  w,  t.  28  n.,  r.  7  e. 

A  small  quarry  here  exposes  7  feet  of  Galena ;  30  acres  are  reported  to 
have  less  than  3  feet  of  overburden  and  the  dolomite  is  recorded  for  a  depth 
of  200  feet  in  water  wells.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  is  half  a  mile 
east,  down  grade.     A  switch  is  topographically  possible. 

LOCAL    QUARRIES 

L  No.  406 
Ccn.  SW.  yA  SE.  yA  sec.  25,  T.  27  N.}  R.  7  E. 
On  the  northwestern  outskirts  of  Freeport,  there  is  a  series  of  quarries 
in  the  Galena  dolomite.     None  of  these  quarries  is  in  operation  nor  do  any 
appear  to  have  been  for  some  time. 


STEPHENSON  COUNTY  175 

The  middle  of  the  three  quarries  is  equipped  with  an  Austin  Gyratory 
Crusher  No.  5,  one  rotary  screen  (14  by  4  feet)  with  perforations  Yi,  fy, 
and  2  inches,  and  a  bin,  the  estimated  capacity  of  which  is  about  110  cubic 
yards.  Under  normal  conditions  of  operation  the  output  should  be  about 
100  yards  daily.  The  plant  is  apparently  in  a  good  state  of  repair  and  could 
probably  be  put  into  operation  in  a  relatively  short  time.  The  bins  and 
machinery  are  about  400  feet  from  the  Illinois  Central  switch  yards  and 
apparently  there  have  been  switching  facilities  at  some  time,  though  none 
exist  at  present. 

The  primary  difficulty  encountered  at  this  site  is  the  lack  of  room  for 
expansion.  The  quarry  is  hemmed  in  by  streets  and  dwellings  so  that  there 
remain  only  about  two  acres,  containing  approximately  250,000  cubic  yards 
of  stone,  with  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden  still  available.  Two  indus- 
trial plants  in  proximity  to  the  quarries  would  prevent  heavy  blasting  and  an 
extensive  development  of  this  site  is  not  to  be  expected.  It  will,  however, 
furnish  a  very  desirable  source  of  a  considerable  amount  of  stone  for  local 
consumption. 

The  southernmost  of  the  three  quarries  noted  is  also  equipped  for 
crushing.  The  equipment  consists  of  a  Universal  crusher  (jaw,  12  by  18 
inches),  a  rotary  screen  (6  by  4  feet)  with  perforations  %  and  Y\  inches, 
and  a  bin  having  a  capacity  of  about  60  yards.  The  same  restrictions  for 
further  development  are  imposed  on  it  as  on  the  above  quarry,  except  that 
here  the  quarry  must  be  deepened,  as  lateral  expansion  is  impossible.  The 
quarry  is  dry  and  undoubtedly  could  be  deepened  20  or  30  feet  before  a 
serious  amount  of  water,  if  any,  were  encountered.  This  location  will 
furnish  a  valuable  local  supply. 

L  No.  302 

se.  y4  nw.  y4  se.  yA  sec  22,  t.  29  n.,  r.  6  e. 

The  village  of  Winslow  operates  a  quarry  at  this  location  for  a  local 
supply  of  stone  for  road  purposes.  The  opening  is  made  in  the  Platteville 
dolomite  which  has  an  exposed  thickness  of  41  feet,  and  consists  largely  of 
a  blue  or  gray  stone,  hard  or  moderately  hard,  in  beds  averaging  about  8 
inches.  An  earthy,  medial  layer,  11  feet  thick,  is  of  a  quality  inferior  to 
the  rest  of  the  exposure. 

An  Aurora  Rock  crusher  No.  1  and  a  slat  screen  constitute  the  crush- 
ing apparatus. 

A  road  and  dwellings  confine  the  quarry  to  a  small  lateral  extension. 
The  total  amount  of  stone  available  without  deepening  is  about  17,000  cubic 
yards. 


176  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L  No.  308 
Cen.  SE.  y4  NE.  y4  sec.  31,  T.  26  N .,  R.  o  E. 

The  township  operates  a  small  quarry  \y4  miles  southwest  of  German 
Valley.  The  rock  quarried  is  the  Galena  dolomite  of  which  21  feet  is  ex- 
posed. It  is  a  moderately  hard  stone  in  beds  averaging  about  9  inches  in 
thickness  and  improving  in  quality  toward  the  bottom  of  the  quarry.  The 
outcrop  occurs  in  one  end  of  a  long,  oval  hill,  which  will  furnish  a  great 
amount  of  rock  with  probably  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden.  At  the 
quarry  the  overburden  which  is  a  black  soil  is  about  three  feet  thick. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  an  Altman  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany crusher,  with  a  12-  by  18-inch  jaw. 

L  No.  310 

SE.  y4  SE.  y4  SE.  y4  sec.  8,  T.  26  N.,  R.  6  E. 

The  township  operates  at  intervals  a  small  quarry  1  mile  south  of  Pearl 

City  to  provide  a  local  supply  of  road  stone.     The  opening  exposes  44  feet 

of   Maquoketa  shale  which  is  dense,  soft,   friable,   and  heavy-bedded,  but 

weathers  rapidly  to  thin  slabs  about  1  inch  thick. 

The  crushing  equipment  consists  of  an  Aurora  Rock  crusher  (jaw, 
6  by  12  inches)  and  a  flat  screen  with  y4-  and  ^-inch  mesh. 

QUARRY   SITES  OF   LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

Quarry  sites  of  local  importance  are  in  relatively  great  abundance  in 
this  county,  especially  in  the  northern  part  where  the  stream  dissection  is 
quite  marked.  In  describing  these  sites  no  effort  will  be  made  to  go  into 
detail  regarding  all  the  possible  sites  for  local  quarries.  A  few  of  the  better 
and  more  typical  of  such  will  be  described  in  detail,  and  the  remainder  tabu- 
lated with  the  most  important  details,  irregularities,  or  differences  of  each 
indicated. 

sw.  y4  nw.  y4  nw.  y4  sec  26,  t.  28  n.,  r.  7  e. 

This  site  consists  of  an  outcrop  of  13  feet  of  Galena  dolomite  in  a  hill 
covering  about  7  acres,  extending  to  the  northeast  from  the  exposure  which 
occurs  in  a  small  quarry.  Above  the  top  of  the  exposed  rock  the  hill  rises 
about  28  feet,  so  that  the  total  available  thickness  of  stone  is  almost  40  feet. 
The  overburden  is  probably  about  6  feet  thick  on  the  average.  About  400,- 
000  cubic  yards  of  stone  is  available.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  is  about 
2,000  feet  west  from  the  exposure  and  at  a  considerable  lower  elevation. 
Cen.  NE.  y4  sec.  15,  T.  28  N.,  R.  7  E. 

This  outcrop  occurs  in  a  cut  made  by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
through  a  small  hill  along  the  right-of-way  near  Buena  Vista.  The  maxi- 
mum exposed  face  of  rock  is  32  feet  and  the  average  thickness  throughout 
the  hill  about  20  feet.  The  hill  will  furnish  an  ample  local  supply  of  rock 
with  less  than  6  feet  of  overburden. 


STEPHENSON  COUNTY  177 

s.  y2  sw,  yA  sw.  yA  sec.  14,  r.  37  n.,  r.  6  e. 

An  old  quarry  at  this  location  in  the  top  of  a  hill  exposes  18  feet  of 
Maquoketa  shale.  The  hill  is  about  40  feet  high  and  6  acres  in  extent,  and 
might  furnish  about  300,000  cubic  yards  of  stone.  The  stone  is  a  soft, 
earthy,  slabby  rock,  and  is  not  good  road  material,  although  it  is  used  locally. 

sw.  y  sw.  yA  sw.  y4  sec.  28,  t.  28  n.,  r.  6  e. 

At  this  location,  three  abandoned  quarries  present  a  general  similarity 
of  exposure  of  interbedded  dolomite  and  shale.  The  dolomite  is  a  dense, 
hard,  tough  stone  and  shows  a  maximum  thickness  of  16  feet.  Any  of  these 
quarries  will  furnish  an  ample  local  supply,  although  for  a  very  large  sup- 
ply the  quarry  to  the  northwest  of  the  road  and  railroad  is  recommended 
as  having  the  most  favorable  situation.  There  is  a  possibility  of  opening 
a  shipping  quarry  at  this  site.  About  700,000  cubic  yards  of  stone  is  avail- 
able. The  difficulties,  however,  lie  in  the  interbedding  of  the  shale  and 
limestone,  in  the  possibility  of  an  overburden  as  much  as  25  feet  in  thickness, 
and  the  not  especially  favorable  topographic  conditions  for  a  siding. 

L  No.  306 

sw.  y  se.  y  se.  y  sec.  13,  t.  28  n.,  r.  5  e. 

This  site  consists  of  a  small  quarry  opened  at  the  top  of  a  large  hill 
which  is  capped  by  22  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite.  The  major  portion  of 
the  hill  is  of  Maquoketa  shale.  The  Niagaran  as  here  exposed  consists  of 
a  coarse-grained,  moderately  hard,  rather  tough  stone,  with  a  medial  layer 
of  soft,  argillaceous  stone.  By  expanding  in  this  cap  rock  on  the  top  of  the 
hill,  a  supply  of  stone  ample  for  local  purposes,  is  easily  accessible.  The 
overburden  is  small,  probably  not  in  excess  of  4  feet  at  any  place. 

sw.  yA  se.  yA  se.  y  sec.  i,  t.  26  n.,  r.  7  e. 

This  is  the  site  of  an  abandoned  quarry  formerly  the  source  of  road  and 
dimension  stone.  The  rock  is  the  Galena  dolomite  of  which  35  feet  is  ex- 
posed. Some  of  the  more  available  rock  has  been  removed,  but  there  still 
remains  about  100,000  cubic  yards  of  stone  which  may  be  obtained  with 
less  than  10  feet  of  overburden,  and  of  this  total  about  30,000  cubic  yards 
might  be  obtained  by  deepening  the  present  quarry  about  15  feet. 


178 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Table  11. — List  of  additional  outcrops 


Town- 
ship N, 


Range 
E. 


Section 


Part  of  section 


Formation 


Thickness 


Rock 


Over- 
burden 


26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 

27 
27 
27 
27 
27 
27 
27 
27 


27 

27 
27 
27 
27 
27 

27 
28 

28 

28 

28 
28 
28 
28 
29 
29 


5 

15 

5 

15 

5 

22 

6 

8 

6 

13 

6 

13 

6 

14 

7 

11 

7 

17 

7 

23 

7 

23 

9 

4 

6 

1 

6 

1 

7 

3 

7 

5 

7 

5 

7 

11 

7 

17 

7 

17 

8 

22 

8 

24 

8 

2 

8 

5 

8 

11 

9 

9 

9 

28 

7 

17 

7 

35 

8 

11 

8 

16 

8 

25 

9 

23 

9 

34 

6 

23 

8 

23 

Center  S.  line 

NW.    NW.    SE 

Center  E.  y2 

Center  SW 

Middle  W.  line  NW.  ^ 

w.    y2    

e.  y2    

Middle  N.  line 

Center  NW 

SW.  NW 

NE.  SW 

SE.  SW 


NW.   SW 

SW.  SE.  SE 

Middle  S.  line  SE.  % 

Middle  W.  line 

Middle  S.  line  SE.  *4 . 

SE.  SW 

SW.   SW.   SW 

NE 


SE.    SE.    SE.... 
Middle  E.  line 

NE.  NE 

NW.  NW 

NE.   SE.   SE... 
NE 


NW. 


Center  N.   line 


N. 


SE 

Center  S.   y2 . . . 
Middle  W.  line 

NE.  NE 

Middle  E.   line 
NW.  SE 


Maquoketa 
Maquoketa 
Maquoketa 
Maquoketa. 
Galena 


Maquoketa. 

Galena 

Galena 

Galena 

Galena 

Galena 


Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 


Galena. .  . . 
Platteville. 
Galena. .  .  . 
Galena. .  . . 
Galena?. . . 
Platteville. 


Galena. 
Galena. 
Galena. 


Galena. 


Galena 

Galena. . . . 
Platteville. 
Platteville. 
Platteville. 
Galena..  .  . 


Feet 

Small 

Small 

Small 

35 

28 


55 

12 

6 

Small 

Small 

51 


an 
9 


10 
105 


7 
10 

8 

15 

9 

35 

15 

10 
60 

14 

5 
13 

17 


11 


Feet 

5— 

5— 

5— 

Small 

75— 


10— 

5— 

4— 

Small 

Small 

5— 

10— 

10— 

Small 

5— 

5— 

Small 

5— 

7— 


6— 

5— 
5— 
5— 
5— 
3— 

5— 
5— 

10— 

5— 

3— 
5— 
5— 
5— 
5— 
5— 


STEPHENSON  COUNTY 


179 


where  rock  has  been  quarried  in  Stephenson  County 


Location  of  exposure 


Supply  available 

with  overburden 

indicated 


Distance  to 
railroad 


Remarks 


Hillside 

Hillside 

Hillside 

Hillside 

Bluff  of  Yellow  Creek 


Local 

Local 

Local 

Local 

Ample  local 


Miles 


4  Northeast.  . . 
3y2  Northeast. 
4%  Northeast, 
y2  Northeast . . 


Bluff  of  Yellow  Creek, 

Hill 

Creek  bank 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 


Large 

Ample  local 

Local 

Local 

Local 

Large 


Valley  side. 

In  hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Hill 

Valley  side, 
Large  hill. 


Local , 

Local 

Local 

Local 

Local 

Large  amount. .  . . 

Local 

Immense  amount 


Hill.  .. 
Hill.  .  . 
Hill.  .. 
Hill.  .. 
Hill.  .., 
In  road 


Local, 
Local, 
Local. 
Local. 
Local. 
Local. 


In  valley  side Local 


Hill 

Large  hill 


Local 

Large  amount 


Hillside Ample  local 


Local . 


Hilltop 

Hill Ample  local 

Valley  side Ample  local 

Hillside Local 

Hill JLocal 

Valley  side I  Ample  local 


%  South , 
2  South. 
%  South , 


1%  Southeast 

%  Southeast 

1%  North  or  South 


Stone  badly 
weathered 


1% 

lVi  Southeast. 

li/4  East 

3  East 

2V4  East 

%  West 

tV  Southwest. 
1  Southwest.  . 


%  Southwest. 
1%  Southwest 
0 


3  East 

iy2  Northwest. 

4  Northwest.  .  . 


1  South 

% 

1/2  East 

4  Southeast. . 

4y>  Southeast, 
L/4  Southeast. . 
y2  North 

2  Northwest.  . 
*4  Southwest. 
5*4  West 


Possibly  fair  ship- 
ping site;  2  quar- 
ries 


In  road  bordering 

NE.  14 


2  quarries 

Possibly  fair  ship- 
ping site 

Along  road  (2  quar- 
ries) 


In  town  of  Dakota 


180 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Table  12. — List  of  undeveloped  outcrop* 


Town- 
ship N. 


Range 
E. 


Section 


Part  of  section 


Formation 


Thickness 


Rock 


Over- 
burden 


27 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 

28 


28 

28 
28 
29 
29 
29 
29 


9 

6 

6 

1 

6 

12 

7 

13 

7 

21 

7 

33 

7 

36 

8 

31 

9 

15 

9 

20 

9 

22 

9 

27 

9 

30 

9 

35 

7 

19 

8 

36 

9 

27 

9 

29 

E.   y2>  south  line 


Cen.  and  SE.  pts 

NE.  14  SE.  14  SE.  14. 
SE.  14  SW.  14  SW.  i/4 


NE.    1 

e.  y2 
e.  y2 


NE. 


Platteville 

Galena 

Galena 

Galena j 

Galena ' 

Galena 

Galena 

Galena 

Platteville j 

Platteville..  . 


Platteville. 


N.  y2    Platteville. 


SE.  %  SE.  14  SE.  14 
SE.  14  NW.  14 


Galena.. . . 

Platteville. 

NE.   ^4   IGalena.... 

E.  %  NW.  1/4 Galena.... 

Center    Galena. .  .  . 

NE.   %   ! Galena.... 


Feet 


50 

40: 

50 


42 

50 

5- 

22 
5 

32 


30 

40 
18 


30: 


Feet 

5— 
10— 
10— 

5— 
Small 
Small 
10— 
Creek 

7— 


10- 


Rather 

heavy 

Small 

5— 

5— 

10— 

Small 

5— 


STEPHENSON  COUNTY 


181 


along  roads  or  creeks  in  Stephenson  Count y 


Location  of  exposure 


Supply  available 

with  overburden 

indicated 


Distance  to 
railroad 


Remarks 


Large  hill 

Bluff  of  creek 

Large  hill 

Large  hill 

Railroad  cut 

Bluff  Pecatonica  River 

Bluff  of  creek 

Creek  bluff 

Bluff,  Rock  Run 

Bluff,  Rock  Run 

Creek  bluff 

Big  hill 

Bluff,  Rock  Run 

Large  hills 

Large  hills 

Hills 

In  road 


Ample  local 

Large 

Immense . . . 
Ample  local 

Local 

Very  large .  . 
Very  large. , 

Local 

Large 

Local 


Ample  local 


Ample  local 


Miles 

2  Northwest. . 

%  East 

%  East 

1%  Southwest, 
0 


2%  East 

2  East 

2%  West.... 
%  Southeast, 
0 


Ample  local 1  Northwest.  . 

Ample  local 2*4  Northeast, 

Large 3  Southwest.  . 

Large 6  West 

Large h1/^  Southeast, 

Local 4%  Southeast, 


Road  cut 


Road  cut 
Road  cut 


Railroad  cut  and 

road 
Rock  largely  below 

railroad  level; 

poorly  situated 


Road  cut 


In  road 
In  road 
In  road 


182  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

WHITESIDE   COUNTY 

DESCRIPTION   OF   FORMATIONS 

Most  of  Whiteside  County  (fig.  6,  p.  94)  is  drift  covered  and  rock  ex- 
posures are  therefore  confined  largely  to  stream  valleys.  The  geologic  for- 
mations which  outcrop  in  the  county  and  are  usable  as  road  metal  are  the 
Niagaran  and  Galena-Platteville  dolomites. 

The  Galena-Platteville  formation  is  confined  to  the  northeast  corner 
of  the  county  where  limited  exposures  occur  on  Buffalo  Creek  near  Stan- 
fordsville,  and  near  the  county  line  or  just  across  it  on  Elkhorn  Creek. 

The  Niagaran  dolomite  is  the  most  widespread  bed-rock  of  the  county, 
underlying  the  glacial  drift  and  loess  for  about  five-sixths  of  the  total  area. 
It  is  commonly  a  buff,  gray  or  white  dolomite,  locally  crystalline,  or  porous 
and  is  generally  cavernous.  On  extreme  weathering  the  dolomite  changes 
to  a  rust-yellow  and  becomes  very  porous  and  crumbly. 

The  most  extensive  exposures  of  the  Niagaran  dolomite  occur  in  the 
bluffs  in  the  W.  y2  of  T.  22  \\,  R.  4  E.,  between  Cat  Tail  Slough  and  the 
north  county  line.  In  sees.  19  and  20  the  bluff  is  low  and,  particularly  in 
sec.  20,  is  composed  largely  of  sand.  In  the  NW.  y^  of  sec.  19  (L  No.  10), 
however,  there  are  several  partly  disconnected  rock  noses  about  20  to  30 
feet  high  with  little  or  no  overburden.  The  cut-off  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railway  is  about  1500  feet  to  the  west.  This  site 
might  possibly  be  developed  into  a  shipping  quarry  if  a  little  care  is  exer- 
cised in  locating  the  quarry  so  as  to  take  advantage  of  the  largest  of  the 
rock  noses  with  a  minimum  of  overburden. 

In  sec.  18,  T.  22  N.,  R.  4  E.,  the  bluff  is  low  and  broken  by  many  ra- 
vines and  valleys.  In  places  20  to  30  feet  of  dolomite  are  exposed,  but 
the  overburden  composed  of  very  fine  sand  is  heavy,  probably  30  feet  or 
more. 

In  sec.  8,  T.  22  N.,  R.  4  E.  the  character  of  the  bluff  changes  and  par- 
ticularly in  the  S.  y2  of  the  section  a  shear  face  of  rock  GO  to  80  feet  high 
is  exposed.  At  the  top  of  the  bluff  there  is  a  limited  area  25  to  50  feet  wide 
where  the  overburden  is  not  great,  but  farther  back  from  the  edge  of  the 
bluff  the  thickness  of  the  overburden  increases  to  50  feet  or  more  and  prob- 
ably prohibits  profitable  quarrying.  There  is  probably  also  very  little  chance 
to  deepen  a  quarry  at  this  site  because  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Maquoketa 
shale  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  bluff.  The  Maquoketa  formation  is  not 
exposed,  but  the  character  of  the  topography  and  a  persistent  zone  where 
springs  are  common  suggest  its  presence.  The  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and 
St.  Paul  Railway  about  iiy2  miles  to  the  west  across  the  valley  flat  is  the 
nearest  railroad. 

In  sec.  5,  T.  22  N.,  R.  4  E.  the  bluff  and  conditions  of  overburden,  rock 
and  transportation  are  about  the  same  as  those  in  sec.  8,  except  that  the 


WHITESIDE  COUNTY  183 

bluff  is  more  dissected  by  streams  and  presents  a  broken  profile  which 
gradually  lowers  to  the  north. 

Another  extensive  exposure  of  the  Niagaran  dolomite  occurs  in  four 
abandoned  quarries,  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  town  of  Fulton  and  in 
a  badly  slumped  bluff  just  north  of  the  town  in  the  SW.  y±  sec.  21,  T.  22 
N.,  R.  3  E.  along  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway.  The 
quarries  have  faces  of  rock  varying  from  25  to  40  feet  in  height  but  have 
apparently  been  abandoned  because  of  an  excessive  amount  of  overburden. 
The  overburden  consists  of  very  fine  sand  intermixed  with  some  clayey 
material  and  varies  from  20  to  30  feet  in  thickness  as  exposed  in  the  quar- 
ries, but  rises  rapidly  back  from  the  quarry  faces  to  a  thickness  of  35  to  60 
feet. 

The  bluff  along  the  railroad  shows  40  to  70  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite 
in  places,  but  like  the  quarries  has  a  heavy  capping  of  overburden  which 
rises  above  the  rock  without  marked  interruption  of  slope. 

None  of  the  quarries  is  over  700  feet  from  the  railroad  and  the  bluffs 
mentioned  occur  along  the  railroad  cut.  Transportation  is  easy  to  obtain, 
therefore.  There  is  sufficient  rock  to  make  a  good  quarry  face,  but  the 
heavy  overburden  rather  condemns  this  site  for  development  of  large 
quarries. 

Other  outcrops  of  Niagaran  dolomite  which  were  observed  in  Whiteside 
County  are  as  follows  : 

1.  On  the  northeast  outskirts  of  Albany  and  also  about  a  mile  east  of 
the  town,  is  an  exposure  of  10  to  20  feet  of  badly  weathered  dolomite  over- 
lain by  heavy  overburden. 

2.  An  abandoned  quarry  north  of  Morrison  at  the  center  of  the  south 
line  of  sec.  6,  T.  21  N.,  R.  3  E.  exposes  10  to  20  feet  of  badly  weathered 
dolomite  with  heavy  overburden. 

3.  In  the  west  valley  slope  of  the  Cat  Tail  Creek  abandoned  quarries 
and  small  outcrops  occur  in  the  W.  ]/2  sec.  36,  T.  22  N.,  R.  3  E. ;  in  the 
N.  y2  and  W.  y2  sec.  12,  and  in  the  NW.  yA  sec.  18,  T.  21  N.,  R.  3  E. 

4.  In  the  S.  y2  sec.  11  and  W.  y>  sec  14,  T.  22  N.,  R.  4  E.  and  on  the 
east  edge  of  Sterling  along  the  north  side  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
Railway  tracks,  outcrops  may  be  found. 

5.  One  exposure  of  limestone,  probably  of  Maquoketa  age  occurs  just 
west  of  the  center  of  the  north  line  sec.  21,  T.  20  N.,  R.  3  E.,  where  6  feet 
of  thin-bedded  limestone  capped  with  about  25  feet  of  sand  and  loess  are 
exposed. 

SHIPPING  QUARRIES 

There  are  no  shipping  quarries  in  Whiteside  County. 


184 


R.9E. 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 
R.  10  E. 


LEGEND 

Shipping  quarry 
Shipping  quarry  site 
Local  quarry 
Local  quarry  sampled 
Other  sites  sampled 


Scale  of  miles 


Fig.  35.    Map  of  Will  and  Kankakee  counties  showing  location  of  quarries  and 

quarry  sites. 


WILL  COUNTY  185 

SHIPPING    QUARRY   SITES 

The  best  location  for  a  shipping  quarry  would  probably  be  in  the  Missis- 
sippi River  bluff  north  of  Fulton.  The  rock  available  is  the  Niagaran 
dolomite.  In  most  places  the  overburden  is  rather  heavy  and  consists  of 
glacial  drift  and  loess.  Transportation  may  be  secured  by  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  and  Ouincy  and  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  railways 
located  in  the  flood  plain  of  the  river  about  two  miles  to  the  west.  A  de- 
tailed study  of  the  bluff  area  may  reveal  places  where  the  overburden  is 
comparatively  thin  and  where  shipping  quarry  sites  might  be  located.  The 
distance  of  the  bluff  from  the  railroads  and  the  heavy  overburden  are  per- 
haps the  most  inhibitive  factors  to  commercial  quarrying. 

LOCAL  SUPPLIES   OF   STONE 

The  Mississippi  River  bluff  and  other  localities  previously  mentioned 
will  furnish  ample  supplies  of  stone  for  local  use. 

WILL   COUNTY 

Limestone  suitable  for  road  material  underlies  almost  the  entire  extent 
of  Will  County  (fig.  35)  except  the  southwest  corner,  where  Pennsylvanian 
shales  and  sandstones  and  Maquoketa  shales  and  shaly  limestones  comprise 
the  bed  rock. 

The  limestone  is  of  Silurian  age  and  is  mainly  Niagaran,  though  the 
lower  beds  probably  belong  to  the  Alexandrian  series.  The  character  of  the 
stone  varies  somewhat  both  vertically  and  horizontally,  but  in  general  the 
Niagaran  is  a  buff  to  gray,  compact,  slightly  porous,  hard  and  brittle  dolo- 
mite. The  upper  beds  are  thin-bedded  and  somewhat  cherty,  while  the 
lower  beds  are  more  massive  and  are  usually  free  from  chert. 

Over  much  of  Will  County,  especially  in  the  eastern  and  northeastern 
parts  the  bed  rock  is  buried  under  such  a  great  thickness  of  drift  as  to  make 
the  limestone  unavailable,  but  in  the  western  part  of  the  county  where  the 
streams  have  removed  much  of  the  overlying  drift,  rock  outcrops  are  numer- 
ous. 

Eight  quarries  in  the  county  have  shipping  facilities  and  all  of  them 
are  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Joliet.  Four  of  the  quarries  produce  crushed 
stone  for  road  material  and  aggregate,  one  produces  only  building  stone, 
another  rubble  and  riprap,  and  two  are  idle. 

SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

L  No.  113 
National  Stone  Company 
The  property  of  the  National  Stone  Company  embraces  about  30  acres 
located  about  one  mile  south  of  Joliet,  in  the  NE.  ^4  SE.  Y\  sec.  21,  T.  35 
N.,  R.  10  E.,  and  contains  the  largest  quarry  in  Will  County.     The  pro- 
duction varies  from  1,200  to  1,500  tons  of  crushed  stone  dailv. 


186  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  quarry,  roughly  oval  in  outline,  is  located  on  almost  level  ground 
and  is  worked  as  a  pit.  Its  longest  diameter  is  about  600  feet  and  the 
shortest  about  450  feet.  The  main  quarry  face  is  about  40  feet  high,  but 
another  face  about  45  feet  high  has  been  developed  in  the  center  of  the 
quarry  by  deepening. 

About  90  feet  of  rock  is  exposed  in  the  quarry.  The  rock  is  reported 
to  be  about  120  feet  thick.     A  section  is  as  follows : 

Thickness 
Feet 
2.     Dolomite,  thin-bedded,  fine-grained,  somewhat  porous,  buff  to  white,  in 

layers  1  to  14  inches,  containing  thin  nodules  and  layers  of  chert. .        43 
1.     Dolomite,   compact,  blue-gray,  beds  18   inches  or   more   in  thickness, 

and  free  from  chert 45 

The  overburden  consists  mainly  of  black  and  brown  loam  having  an 
average  thickness  of  about  2J/2  feet.  The  overburden  is  scraped  back  from 
the  face  into  piles.  The  quarry  water  is  taken  care  of  by  an  8-inch  centri- 
fugal pump. 

In  quarrying,  6-inch  holes  are  put  down  with  churn  drills  to  the  full 
depth  of  the  face.  The  holes  are  spaced  about  8  feet  apart  and  are  loaded 
with  40  per  cent  dynamite.  The  broken  rock  is  loaded  into  4-yard  cars  by 
means  of  a  Bucyrus  70-ton  and  a  Marion  50-ton  steam  shovel.  The  loaded 
cars,  eight  to  a  train,  are  pulled  to  the  tipple  by  locomotives ;  here  a  cable 
is  attached,  and  the  cars  are  drawn  up  to  the  crushers  and  automatically 
dumped. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  four  Worthington  gyratory  crush- 
ers, Nos.  5,  6,  8,  and  17.  Worthington  screens  are  used  to  separate  the 
crushed  rock  into  different  sizes.     Any  size  up  to  5  inches  can  be  produced. 

Storage  room  is  afforded  by  bins  having  a  total  capacity  of  eight  car- 
loads, or  about  400  tons,  and  by  ground  space  in  the  yard.  A  crane  with 
a  clamshell  bucket  is  used  in  loading  from  the  storage  piles  for  shipment. 

The  product  is  used  for  railroad  ballast,  aggregate,  road  material,  and 
agricultural  limestone. 

Transportation  is  provided  by  a  switch  to  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Rail- 
road. 

L  No.  135 
Joliet  Penitentiary 

The  quarry  of  the  Joliet  Penitentiary  is  located  in  a  bench  of  the  Des 
Plaines  River  bluff,  in  the  SW.  y4  NE.  l/A  sec.  3,  T.  35  N.,  R.  10  E.  Sixty 
acres  of  rock  is  held  in  reserve,  but  the  change  in  location  of  the  Peniten- 
tiary from  the  present  site  to  the  other  side  of  the  river  may  cause  abandon- 
ment of  the  present  site. 

The  quarry  is  a  roughly  triangular  pit,  the  longest  side  about  1,000 
feet  in  length,  and  the  shorter  sides  about  500  and  700  feet,  respectively. 


WILL  COUNTY  187 

The  38  feet  of  rock  exposed  is  thin-bedded,  fine-grained,  buff  to  gray 
dolomite,  with  thin  layers  and  nodules  of  chert.  The  total  thickness  of  the 
rock  is  probably  more  than  100  feet.  The  overburden  consists  of  black 
loam  and  averages  about  2  feet  in  thickness.  Quarry  water  is  removed  by 
a  centrifugal  pump. 

The  plant  has  a  daily  capacity  of  750  yards,  but  the  average  production 
is  about  150  yards. 

A  38-foot  face  of  rock  is  worked.  The  blast  holes  are  drilled  with  an 
8-inch  churn  drill  and  sprung  with  40  per  cent  dynamite. 

The  broken  rock  is  hand  loaded  into  1^-ton  or  3-ton  cars  and  pushed 
to  the  tipple  where  the  cars  are  drawn  up  by  cable  and  the  rock  automatical- 
ly dumped  into  the  crushers.  Four  Austin  gyratory  crushers,  Nos.  3J/2,  5, 
7^2,  and  10,  reduce  the  stone  to  the  sizes  desired.  Three  sizes  are  obtained 
from  dust  to  V§  inch,  ^  to  Y\  inch,  and  Y\-  to  2-inches.  Of  these  sizes, 
the  ^-inch  material  makes  up  about  18  per  cent  of  the  original  rock,  the 
% -inch  material  about  32  per  cent,  and  the  2-inch  stone  makes  up  the  re- 
mainder. Two  screens,  2>y2  by  15  feet,  and  one  5  by  15  feet,  are  employed 
in  separating  the  stone  into  the  different  sizes. 

The  product  is  used  mainly  for  aggregate  and  road  material.  The 
aggregate  is  used  largely  at  other  State  institutions,  and  road  material 
by  townships  in  the  vicinity. 

Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern  Railway. 

L  No.  Ill 
Markgraf  Stone  Company 

The  quarry  of  the  Markgraf  Stone  Company  is  located  in  the  SE.  J4 
SE.  y^  sec.  17,  T.  35  N.,  R.  10  E.,  west  of  Des  Plaines  River  and  near  the 
outskirts  of  Joliet.  Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island 
and  Pacific  Railway. 

At  the  present  stage  of  development,  the  quarry  is  a  pit  nearly  square 
in  outline  and  about  two  acres  in  extent.  The  height  of  the  quarry  face 
is  about  45  feet.  Drainage  is  provided  by  means  of  a  6-inch  centrifugal 
pump.  The  overburden  consists  of  only  about  9  inches  of  black  loam  which 
is  removed  by  hand  loading  into  trucks. 

The  upper  35  feet  of  rock  exposed  in  the  quarry  is  a  fine-grained,  some- 
what porous,  thin-bedded  and  slightly  cherty,  buff  to  gray  dolomite.  Thin 
partings  of  shale  separate  the  beds  in  places.  The  lower  8  feet  of  rock  is 
somewhat  coarser-grained,  lacks  the  shale  partings,  and  consists  of  thicker 
beds.  Three  samples  for  testing  were  taken  here,  111A  and  11  IB  from  the 
upper  35  feet  and  111C  from  the  lower  8  feet. 

The  rock  is  quarried  in  10-foot  benches.  Ingersoll  Rand  air  drills  are 
used  to  make  the  blast  holes  which  are  shot  with  40  per  cent  dynamite. 


188  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovels  into  2-yard  quarry  cars 
which  are  pulled  to  the  tipple  by  a  locomotive.  They  are  elevated  to  the 
crushers  by  a  friction  hoist  and  automatically  dumped. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  two  gyratory  crushers,  a  No.  8  and 
a  No.  3  Telsmith.  A  McCully  rotary  screen  48  inches  in  diameter  and  20 
feet  long  is  used  to  sort  the  rock  into  the  desirable  sizes. 

Storage  is  provided  by  bins  holding  400  yards  and  by  a  storage  yard. 
The  capacity  of  the  plant  is  800  tons  daily.  The  daily  production  is  about 
500  tons  and  the  yearly  production  about  125,000  tons.  The  crushed  stone 
is  used  for  railroad  ballast,  road  material,  and  aggregate. 

L  No.  112 
Lincoln  Crushed  Stone  Company 

The  property  of  the  Lincoln  Crushed  Stone  Company  includes  about 
19  acres  in  the  SW.  ]/A  SE.  ]/A  sec.  20,  T.  35  N.,  R.  10  E.,  about  one  mile 
south  of  Joliet.  The  quarry  is  located  in  the  side  of  a  low  hill  and  covers 
about  10  acres. 

The  rock  is  a  finely  crystalline,  buff  to  gray  dolomite.  It  occurs  in 
thin  layers  1  to  J  3  inches  thick,  which  are  not  uncommonly  separated  by 
thin  partings  of  clay.  Chert  is  found  as  thin  layers  and  nodules.  The 
overburden,  a  black  and  brown  loam  about  1J^  feet  thick,  is  removed  by 
scrapers,  steam  shovel  and  auto  trucks. 

In  quarrying,  a  40-foot  face  is  worked.  Blast  holes  are  made  with  a 
well  drill  and  40  per  cent  dynamite  is  used  in  shooting  down  the  rock.  Air 
jack-hammers  are  used  to  drill  the  holes  for  the  smaller  shots. 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovels  into  3^-yard  cars  which 
are  pulled  to  the  tipple  by  locomotives  and  up  the  tipple  by  cable  where  they 
are  automatically  dumped  into  the  crusher. 

Four  gyratory  crushers,  a  No.  18  and  No.  8  Allis-Chalmers,  a  No.  5 
Gates  and  a  No.  3  Allis-Chalmers  are  used  in  crushing  the  rock  and  two 
60-inch  Allis-Chalmers  cylindrical  screens  are  employed  in  separating  it 
into  the  desired  sizes. 

Storage  space  is  provided  by  bins  having  a  total  capacity  of  about  600 
yards.  The  daily  production  is  about  1800  tons,  and  the  capacity  of  the 
plant  about  2500  tons.  The  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad  provides  trans- 
portation. 

The  rock  is  sold  for  railroad  ballast,  aggregate,  road  and  agricultural 
limestone. 

L  No.  112  B 
Inland  Crushed  Stone  Company 

The  property  of  the  Inland  Crushed  Stone  Company  includes  20  acres 
to  the  west  of  the  property  of  the  Lincoln  Crushed  Stone  Company.     The 


WILL  COUNTY  189 

quarry  recently  purchased  by  the  present  company  from  the  Ideal  Stone 
Company  was  not  in  operation  at  the  time  of  this  investigation.  It  is  re- 
ported, however,  that  the  quarry  will  be  reopened  after  the  necessary  re- 
pairs and  improvements  have  been  made. 

The  quarry  is  worked  as  a  rectangular  pit,  700  feet  long  and  250  feet 
wide.  Quarry  practice  and  the  method  of  handling  the  rock  are  practically 
the  same  as  those  employed  at  the  Lincoln  Crushed  Stone  Company  (L  No. 
112).  The  crushers  are  four  in  number — Gates  Nos.  8,  5,  4,  and  3.  One 
4-  by  24-foot  screen  is  used  to  size  the  stone. 

L  No.  110 
IV  est  em  Stone  Company 

The  property  of  the  Western  Stone  Company  includes  about  100  acres 
in  the  NW.  y4  SE.  ]/A  sec.  15,  T.  35  N.,  R.  10  E.  at  the  southeast  edge  of 
Joliet. 

The  quarry  has  not  been  in  operation  since  1913,  but  the  equipment  and 
plant  buildings  appear  to  be  intact.  When  in  operation  transportation  was 
furnished  by  the  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern,  Michigan  Central,  and  Chicago 
and  Alton  railroads. 

The  quarry  which  was  worked  as  a  pit,  is  roughly  rectangular  in  out- 
line, about  2,500  feet  long  and  800  feet  wide,  and  has  a  face  about  25  feet 
high.  Most  of  the  rock  quarried  for  crushed  stone  has  been  obtained  from 
an  area  about  1,000  feet  long  and  600  feet  wide  with  a  face  about  45  feet 
high.  Only  about  25  feet  is  now  exposed,  however,  for  the  deeper  portions 
of  the  quarry  are  filled  with  water. 

The  rock  is  fine-grained,  somewhat  porous,  white  dolomite.  The  beds 
are  thin  and  range  in  thickness  from  3  to  10  inches.  Thin  partings  of  a 
greenish  clay  separate  the  different  beds,  and  chert  in  thin  layers  and  nodules 
is  present  but  is  not  abundant.  The  rock  is  reported  to  become 
massive  with  increasing  depth  and  the  green  clay  partings  are  said  to  be 
lacking  in  the  lower  portion.  Pyrite  is  common  along  the  joint  planes. 
The  overburden,  a  gray  or  brown  till,  averages  about  3  feet  in  thickness. 

The  face  was  worked  in  benches  20  feet  high.  Both  well  and  tripod 
drills  were  used  to  drill  the  blast  holes  and  40  and  60  per  cent  dynamite  was 
used  in  blasting. 

The  broken  rock  was  loaded  by  steam  shovels  into  4-yard  cars,  which 
were  hauled  to  the  tipple  by  a  locomotive.  Three  Gates  gyratory  crushers, 
Nos  5,  7J4,  and  12,  were  used  for  crushing  and  a  set  of  rolls  for  pulverizing. 
Two  sets  of  screens  separated  the  crushed  rock  into  sizes  up  to  three  inches. 

The  product  was  used  mainly  for  railroad  ballast,  aggregate,  and  road 
material,  but  some  rock  for  dimension  stone,  riprap,  and  rubble  was  also 
obtained. 


190  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L  No.  114 

Gross  and  McCowan  Lumber  Company 

(Formerly  the  Commercial  Stone  Company) 

The  quarry  of  the  Gross  and  McCowan  Lumber  Company  is  located 

on  the  side  of  a  gently  sloping  hill  in  the  SW.  %  NE.  ]/A  sec.  33,  T.  36  N., 

R.  10  E.  about  two  miles  north  of  Joliet. 

The  quarry  is  about  450  feet  long,  300  feet  wide,  and  35  feet  deep.     It 
is  worked  in  four  8-foot  benches.     A  derrick  is  used  to  load  the  stone  into 
railroad  cars  and  trucks.     The  overburden  varies  from  6  to  11  feet,  and  is 
composed  of  sandy  gravel  containing  numerous  limestone  cobbles. 
A  section  of  the  rock  making  up  the  quarry  is  as  follows : 

Thickness 
Feet 

2.     Dolomite,  cherty,  badly  weathered,  buff-colored,  fine-grained 8 

1.     Dolomite,  compact,  finely  crystalline,  gray,  in  beds  3  to   30  inches; 

pyrite  common  along  joint  planes 27 

The  entire  output  of  the  quarry  is  used  for  building  stone,  rubble,  and  riprap. 

L  No.  109 

Swan,  Medin  and  Company 

The  quarry  of  Swan,   Medin  and  Company  is  located  in  the  SE.   *4 

sec.  15,  T.  35  N.,  R.  10  E.  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  southeast  of  Joliet. 

It  is  operated  only  when  there  is  a  demand  for  building  stone.     There  are 

no  crushing  facilities. 

The  quarry  covers  about  eight  acres  and  only  the  upper  10  feet  of  rock 
is  being  worked.  The  stone  is  a  fine-grained,  finely  crystalline,  hard,  white 
dolomite  in  beds  6  to  30  inches  thick.  It  contains  very  minute  particles 
of  pyrite  and  therefore  changes  to  a  buff  color  after  exposure  to  the  weather 
for  a  time.  The  overburden  which  consists  of  clay  till  with  numerous 
dolomite  boulders  is  from  6  to  12  feet  thick,  but  averages  about  8  feet. 
Transportation  is  provided  by  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad. 

POSSIBLE  SITES   FOR  ADDITIONAL   SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

As  a  general  statement,  it  may  be  said  that  all  the  best  sites  in  the  county 
are  already  occupied  by  shipping  quarries  and  any  additional  ones  would 
have  to  be  located  in  the  same  general  vicinity  as  are  the  present  quarries. 
Unless  the  demand  for  crushed  rock  will  be  greater  than  can  be  supplied 
by  existing  quarries,  new  quarries  would  be  at  a  disadvantage. 

L  No.  130 
Probably  the  best  site  for  a  new  quarry  would  be  in  the  vicinity  of 
Drummond  in  the  SE.  ]/A  SE.  yA  sec.  22,  T.  34  N.,  R.  9  E.     At  this  local- 
ity there  is  a  flat  of  at  least  100  acres  with  less  than  a  few  feet  of  over- 
burden, or  about  300  acres  with  probably  less  than  5  feet. 


WILL  COUNTY  191 

As  both  the  Santa  Fe  and  the  Chicago  and  Alton  railroads  run  through 
Drummond  station,  at  the  west  edge  of  the  flat,  transportation  facilities  may 
readily  be  obtained. 

The  rock  as  exposed  in  an  abandoned  quarry  is  a  thin-bedded,  finely 
crystalline,  and  somewhat  porous  dolomite.  Films  of  green  clay  separate 
the  different  beds,  and  chert  is  present  as  thin  layers  and  nodules.  The 
rock  may  be  expected  to  be  massive  at  greater  depths.  Though  a  thick- 
ness of  only  24  feet  was  worked  in  the  old  quarry,  it  is  reported  that  the 
rock  probably  continues  downward  for  more  than  100  feet. 

The  amount  of  water  that  would  have  to  be  handled  as  well  as  the 
suitability  of  rock  as  road  material  is  probably  similar  to  that  of  the  Joliet 
quarries. 

LOCAL    QUARRIES 

Several  outcrops  in  the  county  are  used  as  a  source  of  stone  for  local 
use.     This  is  especially  true  in  the  regions  that  lack  good  railroad  facilities. 

L  No.  122 
Along  the  banks  of  Jackson  Creek  in  the  SE.   ]/^  NE.  J4   sec-  14,  T. 
34  N.,  R.  10  E.,  there  are  about  50  acres  of  land  underlain  by  limestone  with 
less  than  5  feet  of  overburden. 

The  nearest  railroad,  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  Gary  is  about  one 
mile  northeast  of  the  deposit,  and  the  Chicago  and  Alton  lies  about  3  miles 
west.     The  intervening  surface  is  level  or  only  slightly  undulating. 

The  exposed  rock  is  of  Niagaran  age,  and  is  essentially  a  thin-bedded, 
finely  crystalline  and  somewhat  porous,  buff  dolomite.     Chert  layers   and 
nodules  are  present  locally.     In  places,  layers  of  coarsely  crystalline,  pink 
dolomite  are  found  interbedded  with  the  buff  fine-grained  rock. 
A  section  of  the  exposed  rock  is  as  follows : 

Thickness 
Feet     Inches 
3.     Dolomite,  fine-grained,  buff  in  beds  Y2  to  3  inches  thick.     Local 

thin  layers  or  nodules  of  chert 9  2 

2.     Dolomite,  coarsely  crystalline,  in  beds  3  to  8  inches  thick.     Pink 

in  color,  with  streaks  of  green 4  4 

1.     Dolomite,  fine-grained,  buff  like  No.  3 3  2 

Total    16  8 

Though  only  about  17  feet  of  rock  is  exposed,  wells  drilled  in  the  vicinity 
show  the  rock  to  be  over  70  feet  thick. 

In  years  past  stone  for  road  material  was  quarried  here  by  Jackson 
Township.  A  thickness  of  about  10  feet  was  quarried  along  a  300-foot 
strip.  The  quarry  has  been  idle  for  two  years  but  the  crushing  machinery, 
a  Fort  Wayne  crusher  (jaw  4  by  18  inches)  and  a  small  rotary  screen  with 
a  bin  are  still  in  place. 


192  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L  No.   126 

Rock  for  use  in  local  roads  has  been  quarried  in  the  bluff  of  Kankakee 
River  in  the  center  of  sec.  26,  T.  32  N.,  R.  10  E.,  by  Wesley  Township. 
Along  the  bluff  an  area  of  about  10  acres  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet 
of  overburden. 

A  thickness  of  about  11  feet  of  rock  is  exposed.  The  rock  is  medium- 
grained,  crystalline  dolomite;  the  upper  5J^  feet  consists  of  beds  1  to  4 
inches  thick,  and  white  in  color,  while  the  lower  5l/2  feet  consists  of  beds 
ranging  from  6  to  10  inches  in  thickness  and  have  a  faintly  pink  color.  They 
are  probably  of  early  Silurian  age.  Both  beds  were  sampled  but  the  lower 
hy2  feet,  (Sample  126  B)  was  the  only  one  tested. 

The  plant  was  not  in  operation  at  the  time  of  visit  but  contains  an  Aus- 
tin No.  3  crusher  and  a  24-inch  cylindrical  screen. 

L  No.  125 

A  small  quarry  is  operated  by  Wilton  Township  in  the  SE.  cor.  sec. 
20,  T.  33  N.,  R.  11  E.,  to  provide  crushed  rock  for  use  on  local  roads.  The 
quarry  is  situated  in  the  flood  plain  of  a  creek  and  was  filled  with  water  at 
the  time  of  investigation.  No  good  exposure  of  stone  was  observed  but 
the  rock  appears  to  be  a  hard,  finely  crystalline,  gray  dolomite.  Probably 
about  5  acres  is  available  with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden. 

A  No.  3  Austin  crusher,  and  a  24-inch  screen  are  used  to  crush  the 
stone. 

L  No.  117 

A  small  quarry  is  operated  in  the  banks  of  the  creek  in  the  NE.  ]/^  sec. 
31,  T.  33  N.,  R.  10  E.  (fig.  36).  A  thickness  of  about  10  feet  of  rock,  is 
exposed  and  an  area  of  about  3  acres  is  available  with  less  than  8  feet  of 
overburden.  The  rock  is  a  compact  gray  limestone  in  beds  ranging  in 
thickness  from  2  to  6  inches.  Thin  films  of  blue  clay  separate  the  beds  and 
streak  the  fresh  surface.  Sample  L  117 A  was  taken  from  the  upper  beds 
and  L  117B  from  the  lower. 

An  Austin  No.  3  crusher  and  a  24-inch  rotary  screen  make  up  the 
crushing  plant. 

OTHER  LOCALITIES   WHERE   STONE  FOR   LOCAL  USE   MAY   BE  OBTAINED 

The  following  localities  in  no  way  exhaust  the  list  of  limestone  outcrops 
but  serve  mainly  to  show  their  general  character. 

L  Nos.  132,  133,  and  134 

Desplaines  River  bluff 

Along  the  east  side  of  Desplaines  River   from  the  north  line  of  the 

county  southward  to  within  about  \l/2  miles  of  Joliet,  there  is  a  pronounced 

bluff,  broken  at  intervals  by  small  creek  valleys.     The  bluff  has  a  steep  or 


WILL  COUNTY 


193 


moderately  steep  face  for  a  height  of  approximately  75  feet,  but  above  this 
height  the  slope  becomes  gentle.  Southward  from  Lockport  the  bluff  shows 
a  distinct  bench  150  to  200  feet  wide  which  appears  to  mark  the  top  of  the 
rock  in  this  area.  Rock  ranging  in  thickness  from  17  to  35  feet  is  exposed 
almost  continuously  along  the   foot  of   the  bluff.     The  upper  part  of   the 


Pig.  36.    Edgewood    limestone  as   exposed   at   L-117 
near  Wilmington.    (See  fig.  35.) 

bluff  consists  of  clay  till  which  reaches  a  thickness  of  50  feet  or  more.  As 
a  result  only  a  narrow  strip  of  rock  along  the  foot  of  the  bluff  is  available 
without  overburden  prohibitive  of  profitable  quarrying. 

Though  transportation  might  be  obtained  over  the  Chicago  and  Alton 
Railroad  which  runs  along  the  foot  of  the  bluff  the  limited  amount  of  rock 


194 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


available  at  any  one  place  discourages  large-scale  quarrying.  In  the  vicinity 
of  Lockport  and  southward,  where  most  of  the  overburden  has  been  re- 
moved for  a  distance  of  from  150  to  200  feet  back  from  the  edge  of  the 
bluff,  the  presence  of  a  State  road  and  numerous  houses  probably  place  the 
cost  of  the  land  beyond  the  limits  generally  allowed  for  quarry  sites. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  river  the  bluff  is  not  so  pronounced  as  on  the 
east  and  the  rock  is  generally  obscured.  There  are  a  few  outcrops  which 
might  be  quarried  but  the  absence  of  transportation  facilities  makes  the  use 
of  the  rock  unprofitable  except  for  local  purposes. 


Fig.  37.    The  waste  heap  along  the  Desplaines  drainage  canal  near  Lockport. 


Spoil  banks  along  Desplaines  River 

Large  quantities  of  rock  were  excavated  from  Desplaines  River  when 
it  was  deepened  to  serve  as  a  drainage  canal  for  the  Chicago  district.  This 
rock  is  now  piled  along  the  banks  and  where  accessible  can  be  used  for  road 
material  if  so  desired  (rig.  37). 

The  spoil  banks  begin  about  half  a  mile  north  of  the  bridge  at  Lock- 
port  and  extend  on  both  sides  of  the  river  as  far  north  as  Romeo.  From 
Romeo  to  the  county  line  the  bank  is  found  only  on  the  west  side.  It  is 
about  3  miles  long,  about  175  feet  wide  at  its  base,  and  about  65  feet  high. 

The  rock  is  of  Niagaran  age  and  similar  to  that  found  in  the  quarries 
around  Joliet. 


WILL  COUNTY  195 

SE.  cor.  sec.  2,  T.  36  N .,  R.  9  E. 

About  IT  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite  outcrops  along  the  east  bluff  of 
Lilly  Cache  Creek  in  this  region.  About  5  acres  with  less  than  10  feet  of 
overburden  are  available.  The  deposit  is  2~j/2  miles  north  of  the  Elgin, 
Joliet.  and  Eastern  Railway. 

Other  outcrops  somewhat  similar  may  be  found  along  several  of  the 
creeks  in  this  vicinity. 

NW.  yA  sec.  15,  T.  33  N.,  R.  9  E. 

Along  Prairie  Creek  near  its  junction  with  Kankakee  River  in  SE.  *4 
NW.  Y\  sec.  15,  T.  33  N.,  R.  9  E.,  there  is  an  exposure  of  11  feet  of  com- 
pact gray  limestone  of  lower  Silurian  age.  The  rock  is  a  hard,  gray,  mod- 
erately coarse-grained,  dense,  brittle  limestone.  Probably  about  5  acres  is 
available  with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden. 

L  No.  123 

Eighteen  feet  of  Niagaran  dolomite  is  exposed  in  the  SW.  Y<\  NW.  ^4 
sec.  13,  T.  34  N.,  R.  10  E.  About  20  acres  is  available  with  less  than  5 
feet  of  overburden.  The  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  Gary  Railroad  is  1  mile 
east  of  the  property  and  the  intervening  region  is  gently  rolling.  Though 
only  18  feet  of  rock  is  exposed,  it  probably  continues  in  depth  for  more 
than  100  feet. 

L  No.  119 

In  a  hillside  in  the  north-central  part  of  sec.  15,  T.  35  N.,  R.  9  E.,  about 
T  feet  of  thin-bedded,  compact,  buff  dolomite  is  exposed  in  an  old  abandoned 
quarry.  The  rock  is  of  Early  Silurian  age.  More  than  50  acres  with  less 
than  6  feet  of  overburden  is  available.  The  nearest  railroad,  the  Elgin, 
Joliet,  and  Eastern,  is  ?>]/2  miles  east  of  the  exposure.  Outcrops  similar 
in  character  may  be  found  along  Dupage  River  and  creeks  in  this  vicinity. 

Other  outcrops  which  may  furnish  local  supplies  of  road  material  are 
listed  in  Table  13. 


196 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Table  13. — List  of  local  outcrops  of  limestone  in  Will  County 


Town- 

Ref. No. 

Part  of  section 

Sec. 

ship 
North 

Range 
East 

Description   of   formation 

3E.  14SE.  14 

11 

37 

9 

10    feet    of    thin-bedded    dolo- 

mite 

sw.  14  sw.  14 .  .  . 

26 

37 

9 

4  feet  of  thin-bedded  dolomite 

SE.  1,4  SW.  1/4  ..  . 

10 

35 

9 

6  feet  of  thin-bedded  dolomite 

in  bank  of  DuPage  River 

SW.  cor 

NW.  cor 

NE.  14  SW.  &'. . . 

16 
21 
33 

35 

35 
35 

9 
9 
9 

4  feet  of  thin-bedded  dolomite 

4  feet  of  thin-bedded  dolomite 

8      feet      of      coarse-grained, 

coarsely     crystalline     lime- 

stone 

NW.  14  SW.  14  •  • 

15 

35 

11 

3  feet  of  thin-bedded  dolomite 
along  Hickory  creek 

SE.  14  NW.  14  .  .  . 

21 

34 

9 

5   feet  of  thin-bedded,  coarse, 

crystalline,   dark-gray   lime- 

stone 

LNo.  124.  .  . 

SE.  %  SW.  14  .  .  . 

10 

33 

11 

30  feet  of  coarse-  and  fine- 
grained, crystalline  dolo- 
mite along  Forked  Creek 

NW.  14  SW.  %  .  . , 

15 

32 

10 

10  feet  of  shaly  and  crystal- 
line,   thin-bedded,    dolomite 

Forked  Creek. 

WINNEBAGO   COUNTY 

The  bed  rock  of  Winnebago  County  (fig.  38)  consists  of  limestone  and 
dolomite,  but  it  is  buried  in  most  places  by  drift  of  such  thickness  as  to  make 
it  unavailable  for  use  as  road  material.  There  are  however,  several  locali- 
ties where  small  areas  of  rock  may  be  obtained  with  only  a  thin  covering  of 
drift.  Many  of  these  localities  are  within  reach  of  railroads  and  might 
serve  as  sites  for  shipping  quarries  should  there  be  sufficient  demand  for 
their  product.  Localities  which  are  distant  from  railroads  may  be  used  as 
a  source  of  local  supply. 

There  are  two  quarries  with  shipping  facilities  in  the  county  and  both 
of  these  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Rockford.  Rock  for  local  use  is  being  or  has 
been  quarried  at  several  places. 


WINNEBAGO  COUNTY 


197 


be 


198  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

L  No.  294 

Northern  Illinois  Supply  Company 
(Formerly  the  Carrico  Stone  Company) 
The  Carrico  quarry  is  located  in  a  hillside  in  the  SE.  %  NW.  Y\  SE.  % 
sec.  15,  T.  44  N.,  R.  1  E.     The  quarry  is  roughly  circular  in  outline,  has  a 
diameter  of  about  500  feet  and  a  50-foot  face. 

The  rock  quarried  is  of  Galena  age  and  its  character  is  shown  in  the 
following  section  and  in  figure  39  : 

Thickness 
Feet 
3.     Dolomite,  coarse-grained,  crystalline,  gray-buff;  in  beds  8  to  10  inches 

thick    25 

2.     Dolomite,    medium-grained,    crystalline,    blue-gray;    fossil    fragments 

common     1-5 

1.     Limestone,   fine-grained,   brittle,   gray,   in  beds   8   to   10   inches  thick. 

Chert  seams  common.     Possibly  upper  Platteville." 22 

The  overburden  is  of  clay  till  and  sand  ranging  in  thickness  from  5  to 
12  feet.     The  sand  is  sold  for  building  purposes. 

The  rock  is  quarried  in  9-foot  benches.  A  3^-inch  tripod  drill  and 
jack-hammers  are  used  for  drilling  the  blast  holes.  Blasting  is  done  with 
40  per  cent  dynamite. 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  into  2  yard  steel  quarry  cars  by  steam  shovel, 
is  pulled  to  the  incline  by  horses  and  up  the  incline  to  the  primary  crusher 
by  cable.  Two  crushers,  a  No.  6  and  a  No.  3  Austin  gyratory,  are  used 
in  crushing  the  rock  and  a  70-inch  rotary  screen  is  used  to  separate  it  into 
required  sizes.     Storage  is  provided  by  a  400-ton  bin. 

The  capacity  of  the  plant  is  about  350  tons.  The  daily  production  is 
about  200  tons,  and  the  yearly  production  about  60,000  tons. 

The  crushed  rock  is  used  as  road  material,  aggregate,  and  agricultural 
limestone.     Most  of  the  product  is  used  locally. 

The  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad  provides  transportation 
facilities. 

L  No.  295 

Northern  Illinois  Supply  Company 
(Formerly  the  Hart  and  Page  Stone  Company) 

The  Hart  and  Page  quarry  is  located  in  a  hillside  in  the  W.  y2  SW.  %. 
SE.  34  sec.  15,  T.  44  N.,  R.  1  E.  It  is  worked  as  a  pit,  has  a  circumference 
of  about  1,800  feet,  and  is  about  100  feet  deep.  The  overburden  is  black 
loam  and  averages  about  2  feet  in  thickness. 


WINNEBAGO  COUNTY 


199 


The  rock  is  Galena-Platteville  and  shows  the  following  section : 

Thickness 
Feet 
3.     Dolomite,    fine-   and    coarse-grained,   gray   to   buff,    in    beds    14    to    16 

inches     62 

2.     Dolomitic  limestone,   coarsely  crystalline,  blue-gray  in  beds   8   to   10 

inches    6 

1.     Dolomitic  limestone,  finely  crystalline,  buff-gray  in  beds  3  to  6  inches  9 

Water  level. 

When  the  quarry  was  visited,  operations  were  confined  to  working 
downward  such  parts  of  the  quarry  as  had  not  been  brought  to  the  lowest 
level  of  the  pit.     The  rock  is  quarried  in  9-foot  benches  and  the  broken 


Fig.  39.     Cherty  Galena  dolomite  in  the  quarry  of  the  Carrico  Stone  Company, 

Rcckford. 

rock  loaded  by  steam  shovel  into  3-yard  cars  which  are  drawn  up  an  incline 
and  dumped  into  a  No.  6  Gates  crusher. 

A  rotary  screen  separates  the  crushed  rock  into  desired  sizes.  The 
sizes  commonly  prepared  are  %-inch,  13/2-inch,  and  oversize  (larger  than 
1  ^2-inch),  produced  in  the  following  respective  proportions — 10,  20  and  70 
per  cent.  Storage  is  provided  by  a  bin  with  a  capacity  of  300  yards  and  by 
yard  space. 

The  product  is  used  as  road  material,  aggregate,  and  agricultural  lime- 
stone. Some  of  the  larger  fragments  are  burned  for  lime.  From  150  to 
200  yards  of  crushed  reck  is  produced  daily. 

Shipping  facilities  are  furnished  by  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St. 
Paul  Railroad  and  by  truck. 


200  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

POSSIBLE    SITES    FOR    SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

L  No.  278 

Forty-five  feet  of  rock  is  exposed  along  the  railroad  cut  in  the  SW.  J4 
NE.  yA  SW.  yA  sec.  27,  T.  45  N.,  R.  2  E.,  where  the  Chicago  and  North- 
western Railroad  crosses  a  small  creek  and  cuts  through  the  adjoining  hills. 
The  north  side  of  the  cut  reveals  stone  for  a  distance  of  about  1200  feet, 
and  the  south  side  for  almost  3,000  feet.  Because  of  the  hilly  character  of 
the  country  the  thickness  of  stone  exposed  varies,  but  it  averages  about  30 
feet. 

The  overburden  consists  mainly  of  gravelly  till  and  ranges  in  thickness 
from  almost  nothing  to  25  feet.  At  the  end  of  the  cut  toward  the  creek 
the  overburden  increases  away  from  the  creek  so  gradually  that  an  area  at 
least  150  feet  wide  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden  and  if 
the  rock  rises  in  the  hills,  as  is  probable,  the  width  of  this  tract  may  be  in- 
creased from  50  to  100  feet  more.  The  rock  exposed  is  Galena  dolomite. 
It  is  coarsely  crystalline  and  buff-gray  in  color,  very  similar  to  that  at  the 
Hart  and  Page  quarry  in  Rockford.  Though  only  45  feet  of  rock  is  ex- 
posed, the  rock  probably  continues  in  depth  for  at  least  200  feet  more.  The 
stone  at  this  outcrop  was  formerly  quarried  for  building  purposes. 

If  a  satisfactory  market  can  be  obtained,  stone  can  be  procured  here 
in  large  quantities. 

L  No.  279 

In  the  SE.  ]/A  SW.  yA  SE.  yA  sec.  24,  T.  46  N.,  R.  1  E.,  at  the  end  of 
the  ridge  which  extends  northeast  from  the  higher  land  to  the  west  there  is 
an  area  about  1,600  feet  long  and  300  feet  wide  underlain  by  at  least  45  feet 
of  stone  exposed  in  an  abandoned  quarry.  It  is  probably  that  the  over- 
burden on  the  entire  ridge  averages  less  than  10  feet,  so  that  at  least  40  acres 
would  be  available  for  quarrying  under  these  conditions. 

The  rock  is  probably  of  Platteville  age  and  is  a  finely  crystalline,  gray- 
white  limestone  in  beds  averaging  12  inches  in  thickness.  Commonly  the 
upper  10  feet  is  badly  weathered  and  broken  but  the  lower  beds  appear  hard 
and  fresh.  There  is  some  variation  in  texture  of  rock  both  vertically  and 
horizontally.  In  places  a  buff  porous  layer  is  found.  This  bed,  however, 
does  not  reach  a  great  thickness,  and  is  probably  not  worthy  of  special  con- 
sideration if  the  quarry  is  being  worked  for  crushed  stone. 

Some  rock  has  been  quarried  for  lime  and  at  present  the  Bradley  and 
Smith  Construction  Company  of  Chicago  are  quarrying  rubble  and  dimen- 
sion stone  here  for  a  construction  of  a  power  dam  above  Rockton. 

Transportation  facilities  might  be  obtained  from  the  Rockford  and 
Interurban  Electric  which  runs  within  900  feet  of  the  hill,  or  from  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway  about  one-quarter  of  a  mile  to 
the  east. 


WINNEBAGO  COUNTY  201 

L  No.  282 

About  40  feet  of  stone  outcrops  in  a  hillside  along  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railway  in  the  east-central  part  of  sec.  10,  T.  28  N., 
R.  11  E.  The  outcrop  is  about  100  feet  long,  but  the  rock  doubtless  under- 
lies the  entire  hill.  Though  the  rock  does  not  outcrop  in  the  upper  40  feet 
of  the  hill,  it  probably  will  be  found  within  10  or  15  feet  of  the  surface  and 
if  such  is  the  case  there  would  be  about  10  acres  available  with  less  than 
10  feet  of  overburden. 

The  rock  is  of  Platteville  age,  and  consists  of  fine-grained,  limestone 
beds,  1  to  3  inches  thick,  separated  by  thin  partings  of  shale.  The  lime- 
stone appears  to  become  more  massive  and  thicker-bedded  with  increasing 
depth.     Stone  for  local  use  has  been  quarried  from  this  hill. 

L  No.  291 
A  small  quarry  located  in  sec.  10,  T.  28  N.,  R.  10  E.,  near  Durand,  and 
described  in  the  notes  on  local  quarries,  might  be  developed  into  a  shipping 
quarry  could  a  suitable  market  be  found. 

L  No.  297 

This  site  located  in  sec.  17,  T.  44  N.,  R.  1  E.  and  described  under  local 
quarries,  might  possibly  be  considered  as  a  desirable  location  for  a  shipping 
quarry. 

L  No.  298 

In  the  SE.  yA  NW.  yA  SW.  yA  sec.  28,  T.  44  N.,  R.  IE,  about  half 
a  mile  southwest  of  Rockford  there  is  a  hillside  exposure  of  rock  about 
1,400  feet  long  and  40  feet  high. 

The  rock  is  of  Galena  age  and  is  a  coarsely  crystalline,  gray-buff  dolo- 
mite, in  beds  averaging  about  10  inches  in  thickness.  The  overburden  is 
of  clay  till  which  increases  in  thickness  toward  the  top  of  the  hill,  but  at 
least  10  acres  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

Stone  for  local  use  has  been  quarried  here  and  in  an  adjoining  quarry 
of  similar  character  by  Rockford  Township. 

LOCAL    QUARRIES 

L  No.  283 

A  small  quarry  has  been  operated  in  the  NW.  J4  NW.  *4  SE.  VA  sec. 
32,  T.  46  N.,  R.  1  E.  in  an  18-foot  exposure  of  rock  125  feet  long  situated 
at  the  nose  of  the  hill. 

The  lower  slope  of  the  hill  is  practically  free  from  overburden  but 
toward  the  top  the  overburden  is  thicker  and  conceals  the  rock.  It  is  prob- 
able, however,  that  limestone  rises  in  the  hill  and  that  the  maximum  thick- 
ness of  overburden  is  not  greatly  in  excess  of  15  feet. 


202  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Large  amounts  of  rock  are  available,  but  the  lack  of  transportation 
facilities  makes  this  site  mainly  of  local  importance. 

The  rock  is  Platteville  limestone,  fine-grained,  buff,  and  in  beds  1  to  8 
inches  thick.     The  heavier  beds  are  commonly  near  the  base  of  the  outcrop. 

A  No.  3  Austin  crusher  was  used  in  crushing  the  rock. 

L  No.  288 

About  44  feet  of  rock  is  exposed  in  a  small  quarry  located  in  the  nose 
of  a  hill  in  the  SW.  y4  NW.  ]/A  SW.  yA  sec.  4,  T.  26  N.,  R.  10  E. 

The  rock  is  coarsely  crystalline  Galena  dolomite  and  is  badly  weathered 
in  the  upper  part. 

The  overburden  of  clay  till  increases  in  thickness  toward  the  top  of 
the  hill  where  it  is  about  25  feet  thick.  However,  about  3  acres  are  avail- 
able along  the  slope  on  which  the  overburden  averages  less  than  10  feet. 

The  rock  is  crushed  in  a  No.  3  Austin  jaw  crusher  and  screened  over 
^-inch  screen.  The  oversize  and  screenings  are  used  as  road  materials. 
The  quarry  is  operated  when  the  demand  warrants. 

L  No.  291 

A  small  quarry  is  located  in  the  cen.  W.  ^  NE.  Y\  of  sec.  10,  T.  28 
N.,  R.  10  E.  about  half  a  mile  north  of  Durand.  It  is  situated  in  the  hill- 
side and  a  face  about  35  feet  high  and  200  feet  long  is  being  worked.  The 
overburden  is  mainly  clay  till  which  increases  in  thickness  back  from  the 
outcrop.  Though  no  rock  is  exposed  in  the  upper  25  feet  of  the  hill,  it  is 
probable  that  it  rises  with  the  surface  of  the  hill  to  some  extent. 

The  rock  is  of  Platteville  age,  and  has  the  following  section: 

Thickness 
Feet 
3.     Limestone,  compact,  finely  crystalline,  gray-buff;  in  beds  1  to  3  inches        13 
2.     Limestone,  moderately  finely   crystalline,  gray-buff;    in  beds   8  to   20 

inches    21 

1.     Limestone,  coarsely  crystalline,  hard,  blue 1 

Total    35 

About  2  acres  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden.  Should 
it  be  found  that  the  rock  rises  in  the"  hill,  large  quantities  of  stone  would  be 
readily  available  and  as  the  deposit  is  within  half  a  mile  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  it  might  serve  as  a  shipping  quarry. 

The  rock  is  worked  in  two  benches,  an  upper  one  of  13  feet  and  a  lower 
one  of  21  feet.  A  well  drill  is  used  for  putting  down  the  holes  and  40  per 
cent  dynamite  is  used  in  blasting.  The  broken  rock  is  hand  loaded  into 
one-yard  carts  which  are  pulled  to  the  crusher  by  horses.  The  carts  are 
then  unloaded  by  hand  into  a  No.  3  Austin  crusher.  Two  sizes  of  crushed 
rock  are  produced,  ^-inch  and  l>4-inch.  About  50  yards  of  crushed  stone 
can  be  produced  daily. 


WINNEBAGO  COUNTY  203 

L  No.  297 

Rock  for  local  roads  is  quarried  in  the  SW.  yA  SE.  yA  SW.  yA  sec.  17, 
T.  44  N.,  R.  1  E.,  by  Rockford  Township.  The  quarry  is  located  in  a  hill- 
side and  exposes  a  face  21  feet  high  and  400  feet  long.  The  overburden 
of  clay  till  increases  in  thickness  toward  the  top  of  the  hill  and  may  be  as 
much  as  20  feet  thick.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  rock  rises  beneath 
the  drift  so  that  the  thickness  of  overburden  may  consequently  be  somewhat 
less.     About  8  acres  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

An  Indiana  Road  Machine  Company  crusher  with  a  12-  by  18-inch  jaw 
is  used  for  crushing  the  rock,  which  is  sorted  in  three  sizes — J^-inch  stone, 
1^-inch  stone,  and  oversize. 

The  quarry  is  worked  only  intermittently.  The  rock  is  of  Galena  age 
and  is  coarsely  crystalline  dolomite  in  1-  to  12-inch  beds. 

An  old  abandoned  quarry,  once  the  source  of  ballast  for  the  Rockford 
and  Interurban  Electric  Railroad,  is  located  about  200  feet  east  of  L  No.  297. 

LOCAL  QUARRY   SITES 

The  following  deposits  which  may  serve  as  sources  of  crushed  rock  for 
local  use  do  not  constitute  all  the  outcrops  of  this  character  which  occur, 
but  they  are  typical  and  represent  in  a  general  way  all  of  the  other  outcrops. 
Many  others  may  be  found  in  the  vicinity  of  those  listed. 

Sec.  25,  T.  26  N.,  R.  n  E. 
This  outcrop,  located  in  the  valley  of  a  small  creek  in  the  Cen.  W.  J/2 
sec.  25,  T.  26  N.,  R.  11  E.,  consists  of  23  feet  of  coarsely  crystalline,  Galena 
dolomite  in  beds  1  to  3  inches  thick.  The  overburden  is  clay  till  and  thick- 
ens rapidly  away  from  the  stream.  Only  a  narrow  strip  along  the  lower 
slope  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

Sec.  7,  T.  43  N.,  R.  2  E. 
Sixteen  feet  of  coarsely  crystalline  Galena  dolomite  outcrops  along  the 
lower  slopes  of  the  hill  in  the  W.  y  NE.  yA  SW.  yA  sec.  7,  T.  43  N.,  R.  2 
E.     Only  a  narrow  strip  is  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

Sec.  7,  T.  43  N.,  R.  2  E. 

About  23  feet  of  thin-bedded,  coarsely  crystalline  Galena  dolomite  out- 
crop in  the  bluffs  of  a  small  creek  in  the  S.  l/2  SE.  yA  SW.  yA  sec.  7,  T.  43 
X.,  R.  2  E.  At  least  65,000  yards  is  available  here  with  less  than  5  feet  of 
overburden. 

Sec.  18,  T.  43  N.,  R.  2  E. 

Forty-eight  feet  of  coarsely  crystalline  Galena  dolomite  outcrops  in  the 
bluffs  of  a  small  creek  in  the  NW.  %  SW.  yA  sec.  18  T.  43  N.,  R.  2  E.  The 
exposure  is  about  1,500  feet  long  and  a  strip  about  100  feet  wide  is  avail- 
able with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 


204 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Outcrops  of  Galena  dolomite  similar  in  character  to  those  already  men- 
tioned occur  in  the  following  localities : 

Table  14. — Other  outcrops  of  Galena  dolomite  in  Winnebago  County 


Section 


Part  of  section 


Township 

Range 

North 

East 

27 

10 

27 

11 

26 

11 

26 

11 

44 

1 

44 

2 

43 

1 

20 
33 
11 
18 
34 
29 
20 


N.   Central  

SW.  %  SW.  %  sw.  14, 
w.  y,  se.  % 

NE.   14   NW.   % 

SW.    14   NE.    i/4 

SW.  %   SW.  14  NE.  % 
NW.    %    


Outcrops  of  Platteville  limestone  similar  in  character  to  outcrops  pre- 
viously occur  as  follows : 


Tab 

le  15. — Other  outcrops  of  Platteville  limestone  in  Winnebago  County 

Section 

Part  of  section 

Township 
North 

Range 
East 

35 
11 

Cen.    SW.    i/i 

SW.  14  NW.  % 

29 

28 
28 
28 
28 
27 

11 
10 

25 

2 

15 

NW.   14  NW.   14   NE.   14 

NW.    1/4    SE.    14 

Cen.  E.  1/9  NE.  y4 

10 
11 
11 

10 

Cen.  S.  1/2  NE.  i/4 

10 

CHAPTER  VIII.— LIMESTONE  RESOURCES  OE  ILLINOIS— THE 

WESTERN  DISTRICT 
By  Frank  Krey  and  J.  E.  Lamar 

The  western  district  (fig.  1)  comprises  a  narrow  strip  along  Mississippi 
and  Lower  Illinois  rivers  extending  from  Rock  Island  to  Randolph  counties 
inclusive.  Limestone  outcrops  are  abundant  throughout  the  region  along 
the  river  bluffs,  but  the  largest  production  of  limestone  comes  from  the 
vicinity  of  Alton  and  East  St.  Louis.  The  counties  included  in  this  dis- 
trict are : 

Adams  Mercer 

Calhoun  Monroe 

Greene  Pike 

Hancock  Randolph 

Henderson  Rock  Island 

Jersey  Scott 

Madison  St.  Clair 

ADAMS   COUNTY 

The  Keokuk-Burlington  limestone  comprises  the  bed  rock  in  most  of 
the  western  part  of  the  county  (fig.  40),  but  is  everywhere  so  deeply  covered 
by  drift  and  loess  as  to  be  available  only  along  the  Mississippi  River  bluff 
and  along  the  creeks  in  the  vicinity  of  the  bluff. 

There  are  at  present  four  quarries  operating  in  the  river  bluff,  three 
in  sec.  23,  T.  2  S.,  R.  9  W.,  about  a  mile  south  of  Quincy,  and  the  fourth  on 
Mill  Creek  at  Marblehead.  All  of  the  quarries  are  located  on  or  near  the 
Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy  Railroad  and  have  connection  with  the 
Wabash  Railroad  at  Quincy.  The  quarries  in  sec.  23  are  operated  by  the 
F.  W.  Menke  Stone  and  Lime  Company,  the  Quincy  White  Lime  Company, 
and  the  Black  White  Limestone  Company.  The  quarry  at  Marblehead  is 
operated  by  the  Marblehead  Lime  Company. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

K  No.  110 

SE.  %  sec.  23,  T.  2  S.,  R.  p  IV. 

The  F.  W .  Menke  Stone  and  Lime  Company 

The  quarry  face  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long  and  shows  a  thickness 

of  50  to  60  feet  of  rock.     The  rock  is  a  coarsely  granular,  gray  limestone, 

containing  considerable  quantities  of  chert  as  nodules  and  layers.     In  gen- 

205 


206 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


R9W. 


R  8W 


R  7W. 


R  6W. 


R  5W. 


T  2N. 


X 

Shipping  quarry 


Shipping  quarry  site 


Fig.  40.     Map  of  Adams  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites. 


ADAMS  COUNTY  207 

eral.  the  upper  part  of  the  formation  is  thinner-bedded  and  more  cherty, 
in  some  places  containing  nearly  50  per  cent  chert.  The  lower  20  to  30  feet 
is  usually  more  massive  and  is  locally  entirely  free  from  chert.  It  is  this 
lower  portion  which  is  being  quarried  in  the  vicinity  of  Ouincy  for  burning 
into  lime.  The  upper  cherty  and  thinner-bedded  rock  is  used  for  riprap, 
dimension  stone,  or  is  crushed  for  aggregate.  About  50  tons  of  crushed 
stone  are  produced  daily. 

The  overburden  consists  of  loess  which  averages  about  15  feet  near 
the  quarry  but  increases  back  from  the  face  and  reaches  thicknesses  of  50  to 
GO  feet. 

In  quarry  practice,  the  upper  25  to  30  feet  of  thin-bedded  and  cherty 
stone  are  first  "shot  down",  and  then  the  lower  30  feet  quarried.  The  broken 
rock  is  loaded  into  wagons  and  hauled  to  crushers  or  kilns.  The  crushing 
machinery  includes  two  Austin  crushers,  a  No.  2  and  a  No.  3,  and  a  24-inch 
screen  is  used  in  sorting  crushed  rock  into  required  sizes. 

The  rock  is  too  soft  for  use  as  road  material  where  that  material  is 
subject  to  much  wear,  but  may  be  used  to  advantage  as  aggregate  and  as 
base  material  in  roads. 

K  No.  Ill 

Black  White  Lime  Company 

NE.  yA  sec.  23,  T.  2  S.,  R.  p  W. 

The  face  of  the  quarry  of  the  Black  White  Lime  Company  is  about 
1100  feet  long  and  70  feet  high.  The  rock  quarried  here  is  similar  in  char- 
acter to  that  of  the  other  quarries  in  the  vicinity.  The  overburden  consists 
of  loess  and  averages  about  15  feet  in  thickness. 

In  quarrying,  the  rock  is  blasted  down  in  benches  of  about  15  feet.  It 
is  also  being  mined.  Air  drills  working  on  a  column  are  used  for  drilling 
the  blast  holes.  The  broken  rock  is  loaded  into  one  yard  wagons  and 
hauled  to  crushers  or  kilns.  The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  two  Uni- 
versal jaw  crushers,  a  No.  5  and  a  No.  2,  a  Type  7  Maxecon  Mill  for  pul- 
verizing and  a  4-  by  12-foot  cylindrical  screen. 

The  stone  is  quarried  primarily  for  making  lime,  but  such  portions  as 
are  unsuited  to  this  purpose  because  of  size  or  composition  are  made  into 
crushed  stone  for  aggregate  and  agricultural  limestone.  Limestone  dust  80 
per  cent  of  which  will  pass  a  200-mesh  screen  is  also  produced.  The  daily 
production  of  t*he  plant  is  about  50  tons  and  its  capacity  about  100  tons.  The 
yearly  production  is  2,500  tons  pulverized  limestone,  10,000  tons  crushed 
stone  and  20,000  tons  for  lime. 

The  rock  is  in  general  too  soft  for  use  as  a  road  material  except  where 
it  will  not  be  subjected  to  extensive  wear. 


208  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

K  No.   112 

Quincy  White  Lime  Company 

SE.  y4  NE.  y4,  see.  23,  T.  2  S.,  R.  9  W . 

The  quarry  of  the  Quincy  White  Lime  Company  has  a  face  of  rock 
1,000  feet  long  and  75  feet  high.  The  overburden  consists  of  loess  which 
has  an  average  thickness  of  25  feet. 

Formerly  the  whole  face  was  quarried,  but  because  of  the  increased 
thickness  of  overburden  away  from  the  face  and  the  large  amount  of  chert 
in  the  higher  limestone  beds,  mining  by  the  room  and  pillar  method  was  re- 
sorted to.  The  rooms  are  45  feet  wide,  20  feet  high,  and  have  25-foot  pil- 
lars left  for  support.  Only  the  lower  20  feet  of  rock  is  mined.  The  full 
face  is  broken  at  one  time.  The  drill  holes,  7  feet  deep  and  2^  inches  in 
diameter,  are  placed  from  6  to  8  feet  apart  horizontally  and  4  feet  vertically, 
and  are  shot  with  40  per  cent  dynamite.  The  broken  rock  is  sledged  or 
block-holed  to  man  size  and  loaded  by  hand  into  carts  which  are  hauled  to 
the  crusher. 

The  crushers  are  two  in  number,  a  No.  5  and  a  No.  3  Gates.  Any 
size,  from  dust  to  2  inches  can  be  produced.  The  character  of  the  rock  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  other  quarries  in  this  vicinity,  and  is  used  for  the  same 
purposes.     About  100  tons  of  crushed  rock  are  produced  daily. 

K  No.  113 
Marblehcad  Lime  Company 
SW.  ]/A  see.  32,  T.  2  S.,  R.  8  W. 
This  quarry  is  located  in  the  creek  bluff,  is  about  1,800  feet  long,  and 
has  a  face  55  feet  high.     The  overburden  is  of  loess  and  averages  about  20 
feet  in  thickness.     Here,  as  at  the  quarry  of  the  Quincy  White  Lime  Com- 
pany, only  the  lower  20  to  25  feet  of  rock  is  used,  and  the  same  mining 
methods  employed  there  are  also  in  use  here.       However,  in  handling  the 
broken  rock  it  is  loaded  into  small  2-ton  cars  which  are  pushed  to  the  en- 
trance of  the  workings  and  hauled  by  a  small  locomotive  to  the  plant. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  a  No.  3  Gates  crusher  and  a  No 
18  American  Pulverizer. 

The  rock  obtained  is  from  the  same  horizon  as  that  worked  at  the  other 
quarries  and  is  almost  identical  in  character.  Most  of  it  is  used  in  the  pro- 
duction of  lime  but  some  of  it  is  ground  for  agricultural  limestone  of  which 
about  20  tons  are  produced  daily, 

L  No.  426 
Quincy  City  Quarry 
The  Quincy  City  quarry  is  located  in  a  hillside  in  the  City  of  Quincy 
and  has  a  straight  face  forty  feet  high.     The  overburden  is  clay  and  is  four- 
teen feet  thick.     It  is  removed  by  teams  and  scrapers. 


ADAMS  COUNTY  209 

The  rock  is  quarried  in  three  or  four  benches  varying  from  eight  to 
ten  feet  in  height.  The  holes  for  blasting  are  drilled  with  tripod  drills 
and  the  rock  shot  down  with  dynamite.  It  is  loaded  by  hand  into  two-ton 
quarry  cars,  pulled  by  horse  to  the  incline  and  thence  by  cable  to  the  crusher. 
The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  an  Austin  gyratory  No.  5  and  a  Cham- 
pion jaw  crusher.  Two  Austin  screens,  36  inches  by  18  feet  are  used  to 
size  the  stone. 

The  stone  is  used  for  roads,  concrete  aggregate,  agricultural  limestone 
and  for  bridges.     The  average  daily  production  is  about  300  tons. 

The  quarry  is  located  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad, 
and  ships  stone  over  this  road,  the  Wabash  and  the  Quincy,  Omaha,  and 
Kansas  City  railroads. 

POSSIBLE   SHIPPING   QUARRY   SITES 

K  No.  114 

Only  along  the  river  bluff  from  the  south  line  of  the  county  to  Rock 
Creek  is  limestone  found  close  to  the  railroad.  Along  this  entire  distance, 
the  bluff  is  practically  continuous  except  where  broken  by  creeks  or  ravines. 
The  rock  is  exposed  to  heights  of  from  25  to  70  feet  above  the  flat,  but  the 
lower  portions  of  the  slopes  are  generally  talus  covered  though  the  amount 
of  talus  varies  from  place  to  place.  This  loess  is  present  everywhere  along 
the  bluff  and  reaches  a  thickness  of  from  30  to  50  feet  within  100  to  200 
feet  back  from  the  edge  of  the  bluff. 

The  exposed  rock  is  a  coarsely  granular  limestone.  The  lower  20  to 
30  feet  is  massive  and  practically  free  from  chert,  but  the  upper  portion  of 
the  rock  is  thinner-bedded  and  contains  large  amounts  of  chert  as  thin 
irregular  layers  and  nodules.  The  distribution  of  the  chert  is  irregular,  and 
while  layers  several  feet  thick  may  locally  be  entirely  free  from  chert  the 
same  layers  may  elsewhere  consist  of  50  per  cent  chert. 

Near  the  south  line  of  the  county  the  lower  slopes  of  the  bluff  are  com- 
posed of  the  green,  sandy  shales  of  the  Kinderhook  formation.  Due  to  the 
northeast  dip  of  the  rocks,  the  lower  massive  limestone  comprises  the  bluff 
from  a  little  south  of  Marblehead  to  the  town  of  Quincy,  but  northward 
from  Quincy  the  higher,  more  cherty  limestones  make  up  the  bluff.  Con- 
sequently the  thickness  of  rock  available  for  quarrying  increases  northward. 
South  of  Quincy,  the  available  rock  is  limited  to  the  rock  above  the  flat,  but 
north  of  Quincy  there  is  available  besides  the  thickness  exposed  in  the  bluff 
an  increasing  depth  below  the  level  of  the  flat.  The  height  of  the  bluff 
varies  from  less  than  25  feet  to  as  much  as  75  feet. 

As  shown  by  tests,  the  rock  is  somewhat  soft  for  use  as  road  material 
except  where  not  subjected  to  much  wear.  It  is  satisfactory,  however,  for 
use  as  aggregate  in  concrete  and  the  high   degree  of   purity  of   the   lime- 


210  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

stone  makes  it  suitable  for  use  as  agricultural  limestone  and  lime.  Because 
of  the  ease  with  which  it  can  be  ground  to  a  powder  it  may  also  be 
used  as  whiting. 

As  a  possible  quarry  site  the  bluff  lacks  several  advantages.  The 
rock  is  not  especially  well  suited  to  use  as  road  material,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses the  best  sites  are  preempted  by  quarries  already  in  operation.  The 
large  quantity  of  chert  destroys  the  uniformity  of  the  rock,  and  hand  pick- 
ing would  be  necessary  to  prepare  the  rock  for  purposes  requiring  a  pure 
limestone.  Although  the  immediate  edge  of  the  bluff  may  be  free  from  loess 
yet  within  200  feet  from  the  edge  the  overburden  reaches  30  feet  or  more, 
and  if  wide  areas  are  considered,  the  overburden  will  average  between  30 
and  50  feet. 

Rock  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  nearly  anywhere  along  the  bluff  and 
along  the  valleys  of  the  streams  that  intersect  the  bluff. 

CALHOUN   COUNTY 

Calhoun  County  (fig.  41)  is  entirely  without  railroad  facilities  but  the 
high  limestone  bluffs  bordering  Mississippi  River  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  county  may  prove  an  important  source  of  crushed  limestone  should 
water  transportation  prove  feasible. 

POSSIBLE    QUARRY    SITES 

The  Mississippi  River  bluff  from  the  southern  end  of  the  county  to 
within  a  mile  of  West  Point  Landing  is  composed  of  St.  Louis  limestone, 
and  where  not  eroded  by  ravines  or  creeks  this  limestone  forms  conspicuous 
bluffs.  Throughout  this  whole  region  the  bluffs  are  close  to  the  water's 
edge. 

The  thickness  of  rock  is  variable.  In  the  southern  end  of  the  county 
very  few  portions  of  the  bluffs  are  more  than  30  feet  high,  but  northward 
to  the  end  of  its  outcrop  the  bluff  may  increase  to  a  height  of  100  feet. 
However,  a  narrow  strip  along  the  edge  of  the  bluff  is  practically  free  from 
overburden  in  most  places,  but  within  100  feet  of  the  edge  the  overburden 
is  usually  30  feet  or  more. 

At  the  time  of  investigation  no  rock  was  being  quarried  along  the  river, 
but  in  times  past  the  stone  in  the  bluff  has  been  quarried  in  many  places  to 
provide  riprap  for  river  work.  Such  rock  was  obtained  at  West  Point 
Landing,  just  south  of  Martins  Landing  and  also  in  the  vicinity  of  Brooks 
Landing. 

The  rock  is  light-gray  in  color  and  somewhat  variable  in  texture.  Some 
layers  are  granular  or  crystalline,  others  shaly,  and  still  others  so  dense  as 
to  simulate  lithographic  stone.  In  most  respects  the  rock  resembles  that 
at  Alton,  and  can  be  expected  to  give  similar  results  in  tests. 


CALHOUN  COUNTY  211 

As  a  possible  quarry  site  the  region  presents  some  disadvantages,  the 
chief  of  which  are  lack  of  railroad  transportation  and  the  comparatively 
great  thickness  of  overburden.  On  the  other  hand  the  excellent  character 
of  the  rock  and  the  large  amount  available,  as  well  as  the  possibility  of  re- 
moving the  overburden  by  hydraulic  methods  are  favorable  to  this  region. 
Should  water  transportation  prove  feasible,  this  region  could  furnish  large 
quantities  of  limestone  suitable  for  many  uses,  such  as  road  materials,  lime, 
agricultural  limestone,  flux,  whiting,  and  aggregate. 

OUTCROPS   MAINLY    OF  LOCAL   IMPORTANCE 

Rock  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  practically  any  where  along  the 
bluff  on  both  east  and  west  sides  of  the  county,  and  all  the  streams  show 
rock  along  their  lower  courses.  An  east-west  fault  which  crosses  the  county 
near  Dogtown  Landing  about  a  mile  below  West  Point,  causes  rocks  of  St. 
Louis  age  to  be  exposed  on  the  bluffs  to  the  south,  while  north  of  the  bluff 
rocks  as  old  as  Ordovician  appear  at  the  surface.  The  rocks  to  the  north 
of  the  fault,  however,  dip  to  the  northeast  so  that  successively  younger  for- 
mations succeed  one  another  northward  from  the  fault. 

The  Ordovician  limestones  which  appear  in  the  bluff  north  of  the  fault 
are  the  Joachim,  the  Plattin,  and  the  Kimmswick.  The  Joachim  is  a  brown 
or  buff,  somewhat  earthy,  magnesian  limestone.  The  Plattin  is  dark-gray 
or  drab-colored,  fine-textured  limestone,  and  the  Kimmswick  is  a  coarse- 
ly crystalline  limestone  similar  to  the  rock  exposed  at  Valmeyer  and  Thebes 
in  Alexander  and  Monroe  counties.  The  Joachim  and  Plattin  limestones 
have  been  quarried  in  the  river  bluff  at  West  Point.  These  limestones  do 
not  appear  in  the  Illinois  River  bluff,  and  on  the  Mississippi  River  side  dis- 
appear below  the  surface  about  three  miles  north  of  Batchtown.  Farther 
north  the  next  limestones  to  appear  in  the  bluff  are  the  Silurian  and  Devon- 
ian, which  are  separated  from  the  Ordovician  limestone  by  a  shale  interval 
of  about  To  feet.  The  Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  outcrop  on  both 
sides  of  the  county.  On  the  Mississippi  side  they  are  found  in  the  bluff  as 
far  as  the  north  line  of  the  county  and  on  the  Illinois  side  they  dip  below  the 
surface  a  short  distance  north  of  Hardin. 

The  limestones  vary  widely  in  character.  The  Devonian  limestone  is 
a  light-gray,  granular  rock  in  beds  few  of  which  are  over  4  feet  thick,  and 
the  Silurian  limestones  may  be  buff-colored,  fine-grained  to  granular.  Of 
the  Silurian  limestones  the  beds  most  suitable  for  road  material  are  the 
massive  light-colored  ones  which  outcrop  in  the  northern  portion  of  the 
county. 

Above  the  Devonian  limestone  and  separated  from  it  by  40  to  100  feet 
of  shale,  is  the  Burlington  limestone.  This  limestone  forms  important  bluffs 
along  Illinois  River  and  comprises  the  river  bed  over  most  of  the  county. 


212 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


The  character  of  the  rock  is  here  similar  to  what  it  is  at  Quincy,  Adams 
County  and  in  Pike  and  Jersey  counties.  It  is  probably  too  soft  for  road 
material,  but  where  free  from  flint  it  is  a  pure  limestone  and  lends  itself 
readily  to  any  uses  to  which  a  pure  limestone  can  be  put. 


Shipping  quarry  site 


Fig.  41.     Map  of  Greene,  Calhoun  and  Jersey  counties  showing  location  of 
quarries  and  quarry  sites. 


GREENE   COUNTY 


The  entire  western  half  of  Greene  County  (fig.  41)  is  underlain  by  lime- 
stones of  Lower  Mississippian  age,  but  because  of  the  great  thickness  of 
drift,  30   feet  and  more,  the  limestone  is   available  only  in  narrow   strips 


GREENE  COUNTY  213 

along  stream  valleys.     The  most  promising  outcrops  are  found  along  the 
Illinois  River  bluffs. 

SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

There  is  only  one  shipping  quarry  within  the  county — that  of  the  Eldred 
Stone  Company,  which  is  located  along  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad  near 
Eldred. 

K  No.  90 

Eldred  Stone  Company 

See.  28,  T.  io  N.,  R.  13  W. 

The  Eldred  Stone  Company  operates  a  quarry  on  the  north  side  of  the 
railroad,  where  the  bluff  of  a  small  creek  intersects  the  Illinois  River  bluff. 

The  quarry  is  bow-shaped  in  outline  and  about  250  feet  long.  The 
overburden  consists  of  loess  and  though  the  average  thickness  at  the  quarry 
is  only  about  8  feet,  it  increases  rapidly  in  thickness  away  from  the  face  and 
in  less  than  100  feet  reaches  a  thickness  of  30  feet  and  more. 

A  face  of  rock  about  T  feet  high  is  being  worked.  The  rock  is  a  part 
of  the  Burlington  formation  and  is  a  massive,  coarsely  granular  limestone. 
It  occurs  in  beds  -1  inches  to  2  feet  thick.  Considerable  chert  is  present  in 
layers  and  nodules  which  do  not  appear  to  be  restricted  to  any  definite 
horizon,  but  retain  a  rudely  horizontal  arrangement.  Probably  less  than 
5  per  cent  of  the  face  consists  of  chert. 

In  quarrying,  the  overburden  is  removed  by  hydraulic  methods  and 
washed  into  a  nearby  creek.  Blast  holes  are  drilled  with  2-inch  steam 
drills  to  a  depth  of  approximately  16  feet,  and  1-0  per  cent  and  60  per  cent 
dynamite  are  used  in  blasting.  The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  hand  into 
1 3^-yard  cars  which  are  pushed  to  the  crusher  and  dumped. 

Two  Austin  Crushers,  a  No.  5  and  a  No.  3  are  used  to  crush  the  rock 
and  two  pulverizers  are  used  for  preparing  a  finely  ground  product. 

The  crushed  rock  is  prepared  only  on  demand,  most  of  the  stone  being 
used  for  agricultural  limestone  or  as  fine  limestone  powder.  The  daily  pro- 
duction is  80  to  90  tons  of  ground  limestone,  or  200  tons  of  crushed  rock. 

possible  quarry  sites 

The  Illinois  River  bluff,  except  where  intersected  by  creeks,  presents 
a  face  of  solid  rock  between  50  and  100  feet  high,  but  railroad  transpor- 
tation is  available  at  only  two  places  along  the  bluff  in  the  vicinity  of  Hill- 
view  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  county,  and  at  Eldred  in  the  southwest 
part  of  the  county. 

K  Nos.  92,  93 
Hillview  region 

The  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad,  which  follows  the  valley  of  Hurricane 
Creek,  intersects  the  bluff  at  Hillview.     In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Hill- 


214  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

view  the  Illinois  River  bluffs  are  low  and  at  some  distance  from  the  rail- 
road, but  eastward  from  Hillview  along  Hurricane  Creek,  and  where  these 
bluffs  come  close  to  the  railroad  as  in  sees.  25  and  26,  T.  12  N.,  R.  13  W. 
they  may  serve  as  sources  for  crushed  stone. 

The  height  of  the  bluffs  ranges  from  60  to  100  feet.  The  lower  por- 
tion, except  where  it  forms  the  creek  bank,  is  generally  covered  by  talus, 
but  above  the  talus  there  is  a  vertical  face  of  rock  20  to  40  feet  high.  As 
at  other  bluff  localities,  the  rock  is  capped  by  loess  of  varying  thickness. 
At  the  edge  of  the  bluff  the  loess  is  practically  negligible,  but  it  rises  rapidly 
back  from  the  bluff  and  at  100  to  200  feet  back  it  reaches  a  thickness  of 
30  feet  or  more. 

The  rock  is  similar  to  that  quarried  at  Eldred,  and  is  only  indifferently 
suited  to  use  as  road  material. 

K  No.  91 

Eldred  area 

The  quarry  of  the  Eldred  Stone  Company  is  already  located  in  this  area, 
but  other  quarries  might  be  opened  here  should  conditions  be  warranted. 

The  branch  of  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad  which  runs  from  Eldred 
to  Carrollton  follows  the  valley  of  a  small  creek  for  several  miles  east  from 
Eldred.  This  creek  is  also  flanked  by  bluffs  for  some  distance  upstream 
from  the  Illinois  River  bluffs,  and  on  the  north  side  where  the  bluff  is  close 
to  the  railroad,  rock  can  be  obtained  under  conditions  similar  to  those  of  the 
quarry  of  the  Eldred  Stone  Company.  In  the  Illinois  River  bluffs  north  of 
Eldred,  the  rock  stands  with  vertical  face  10  to  80  feet  high.  It  is  also 
capped  by  loess,  the  thickness  of  which  may  reach  60  feet  or  more.  Gen- 
erally, however,  the  area  immediately  adjoining  the  bluff  shows  little  or  no 
overburden,  but  back  from  the  face  the  overburden  increases  rapidly  in 
thickness  and  within  150  feet  of  the  bluff  it  is  more  than  30  feet  thick. 

Rock  could  be  obtained  here  in  large  quantities  if  it  is  found  feasible 
to  remove  40  feet  of  overburden.  The  rock  is  identical  with  that  at  Eldred, 
and  can  be  used  for  the  same  purposes. 

ROOK   FOR   LOCAL   USE 

The  Illinois  River  bluff  and  all  the  bluffs  and  banks  of  the  intersecting 
creeks  for  several  miles  back  from  the  Illinois  River  bluff  show  limestone, 
which  is  available  for  local  use.  Most  of  this  limestone  is  covered  by  a 
considerable  thickness  of  loess  or  drift  except  at  the  immediate  stream 
banks.  However,  by  working  along  the  outcrop  sufficient  stone  for  local 
use  is  available  at  most  exposures. 

Towards  the  center  of  the  county  the  limestone  outcrops  become  less 
numerous,  and  in  the  western  portion  of  the  county  no  limestone  outcrops 
were  observed. 


GREENE  COUNTY 


215 


In  the  central  portion  of  the  county  outcrops  of  limestone  were  ob- 
served along  the  creek  in  the  NW.  lA  sec.  12,  and  in  the  NE.  *4  sec.  25,  T. 
11  N  R  12  W.,  along  the  creek  near  the  center  of  sec.  10,  T.  11  N.,  R.  11 
W.,  on  a  small  branch  in  the  SW.  #  sec.  36,  T.  10  N.,  R.  12  W.,  and  along 
the' creek  in  the  NW.  %  sec.  16,  T.  9  N.,  R.  11  W. 


R.7W 


R.6W 


R  5W 


T.3  N 


T.4N 


Scale  of  miles 
Fig.  42.     Index  map  of  Hancock  County. 

At  all  these  localities  the  rock  outcrops  are  limited  to  the  bed  or  bank 
of  the  stream.  Only  a  few  are  more  than  10  feet  high  and  are  covered  by 
drift  which  increases  in  thickness  from  almost  nothing  at  the  outcrop  to 
10  feet  or  more  within  50  feet  of  the  exposure.  The  amount  available  at 
any  one  locality  is  probably  limited.  However,  sufficient  stone  for  use  as 
aggregate  in  concrete  for  bridges  and  culverts  might  readily  be  obtained. 


216 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


HANCOCK   COUNTY 

Most  of  Hancock  County  (fig.  42)  is  so  thickly  covered  with  drift  that 
rock  outcrops  are  limited  to  the  river  bluffs  and  valleys  of  the  larger  streams 
which  intersect  the  bluff. 


rrpppw 


*  '  '   -*■■':: '■;■. ■'.'■ . 


■  '■ "  ',;''-.  ^ 


WMwv 

f  -        * 


Pig.  43. 


Keokuk  limestone  at  Cedar  Glen  near 
Hamilton. 


The  rocks  comprising  the  bluffs  are  the  St.  Louis  limestone,  the  War- 
saw-Spergen  formation,  and  the  Keokuk  limestone.  Of  these  formations 
only  the  Keokuk  offers  possibilities  as  a  source  of  road  material.  Since 
this  formation  is  prominent  in  the  bluffs  only  along  the  lower  slopes,  few 
good  exposures  are  found  except  at  the  intersections  of  creeks  with  the  bluff 


HENDERSON  COUNTY  217 

and  then  mainly  in  the  narrow  ridges  from  which  the  overlying  Warsaw- 
Spergen  has  been  removed  by  erosion. 

The  Keokuk  limestone  (fig.  43)  is  a  moderately  coarse-grained  lime- 
stone which  in  favorable  localities  is  exposed  in  a  face  50  feet  or  more  in 
height.  It  is  comparatively  free  from  chert  except  near  the  base  of  the 
formation,  but  at  most  localities  it  contains  beds  of  soft,  earthy,  dolomitic 
limestone  interbedded  with  the  harder  layers.  As  a  road  material  it  is 
somewhat  soft,  similar  to  the  rock  at  Quincy.  Analyses  from  samples  from 
Nauvoo  and  Warsaw  are  shown  in  Table  17. 

Railroad  transportation  is  available  along  the  bluffs  only  between  War- 
saw and  Hamilton  and  between  Niota  and  Dallas  City. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  any  of  the  localities  along  the  railroads  can  be 
considered  as  possible  sites  for  shipping  quarries  because  of  the  heavy  over- 
burden and  necessity  for  sorting  out  the  softer  layers.  However,  moder- 
ately large  amounts  of  rock  can  be  obtained  at  several  places  along  the  rail- 
road between  Warsaw  and  Hamilton  and  under  favorable  conditions  might 
serve  excellently  to  supply  a  temporary  or  local  demand.  Between  Niota 
and  Dallas  City  the  railroad  is  as  much  as  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from 
the  bluffs  in  places.  In  the  same  area  the  rock  outcrops  only  along  the 
foot  of  the  bluff  and  at  no  locality  is  any  amount  of  rock  available  without 
more  or  less  extensive  development  work. 

Small  amounts  of  rock  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  almost  anywhere 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  bluff,  or  along  the  valleys  of  the  larger  creeks  which 
intersect  the  bluff. 

HENDERSON    COUNTY 

Henderson  County  affords  few  outcrops  of  limestone  suitable  for  use 
as  road  material.  Most  of  the  county  is  deeply  covered  with  drift  and  even 
the  bluffs  which  farther  south  show  good  exposures  of  rock,  consist  here 
of  low  hills  covered  with  silt  and  loess.  Consequently  rock  exposures  are 
few.  The  best  exposures  are  found  along  the  valleys  of  the  larger  streams 
and  their  tributaries. 

SHIPPING   QUARRY 

K  No.  125 

There  is  one  shipping  quarry  in  the  county,  the  Monmouth  Stone  Com- 
pany,1 which  is  located  along  South  Henderson  Creek,  about  one  mile  east 
of  Gladstone. 

The  quarry  is  located  along  the  lower  slope  of  the  creek  bluff  and  has 
a  face  about  50  feet  high  and  about  1,000  feet  long. 


1  The  Monmouth  Stone  Company  filed  a  petition  of  bankruptcy  in  1924  and  the 
property  was  sold  at  auction  to  the  bondholders  of  the  company.  It  is  reported  that 
the  bondholders  intend  to  resume  operations.  (Rock  Products,  Vol.  XXVII,  No.  25, 
Dec.  13,   1924.) 


218  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  rock  quarried  is  the  Burlington  limestone  and  is  essentially  a 
cherty,  coarsely  granular  limestone.  As  exposed  in  the  quarry  face  the 
upper  10  feet  of  rock  is  weathered  and  consists  of  chert  layers  interbedded 
with  some  shaly  beds.  Below  this  there  is  about  20  feet  of  cherty,  granular 
limestone  which  is  in  turn  underlain  by  about  18  feet  of  limestone  containing 
minor  amounts  of  chert. 

The  overburden  consists  of  loess  and  fine  sand  and  reaches  a  maxi- 
mum thickness  of  over  30  feet,  but  because  of  the  many  small  ravines  and 
gulleys  it  is  not  of  uniform  thickness. 

Stripping  is  done  by  means  of  a  steam  shovel,  which  loads  the  over- 
burden into  6-yard  cars  which  are  then  hauled  by  a  locomotive  to  a  nearby 
dump.  That  part  of  the  overburden  which  is  fine  sand  has  been  found 
suitable  for  use  as  molding  sand  and  much  of  it  is  shipped  for  that  purpose. 

The  crushing  plant  has  been  erected  only  recently,  and  little  more  than 
development  work  has  been  done.  No  definite  methods  of  quarry  practice 
have  been  determined.  It  is  planned,  however,  to  quarry  the  entire  50-foot 
face  using  well  drills  to  put  down  blast  holes,  and  40  per  cent  dynamite  for 
blasting.  The  holes  are  to  be  spaced  25  feet  back  from  the  face  and  about 
14  feet  apart.  The  broken  rock  will  be  handled  by  a  2^-yard  steam  shovel 
which  will  load  into  6-yard  side  dump-cars  and  these  will  be  drawn  to  the 
primary  crusher  by  locomotives. 

The  company  has  a  very  modern  crushing  plant  which  contains  a  No. 
12  Allis-Chalmers  gyratory  for  a  primary  crusher,  and  a  battery  of  four 
No.  5  gyratory  crushers  for  the  secondary  crushing.  The  screening  is  done 
by  three  54-inch  rotary  screens  which  separate  out  the  coarse  material  and 
two  sets  cf  vibrating  screens  which  sort  the  finer  material.  Each  of  the 
units  is  driven  by  a  separate  motor.  The  motors  are  operated  by  power 
obtained  from  Keokuk. 

The  crushed  rock  is  to  be  sold  for  all  common  purposes,  road  material, 
agricultural  limestone,  railroad  ballast,  and  aggregate. 

Shipping  facilities  are  provided  by  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy 
Railroad. 

OTHER  SOURCES   OF  LIMESTONE 

No  other  localities  offering  favorable  conditions  for  the  development 
of  shipping  quarries  were  noted.  Examination  of  the  Mississippi  River 
bluff  shows  mainly  a  range  of  comparatively  low-lying  hills  with  occasional 
outcrops  of  limestone  at  their  bases.  Unfortunately  the  rock  is  so  deeply 
covered  with  drift,  sand,  and  loess  that  the  cost  of  quarrying  would  be  pro- 
hibitive of  successful  large-scale  operations. 

Back  from  the  bluff  the  rock  is  deeply  buried  beneath  glacial  drift  and 
outcrops  are  confined  to  the  larger  streams  and  their  tributaries.  Nc 
traverses  of  these  streams  were  made  but  outcrops  which  might  serve  as  a 


JERSEY  COUNTY  219 

source  of  crushed  rock  for  local  use  are  reported  from  along  South  Hender- 
son Creek  and  along  Dugout  and  Ellison  creeks,  especially  in  the  western 
portion  of  the  county.  Exposures  of  Burlington  limestone  are  also  reported 
from  along  Smith  Creek  in  sees.  19,  20,  and  21,  T.  11  N.,  R.  4  W. 

JERSEY   COUNTY 

DESCRIPTION   OF  ROCK   FORMATIONS 

Though  limestone  outcrops  along  the  Illinois  River  bluff  and  along  most 
of  the  stream  valleys  tributary  to  the  Illinois,  it  is  only  along  Mississippi 
River  from  Grafton  to  the  mouth  of  Piasa  Creek  that  the  rock  is  near  a 
railroad  (fig.  41). 

The  rock  in  the  bluff  ranges  in  age  from  Silurian  (Niagaran)  to  Missis- 
sippian  (Salem)  and  owing  to  the  eastward  dip  of  the  rocks  the  different 
formations  succeed  one  another  in  making  up  the  bluff.  Thus  the  bluff  ex- 
tending about  a  mile  east  from  Grafton  consists  of  Niagaran  dolomite,  which 
is  in  turn  overlain  by  the  Devonian  and  Kinderhook  formations.  Since  they 
are  comparatively  thin  and  non-resistant,  the  latter  formations  are  not 
prominent  in  the  bluff.  East  of  the  Kinderhook  formations,  the  Burlington 
and  Keokuk  which  are  composed  mainly  of  limestone,  comprise  the  promi- 
nent bluff-forming  rocks  from  about  2  miles  east  of  Grafton  to  where  the 
bluff  ends  near  the  mouth  of  Piasa  Creek  near  the  county  line. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

K  No.  81 

Columbia  Quarry  Company 

NW.  yA  NW.  yA  sec.  14,  T.  6  N.,  R.  12  W. 

Quarry  No.  4  of  the  Columbia  Quarry  Company  is  located  in  the  river 
bluff  and  is  about  600  feet  long  and  has  been  worked  back  almost  100  feet. 
The  face  is  about  40  feet  high.  The  overburden  is  brown  loess.  It  is  re- 
moved by  hydraulic  methods  into  Mississippi  River.  At  the  quarry  edge 
the  loess  does  not  exceed  8  feet  in  thickness  but  as  the  bluff  rises  50  feet 
higher  it  is  probable  that  the  overburden  increases  considerably  and  that  the 
Devonian  limestone  and  Kinderhook  shales  will  be  found  overlying  the  dolo- 
mite. Inasmuch  as  the  Devonian  limestone  reaches  a  thickness  of  more 
than  10  feet  in  but  few  localities  in  this  region,  while  the  Kinderhook  shale 
may  be  over  100  feet  thick,  the  presence  of  any  considerable  thickness  of 
these  formations  will  limit  the  extent  to  which  quarrying  can  be  carried 
back  into  the  bluff. 

In  quarrying  the  rock  is  blasted  down  in  3  or  4  benches  from  8  to  12 
feet  in  height.  The  holes  are  made  with  steam  tripod  drills  and  40  per  cent 
dynamite  is  used  in  blasting.  Pieces  of  broken  rock  too  large  to  handle  are 
further  reduced  to  "man-size"  by  sledging,  dobying,  or  block-holing.     The 


220  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

stone  is  hand-loaded  into  4-yard  cars,  pulled  by  mules  to  a  derrick  which 
dumps  the  cars.  A  No.  6  Austin  crusher  and  a  6-foot  flat  bar  screen  com- 
plete the  quarrying  equipment. 

The  rock  which  is  of  Niagaran  age  is  a  uniform  buff,  finely  crystalline, 
even-grained  dolomite,  in  beds  4  inches  to  3  feet  thick.  It  was  formerly 
much  used  for  building  stone,  but  with  the  advent  of  concrete  its  demand 
for  building  stone  decreased.  It  is  now  quarried  for  use  as  riprap  along 
Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers  for  aggregate,  roadstone  and  ballast.  The 
daily  production  is  about  450  tons  and  the  yearly  production  about  40,000 
tons. 

K  No.  83 
Quarry  of  Western  Whiting  Manufacturing  Company 

The  quarry  in  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  at  Elsah  is  about  300  feet 
long  and  shows  a  face  160  feet  high.  The  overburden  consists  of  loess  and 
brown  sand  averaging  about  6  feet  in  thickness  at  the  quarry  face,  but  back 
from  the  face  the  thickness  of  loess  increases  and  probably  averages  25  feet 
or  more.     It  is  removed  by  teams  and  scrapers. 

The  rock  quarried  here  is  known  as  the  Burlington  limestone,  and  is 
similar  in  character  to  rock  of  the  same  age  which  is  quarried  in  Adams, 
Pike,  and  Greene  counties.  It  is  a  massive,  gray,  coarsely  granular  lime- 
stone which  contains  scattered  nodules  and  irregular  layers  of  chert  in- 
discriminately distributed  throughout. 

In  quarrying  the  rock  is  blasted  down  in  benches  16  feet  high.  Inger- 
soll  Rand  tripod  drills  are  used  in  drilling  and  40  per  cent  dynamite  is  used 
in  blasting. 

The  broken  rock  is  hand-loaded  into  small  cars  which  are  pulled  to  and 
up  the  tipple  to  the  crushers  by  cable.  The  crushing  machinery  consists 
of  two  crushers,  an  Austin  No.  4  and  a  Gates  No.  2.  A  32-inch  Austin 
screen  is  used  in  separating  the  different  sizes.  Two-inch  crushed  rock  is 
the  largest  size  product. 

The  product  is  used  for  agricultural  limestone,  road  material,  railroad 
ballast,  and  whiting.  The  daily  production  is  about  150  tons,  but  the  plant 
has  a  capacity  of  175  tons.     Bins  provide  storage  for  300  tons. 

POSSIBLE    SHIPPING    QUARRY    SITES 

Because  limestone  occurs  near  the  railroad  only  along  the  Mississippi 
River  bluff  between  Grafton  and  Piasa  Creek,  any  new  quarries  would  have 
to  be  located  there.  Of  the  rocks  comprising  the  bluff,  only  the  Niagaran 
dolomite  and  Keokuk-Burlington  limestone  are  thick  enough  and  free  enough 
from  shale  to  warrant  consideration  as  sources  for  road  material.  The 
Niagaran  dolomite  is  prominent  in  the  bluff  for  about  a  mile  east  of  Grafton, 


JERSEY  COUNTY 


221 


and  the  Burlington  limestone  makes  up  the  bluff  in  the  vicinity  of  Elsah 
and  to  the  east. 

K  No.  82 
The  bluff  between  Grafton  and  the  quarry  operated  by  The  Columbia 
Quarry  Company  probably  offers  the  best  site  for  additional  quarries.  The 
rock  face  is  more  than  half  a  mile  long  and  about  40  feet  high,  and  is  covered 
by  10  to  30  feet  of  loess.  The  rock  is  Niagaran  dolomite  and  is  similar  to 
that  at  the  quarry  of  the  Columbia  Quarry  Company. 


Fig.  44. 


Burlington  limestone  in  the  Mississippi 
River    bluff   near   Elsah. 


However,  several  hundred  feet  back  from  the  bluff  the  thickness  of 
the  loess  probably  averages  almost  25  feet.  Along  most  of  the  bluff  the 
rock  has  been  quarried  back  until  the  overburden  averages  20  feet  but  where 
this  is  the  case  rock  might  be  obtained  by  quarrying  downward. 

The  amount  of  rock  available  is  limited  only  by  the  depth  to  which 
rock  can  be  profitably  quarried  and  by  the  amount  of  overburden  than  can 
be  removed. 


222  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

K  No.  85 
Elsah  area 

Rock  can  be  obtained  in  commercial  quantity  anywhere  along  the  bluff 
near  Elsah  and  eastward. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Elsah  the  Burlington  limestone  (fig.  44)  forms  the 
entire  bluff  and  more  than  150  feet  of  limestone  is  available.  Except  where 
dissected  by  ravines,  the  bluff  is  a  sheer  cliff.  The  overburden  which  is 
loess,  reaches  a  thickness  of  50  feet  in  places,  but  a  strip  from  50  to  150 
feet  wide  is  available  with  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden.  In  most  places 
the  proximity  of  the  bluff  to  the  railroad  affords  no  space  for  plant  build- 
ings, but  by  utilizing  the  ravines  which  interrupt  the  bluff  almost  every  half 
mile,  this  difficulty  may  be  overcome. 

East  from  Elsah  the  shales  and  shaly  limestones  of  the  overlying  for- 
mations make  up  the  upper  portion  of  the  bluff  and  prevent  extensive 
quarrying  into  the  bluff.  However,  large  quantities  of  rock  could  be  ob- 
tained by  quarrying  the  narrow  strip  along  the  edge  of  the  bluff  where  the 
overburden  is  absent  or  very  thin. 

In  addition  to  the  transportation  facilities  afforded  by  the  Chicago, 
Peoria,  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  it  is  also  possible  to  utilize  Mississippi  River 
which  flows  close  to  the  bluff  throughout  this  region. 

OUTCROPS  OF  LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

Outcrops  of  stone  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  from  the  bluffs  of 
Illinois  River  and  along  the  lower  courses  of  most  of  the  creeks  which  empty 
into  the  Illinois  or  Mississippi. 

MADISON    COUNTY 

The  bed  rock  of  Madison  County  (fig.  45)  is  composed  of  the  sand- 
stone, shales,  or  thin  limestones  of  Pennsylvanian  age,  except  for  the  area 
of  Mississippian  limestones  north  and  west  of  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Alton.  Almost  everywhere  the  underlying  rocks  are  obscured  by  a 
mantle  of  drift  or  loess  which  reaches  a  thickness  of  more  than  80  feet  in 
places  and  averages  about  40  feet.  As  a  result  the  bed  rock  is  visible  only 
along  the  streams  where  the  overlying  covering  of  drift  and  loess  has  been 
eroded. 

SHIPPING  QUARRIES 

There  are  at  present  only  two  shipping  quarries  in  this  county,  both  in 
the  vicinity  of  Alton,  though  in  times  past  four  others  were  operated  in  and 
about  the  city.  Of  the  two  in  operation,  one  is  located  in  the  river  bluff  and 
the  other  on  top  of  the  bluff. 


MADISON  COUNTY 


223 


R.7W. 


R.6W. 


R.7W 


R.6W 


Fig.  45.     Map  of  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties  showing  location  of  quarries 

and  quarry  sites. 


224  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L  No.  60 
Mississippi  Lime  and  Material  Company 

Until  recently  four  quarries  were  operated  in  the  Mississippi  River 
bluff  in  sees.  10  and  11,  T.  5  N.,  R.  10  W.,  near  Alton,  by  the  Armstrong 
Lime  and  Quarry  Company,  the  Alton  Lime  and  Cement  Company,  the 
Lockyear  Quarry  Company,  and  the  Gissal  Stone  Company.  These  four 
quarries  have  now  been  combined  by  the  Mississippi  Lime  and  Material 
Company  into  one  large  quarry  with  an  open  face  about  a  mile  long,  which 
varies  from  60  to  80  feet  in  height. 

The  overburden  consists  of  brown  loess  and  ranges  from  10  to  60  feet 
in  thickness.  It  averages  about  45  feet.  It  is  removed  by  washing  into 
nearby  flat  land  by  a  stream  of  water  under  pressure. 

The  quarry  face  is  worked  in  three  or  four  benches,  varying  in  height 
from  10  to  25  feet.  Air  drills  are  used  for  making  the  blast  holes  and  40 
per  cent  dynamite  for  shooting  down  the  rock.  The  broken  rock  is  loaded 
by  hand  into  5-ton  steel  quarry  cars  which  are  pulled  by  locomotives  to  an 
elevator  which  conveys  the  rocks  to  the  primary  crusher.  The  primary 
crusher  is  a  No.  7l/i  gyratory  and  the  secondary  crushing  battery  consists 
of  two  No.  6,  one  No.  5  and  two  No.  3  gyratories.  Two  No.  36  American 
pulverizers  are  used  for  producing  the  finer  crushed  stone.  Sizing  of  the 
quarry  product  is  accomplished  by  three  cylindrical  screens.  Storage  is 
provided  by  a  bin  of  600  tons  capacity. 

The  daily  production  of  the  plant  is  from  1000  to  1200  tons.  The 
yearly  production  is  about  175,000  tons. 

Transportation  is  provided  by  the  Chicago,  Peoria  and  St.  Louis  Rail- 
road which  runs  along  the  foot  of  the  river  bluff. 

The  rock  being  quarried  is  the  St.  Louis  limestone.  It  is  fine-grained, 
gray  to  white  in  color.  Some  of  it  is  burned  for  lime,  but  the  bulk  of  the 
quarry  product  is  used  for  road  material,  concrete  aggregate,  and  agricul- 
tural limestone. 

L  No.  61 
Reliance  Quarry  and  Construction  Company 

The  quarry  of  the  Reliance  Quarry  and  Construction  Company  is  lo- 
cated in  the  city  of  Alton  near  Sixteenth  and  Bell  streets.  Unlike  previously 
described  quarries,  it  is  not  located  along  the  bluff  but  on  top  of  it.  The 
quarry  face  is  62  feet  high  and  consists  of  massive,  fine-grained,  gray  to 
white  limestone.  The  overburden  is  brown  loess  similar  to  that  which  is 
present  at  the  bluff  quarries  and  varies  in  thickness  from  20  to  60  feet,  the 
average  being  about  40  feet.  The  overburden  is  removed  by  hand-shoveling 
into  small  cars  which  are  run  to  a  nearby  dump.  The  Chicago  and  Alton 
Railroad,  which  serves  this  quarry  takes  much  of  this  dirt  for  use  in  fills. 


MADISON  COUNTY  225 

As  in  other  quarries  in  this  vicinity,  the  rock  is  quarried  in  benches  of 
about  20  feet,  and  hand-loaded.  Two  steam  tripod  drills  are  used  in  put- 
ting down  the  blast  holes. 

Two  Gates  crushers,  a  No.  5  and  a  No.  3,  comprise  the  crushing  ma- 
chinery. The  crushed  rock  is  screened  into  three  sizes : — ^-inch,  ^-inch, 
and  1^-inch,  the  first  constituting  10  per  cent,  the  second  45  per  cent,  and 
the  third  45  per  cent  of  the  total  product.  The  storage  capacity  is  about 
400  tons.  The  daily  production  is  about  100  tons  and  the  yearly  production 
about  40,000  tons.     Much  of  the  crushed  stone  is  ground  for  whiting. 

POSSIBLE  QUARRY   SITES 

L  No.  59 

Large  quantities  of  limestone  are  available  for  quarrying  only  along 
the  river  bluff  from  Alton  to  the  Jersey  County  line,  a  distance  of  about 
6  miles.  Here  the  bluff  forms  a  continuous  escarpment  except  where  broken 
by  the  narrow  ravines  of  small  streams  emptying  into  Mississippi  River. 

Owing  to  the  southeast  dip  of  the  rock  the  thickness  of  limestone  in  the 
bluff  decreases  somewhat  to  the  south  and  varies  from  about  80  feet  near 
the  Jersey  County  line  to  about  65  feet  at  Alton.  The  upper  beds  near 
Alton  are  known  as  the  Ste.  Genevieve  limestone,  and  the  lower  beds  are 
called  the  St.  Louis  limestone.  The  exposed  thickness  of  the  Ste.  Genevieve 
limestone  decreases  to  the  north. 

The  Ste.  Genevieve  limestone  shows  a  considerable  variation  both  verti- 
cally and  laterally.  It  is  oolitic,  semi-oolitic,  compact,  or  sandy,  and  the 
strata  of  no  two  localities  are  identical  except  in  so  far  as  they  may  show 
similar  variations.  The  limestone  occurs  in  beds  of  variable  thickness  rang- 
ing from  3  or  4  inches  to  1  or  2  feet.  Vertical  jointing  is  prominent  in  the 
thinner  beds,  giving  them  the  appearance  of  a  brick  wall.  The  heavier  beds, 
however,  are  relatively  free  from  joints.  In  places  a  thin  seam  of  green- 
ish shale  is  found  separating  limestone  beds,  but  such  seams  are  commonly 
no  more  than  a  few  inches  thick.  Some  of  the  limestone  beds  are  sandy 
and  border  upon  calcareous  sandstone.  The  larger  portion  of  the  rock, 
however,  is  a  pure,  fairly  hard,  gray,  oolitic  or  dense  limestone. 

The  St.  Louis  limestone  is  more  uniform  than  the  Ste.  Genevieve.  It 
is  mainly  a  hard,  fine-grained,  compact  gray  limestone,  some  beds  of  which 
are  so  fine-grained  that  they  resemble  lithographic  stone.  On  the  weathered 
surface  the  rock  is  a  chalky  white.  Thin  shaly  partings  are  present  locally, 
but  they  are  never  numerous  or  thick  enough  to  affect  the  general  character 
of  the  rock.  The  rock  varies  from  medium-bedded  to  massive,  and  joints 
are  rare. 

Both  the  St.  Louis  and  the  Ste.  Genevieve  limestones  have  been  used 
repeatedly  on  roads  in  the  vicinity  of  Alton  and  have  been  found  satisfactory. 


226  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Tests  made  on  the  rock  by  the  Illinois  Highway  Division  show  that  the 
rock  fulfills  the  specifications  for  road  material  and  is  of  high  quality  for 
agricultural  use. 

The  overburden  in  Madison  County  consists  of  fine  wind-blown  silt 
called  loess.  In  places  it  extends  to  the  very  edge  of  the  river  bluff  where 
it  stands  with  a  vertical  face  30  feet  or  more  in  height.  At  other  places, 
the  rock  has  been  uncovered  for  a  distance  of  about  15  feet  back  from  the 
edge  of  the  bluff,  whence  the  loess  again  rises  rapidly  to  its  average  height. 
Narrow  ravines  have  been  cut  in  the  loess  so  that  the  surface  is  broken  and 
irregular.  All  these  factors  cause  the  overburden  to  vary  greatly  from 
place  to  place,  so  that  for  small  areas  the  thickness  of  overburden  may  vary 
from  nothing  to  60  feet.  However,  if  areas  of  several  acres  are  considered, 
the  average  thickness  of  the  overburden  is  about  40  feet. 

At  the  present  time  the  local  demand  for  crushed  rock  is  well  supplied 
by  quarries  already  operating  in  this  vicinity.  However,  should  the  demand 
for  crushed  rock  increase,  it  is  very  probable  that  one  or  more  large  quarries 
could  be  opened  along  the  Mississippi  River  bluff. 

The  greatest  drawback  would  be  the  amount  of  overburden  which  must 
be  removed.  If  an  average  depth  of  40  feet  of  overburden  is  assumed  and 
70  feet  of  rock  made  available,  it  would  be  necessary  to  move  about  .57 
yards  of  overburden  for  every  yard  of  rock  in  place.  The  great  thickness 
of  overburden  is  to  some  extent  compensated  by  the  conditions  which  make 
its  removal  comparatively  easy.  The  proximity  of  the  bluffs  to  the  river 
makes  it  possible  to  wash  the  overburden  directly  into  the  river  so  that  no 
handling,  transportation,  or  dumping  area  is  required. 

Some  of  the  advantages  of  this  area  are  the  favorable  transportation 
facilities,  the  large  quantity,  and  the  high  quality  of  the  rock  available. 

The  Chicago,  Peoria,  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  runs  along  the  foot  of  the 
bluff  so  that  shipping  facilities  are  easily  obtainable. 

On  account  of  its  purity,  compactness,  and  the  massive  character  of 
some  of  the  beds,  the  rock  lends  itself  to  many  uses  besides  road  material 
and  concrete  aggregate.  Much  of  the  stone  when  burned  makes  a  very  high 
grade  lime ;  some  makes  excellent  whiting ;  and  almost  all  of  it  can  be  pul- 
verized for  agricultural  limestone  that  will  analyze  from  94  to  96  per  cent 
calcium  carbonate.  The  crushed  rock  is  used  in  concrete  construction,  and 
some  of  the  heavier  beds  could  be  used  for  building  stone. 

As  much  of  the  land  near  the  bluff  is  unfit  for  agriculture,  acreage 
could  be  procured  more  cheaply  than  would  otherwise  be  possible. 

LOCAL    SOURCES    OF   LIMESTONE 

Along  Silver  Creek  in  the  SW.  VA  SW.  y4  sec.  33,  T.  5  N.,  R.  5  W., 
near  the  town  of  Grantfork,  there  is  an  area  of  about  two  acres  underlain 
by  a  3-foot  bed  of  dense,  gray,  Pennsylvanian  limestone.     The  overburden 


MERCER  — MONROE  COUNTIES 


227 


is  a  gray  clay  soil,  and  varies  in  thickness  from  2  to  8  feet,  with  an  average 
of  about  3  feet.  Rock  from  this  outcrop  has  been  used  to  construct  a 
macadam  road  from  Grantfork  to  Highland. 

The  amount  of  crushed  rock  available  at  this  locality  would  not  greatly 
exceed  10,000  yards.  However,  with  a  portable  crusher,  rock  for  culverts, 
bridge  foundations,  or  road  repairs  could  be  obtained. 

A  thin  limestone  bed  outcrops  at  a  few  other  places  along  Sugar  and 
Silver  creeks,  but  the  thickness  of  the  overburden  makes  profitable  quarry- 
ing impossible. 


R.i  w. 


T.  15  N.  ; 


T.  14  N 


R.5  W. 
0 


R.4  W 


R.3  W 

Scale  of  miles 
5 10 


R.2  W 
15 


R.  1  W 


20 


Fig.  46.     Index  map  of  Mercer  County. 

MERCER   COUNTY 

The  following  outcrops  of  Pennsylvanian  limestone  are  reported  in 
Mercer  County  (fig.  46)  : 

1.  Sees.  3,  4  and  5,  T.  14  N.,  R.  2  W.  Ten  to  fifteen  feet  of  gray  or  drab 
limestone  in  thin  beds. 

2.  Sec.  34,  T.  15  N.,  R.  2  W.     The   stone  is  similar  to  the  preceding. 

3.  Two  feet  of  blue  limestone  is  commonly  found  above  the  most  important 
coal  seams  of  the  county. 

Mississippian  limestones  belonging  to  the  Kinderhook  group  are  re- 
ported to  outcrop  in  sec.  5,  T.  13  N.,  R.  5  W.,  in  the  blufT  at  the  junction  of 
Edwards  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

MONROE   COUNTY 

The  rocks  which  outcrop  in  Monroe  County  (fig.  47)  are  of  Missis- 
sippian age  except  those  at  and  around  Valmeyer,  where  limited  exposures 


228 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


of  Ordovician  and  Devonian  rocks  occur,  and  in  the  northeast  and  extreme 
northwest  corners  of  the  county,  where  the  Pennsylvanian  sandstones  and 
shales  immediately  underlie  the  surficial  material. 


R.  1 1  W, 


LEGEND 

A     Shipping  quarry 

•     Shipping  quarry  site 

X     Local  quarry 

mf    Shipping  quarry  site 
sampled 


>w  0    Other  sites  sampled 

K  T.2  S 
\!       '  ^   Local  quarry  sampled 


R.10W. 

Fig.  47.     Map  of  Monroe  County  showing  location  of  quarries  and  quarry  sites. 

Although  the  bed  rock  is  covered  by  a  thick  mantle  of  drift  or  loess  in 
most  places,  it  is  commonly  exposed  along  nearly  all  stream  courses  and  in 
the  rims  of  numerous  sinks.  Particularly  is  this  true  of  the  Mississippian 
limestones,  which,  where  easily  accessible,  will  furnish  practically  unlimited 
quantities  of  stone. 


MONROE  COUNTY  229 

There  are  three  shipping  quarries  located  in  this  county ;  one  near 
Columbia  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  the  other  two  in  the  river 
bluff  at  Valmeyer. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

L  No.  63 

Columbia  Quarry  Company 

Quarry  No.  2 

The  quarry  east  of  Columbia  is  situated  in  a  hill  in  the  SW.  Y\  SW.  Y\ 
sec.  14,  T.  1  S.,  R.  10  W.  It  has  a  face  about  600  feet  long  and  55  feet 
high  which  is  being  worked  back  into  the  hill. 

The  rock  quarried  is  known  as  the  Salem  limestone  and  is  essentially 
a  compact,  fine-grained,  gray  limestone  containing  small  lenses  and  nodules 
of  chert  in  the  upper  beds.  The  limestone  breaks  with  a  subconchoidal 
fracture.  The  thinner  beds  are  badly  jointed,  but  the  heavier  and  more 
massive  beds  are  relatively  free  from  fracture  planes.  A  section  of  the 
rock  is  as  follows : 

Thickness 
Feet 

4.     Limestone,  thin  bedded  with  nodules  of  chert 8 

3.     Limestone,  massive,  blue-gray  with  specks  of  crystalline  calcite 14 

2.     Limestone,  thin-bedded,  somewhat  soft  and  cherty 12 

1.     Limestone,  massive,  compact,  gray  with  specks  of  crystalline  calcite.        20 

Total    54 

The  overburden  consists  of  brown  loess  which  varies  in  thickness  from 
10  to  50  feet  and  averages  about  15  feet.  It  is  removed  by  loading  it  into 
cars  with  a  steam  shovel  and  hauling  it  with  a  locomotive  to  nearby  ravines. 

A  well  drill  is  used  to  drill  the  blast  holes  which  are  shot  with  40  per 
cent  dynamite.  The  broken  rock  is  then  hand-loaded  into  small  cars  and 
hauled  by  mules  to  the  incline  where  a  hoist  pulls  the  car  to  the  primary 
crusher.  Masses  of  rock  too  large  to  load  by  hand  are  further  broken  up 
by  "dobie"  or  "block  hole"  shots. 

The  primary  crusher  is  a  No.  8  K  Allis-Chalmers  gyratory,  and  the 
secondary  battery  a  No.  6  K  Allis-Chalmers  and  a  No.  4  Austin.  Sizing 
is  accomplished  by  means  of  two  screens : — a  48  inch  by  24  foot  Gruendler 
and  a  36  inch  by  16  foot  Stephens  Adamson. 

The  daily  production  is  about  900  tons  and  the  yearly  production  about 
100,000  tons.    Bins  provide  storage  for  about  200  tons. 

The  quarry  product  is  used  as  aggregate,  road  material,  agricultural 
limestone,  and  as  flux,  particularly  in  aluminum  refining. 


230  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L  No.  68 
Columbia  Quarry  Company 

Quarry  No.  3  at  Valmeyer  is  located  in  the  river  bluff  in  the  NE.  % 
SW.  Y\  sec.  3,  T.  3  S.,  R.  11  W.  The  rock  from  this  quarry  is  produced 
exclusively  for  use  in  the  refining  of  aluminum,  and  for  other  fluxing  pur- 
poses. The  average  daily  production  is  about  1400  tons  and  the  yearly  pro- 
duction about  140,000  tons.  Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  Missouri 
and  Pacific  Railroad. 

The  quarry  face  is  700  feet  long  and  135  feet  high.  The  overburden 
of  yellow  loess  ranges  in  thickness  from  15  to  65  feet;  and  averages  about 
35  feet.  It  is  loaded  into  cars  by  a  steam  shovel  and  dumped  into  an 
adjacent  hollow. 

The  rock  which  is  known  as  the  Kimmswick  limestone  is  a  coarsely 
crystalline,  massive  bedded  stone  with  but  few  joints.  Ten  feet  of  soft, 
cherty,  gray  limestone  separates  the  upper  65  feet  of  massive  gray  limestone 
from  the  lower  60  feet  of  pinkish  heavy-bedded  stone.  The  following  sec- 
tion is  exposed  in  the  quarry : 

Thickness 
Feet 

3.     Limestone,  massive,  coarsely  crystalline 65 

2.     Limestone,  soft,  cherty,  gray 10 

1.     Limestone,  heavy-bedded,  crystalline  with  a  pinkish  tinge 60 

Total    135 

In  quarrying,  a  row  of  holes  is  drilled  with  well  drills  through  the  upper 
65  feet ;  this  part  of  the  face  is  then  blasted  down ;  next  the  10-foot  cherty 
layer  is  broken  up;  and  finally  the  bottom  60  feet  are  shot  down.  Forty 
per  cent  dynamite  is  used  in  the  blasting  operations. 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovel  into  quarry  cars,  which  are 
drawn  to  the  crushers  and  emptied  by  a  derrick.  Any  masses  of  rock 
which  are  too  large  to  handle  are  further  reduced  in  size  by  "dobie"  or 
"block  hole"  shots.  The  crushing  apparatus  consists  of  No.  12  K  and  No. 
6  Allis-Chalmers  gyratories.  Two  screens,  an  Allis-Chalmers  5-  by  20-foot 
cylindrical  and  a  6-foot  Tyler  shaker,  are  used  to  size- the  crushed  stone. 

An  immense  amount  of  stone  is  available  here,  but  with  the  exception 
of  the  cherty  layer,  is  too  soft  to  serve  as  road  material.  The  stone  is  how- 
ever, admirably  suited  for  agricultural  and  chemical  uses  due  to  its  high 
degree  of  purity. 

L  No.  351 
The  Valmeyer  Limestone  and  Stone  Company 

This  quarry  is  located  a  little  south  of  Valmeyer  in  the  NW.  J4  seG- 
10,  T.  3  S.,  R.  11  W.     The  working  face  of  the  quarry  is  located  high  on 


MONROE  COUNTY  231 

the  river  bluff  and  the  crushing  plant  at  the  base  of  the  bluff,  thereby  making 
the  utilization  of  gravity  in  the  crushing  operations  possible. 

The  rock  which  is  quarried  is  the  Salem  limestone.  It  is  a  medium- 
grained,  dense,  buff  and  gray-white  stone,  and  contains  locally  large  nodules 
of  chert.  As  the  nodules  are  large  enough  to  be  separated  easily  from  the 
surrounding  limestone  the  product  can  be  made  free  from  chert  if  so  desired. 

The  rock  is  blasted  down  in  benches,  and  hand-loaded  into  quarry  cars, 
which  are  run  to  the  edge  of  the  quarry  floor  and  dumped  into  steel  lined 
chutes.  Gravity  carries  the  rock  down  the  chutes  to  the  primary  crusher 
which  is  a  McCully.  The  broken  rock  is  sized  by  two  cylindrical  screens 
5  by  10  feet  and  5  by  18  feet  respectively,  and  the  oversize  further  reduced 
by  a  Worthington  crusher  and  a  36-  by  16-inch  roll.  The  stone  can  be 
produced  in  practically  any  sized  fragments  desired. 

The  crushed  stone  is  sold  locally  and  shipped  on  the  Missouri  and  Pacific 
Railroad. 

LOCAL    QUARRIES 

L  No.  352 

Columbia  Quarry  Company 

Quarry  No.  5 

The  Maeystown  quarry  is  located  in  a  hill  in  the  NW.  ^4  SW.  /4  sec. 
5,  T.  4  S.,  R.  10  W.,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  due  south  of  the  town 
of  Maeystown. 

The  stone  quarried  is  the  St.  Louis  limestone.  It  is  a  dense,  fine- 
grained, hard,  brittle,  blue-gray  rock  in  regular  beds  of  medium  thickness. 
The  overburden  is  about  three  feet  of  clay  and  is  removed  by  loading  into 
a  wagon  and  dumping  into  a  nearby  ravine. 

A  35-foot  face  of  rock  about  400  feet  long  is  being  worked.  A  well 
drill  is  used  to  make  the  blast  holes  and  the  stone  is  shot  down  with  40 
per  cent  dynamite.  It  is  hand-loaded  into  wheelbarrows  and  thus  conveyed 
to  the  crusher,  an  Austin  No.  4  gyratory.  A  flat  wire  screen,  a  No.  36 
American  pulverizer,  and  a  bin  holding  100  tons  constitute  the  remainder 
of  the  quarry  equipment. 

The  quarry  is  without  railroad  shipping  facilities  and  transportation 
is  effected  by  means  of  trucks  and  wagons.  The  daily  production  is  about 
100  tons  and  the  yearly  production  about  6000  tons.  It  is  being  operated 
as  a  local  source  of  agricultural  limestone  and  road  material. 

POSSIBLE  QUARRY    SITES 

Monroe  County  is  traversed  by  only  two  railroads : — the  Missouri 
Pacific  and  the  Mobile  and  Ohio.  The  Missouri  Pacific  runs  along  the 
river  flat  near  the  foot  of  the  bluff,  for  the  entire  length  of  the  county. 
The  Mobile  and  Ohio  enters  the  county  at  the  northwest  corner,   follows 


232  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

a  general  southeasterly  direction,  and  leaves  the  county  at  the  southeast 
corner.  A  branch  runs  eastward  from  Millstadt  Junction  in  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  county.  Shipping  quarries  are  therefore  restricted  to  the 
river  bluff  or  to  a  narrow  strip  diagonally  southeast  across  the  county. 

The  region  along  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad 
There  are  two  quarries  operating  along  the  region  traversed  by  the 
Mobile  and  Ohio,  one  about  one  mile  east  of  Columbia  and  a  second  on  the 
branch  about  two  miles  east  of  Millstadt  Junction,  just  over  the  St.  Clair 
County  line.  These  quarries  are  capable  of  supplying  any  demand  likely 
to  arise  in  this  region. 

South  of  Columbia  no  outcrops  of  importance  were  observed  within  a 
mile  of  the  railroad  except  at  Andys  Run  in  the  west-central  part  of  sec. 
14,  T.  2  S.,  R.  10  W.  where  the  rock  outcrops  along  the  creek  for  several 
hundred  feet.  However,  the  area  of  exposed  rock  is  less  than  two  acres 
and  the  overburden  rapidly  reaches  a  thickness  of  25  feet  on  each  side  of 
the  stream.  Furthermore,  the  railroad  passes  25  feet  above  the  outcrop, 
which  would  make  transportation  a  difficult  problem.  Likewise,  a  pit 
quarry  would  be  subject  to  flooding  from  the  stream.  These  factors  to- 
gether with  the  competition  from  the  more  favorable  situated  quarries  make 
this  locality  of  doubtful  value.  No  other  exposures  of  importance  occur 
along  this  railroad  and  although  limestone  forms  the  bed  rock  at  many 
places,  it  is  covered  by  20  to  50  feet  of  drift  and  could  be  quarried  only  by 
working  a  pit. 

TJie  region  along  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad 
The  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  follows  along  the  base  of  the  Mississippi 
River  bluff  for  its  entire  length  in  the  county.     At  places  the  railroad  is 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  bluff,  but  is  commonly  near  enough  to 
make  a  switch  feasible. 

The  amount  of  stone  available  in  the  bluffs  is  practically  unlimited  and 
good  quarry  sites  are  numerous.  The  most  favorable  locations  for  quarries 
are  in  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  from  Morrison  Hollow  south  to  the  county 
line ;  from  Monroe  City  Hollow  north  to  a  point  slightly  beyond  the  quarry 
at  Valmeyer  (fig.  48)  and  from  Trout  Hollow  north  to  Fountain  Gap.  At 
these  places  the  bluffs  are  composed  mainly  of  Salem  and  St.  Louis  lime- 
stone and  stand  as  sheer  cliffs  90  to  200  feet  high.  In  the  remainder  of  the 
bluff,  the  slopes  are  relatively  gentle  and  the  rock  is  concealed  by  talus  and 
loess,  (fig.  49).  Where  such  bluffs  consist  of  the  Warsaw  formation,  as 
from  Chalfin  Bridge  to  Monroe  City  Hollow,  they  contain  local  beds  of  shale. 
The  foot  of  the  bluff  is  commonly  concealed  under  a  covering  of  talus 
which  may  extend  from  a  quarter  to  half  way  up  the  face  of  the  bluff  and 
have  a  width  of  from  50  to  200  feet. 


MONROE  COUNTY 


233 


The  bluff  is  capped  by  loess  which  reaches  a  thickness  of  75  feet  or 
more  in  some  places,  and  locally  rises  abruptly  from  the  edge  of  the  bluff 
in  a  steep  face.  In  general,  however,  there  is  a  10-  to  15-foot  strip  along 
the  edge,  where  there  is  little  or  no  overburden,  but  beyond  which  the  loess 
rises  to  its  regular  height. 

At  intervals  the  bluff  is  broken  by  small  creeks  emptying  into  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  it  is  at  the  intersection  of  these  creeks  with  the  bluff  that  the  most 
promising  quarry  sites  are  to  be  found.  K.  No.  27  B  represents  a  typical 
case. 


Fig.  48.  The  Mississippi  River  bluff 
south  of  Valmeyer.  The  upper 
medium  bedded  rock  is  the  St. 
Louis  limestone  and  that  below  the 
Salem  limestone. 


K.  No.  27  B 
About  a  mile  north  of  the  Randolph  County  line  the  bluff  is  broken 
by  a  small  creek.  A  narrow  ravine  leading  to  the  creek  runs  parallel  to 
the  face  of  the  bluff  and  gives  rise  to  a  narrow  ridge  about  half  a  mile  long 
and  about  200  feet  wide  at  the  top.  Toward  the  river  the  ridge  presents 
a  sheer  face,  and  on  the  side  toward  the  ravine  the  surface  slopes  rather 


234 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


steeply.  The  top  of  the  ridge  for  the  first  1,500  feet  from  the  southeast 
end  is  practically  bare,  but  beyond  this  the  loess  rises  rapidly.  The  talus 
accumulation  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff  is  practically  negligible.  The  ravine 
will  make  an  excellent  dumping  ground  for  the  overburden  whenever  strip- 
ping becomes  necessary. 

The  ridge  rises  to  a  height  of  200  feet,  where  the  loess  becomes  promi- 
nent, but  it  averages  probably  120  feet.     This  ridge,  1,500  feet  long,  more 


Fig.  49.  The  two  types  of  bluff  along  Mississippi  River  south  of  Valmeyer.  In 
the  upper  figure  the  bold  bluff  is  composed  of  the  St.  Louis  and 
Salem  limestones.  In  the  lower  figure  the  gently  sloping  bluff  is 
composed  of  the  shale  and  shaly  limestone  of  the  Warsaw  formation. 

than  200  feet  wide,  and  120  feet  high,  would  yield  over  a  million  cubic  yards 
of  rock  with  the  necessity  of  practically  no  stripping. 

The  rock  comprising  the  ridge  is  known  as  the  St.  Louis  and  the  Salem 
limestone.  It  is  mainly  a  compact,  hard,  gray  limestone,  though  the  Salem 
limestone  does  contain  some  beds  of  crystalline  or  granular  limestone.  These, 
however,  are  so  well  cemented  that  they  serve  quite  satisfactorily  as  road 
material. 

The  ridge  is  about  1  mile  from  a  railroad,  but  the  intervening  country 
is  flat  and  presents  no  obstacles  to  the  construction  of  a  spur. 

SAMPLES    SECURED 

Five  samples  of  the  stone  taken  at  various  places  along  the  bluff  or  a 
short  distance  back  from  it,  are  as  follows : 

L  No.  66.  Ste.  Genevieve  limestone  in  the  nose  on  the  north  side  of  Carr 
Creek  where  it  intersects  the  bluff  about  1%  miles  west  of  Columbia. 


MONROE  COUNTY  235 

L  No.  68.  Kimmswick  limestone  at  the  quarry  three-fourths  of  a  mile  north- 
east of  Valmeyer. 

L  No.  69.  St.  Louis  limestone  in  the  cen.  of  the  north  line,  NE.  ^4  sec.  18, 
T.  2  S.,  R.  10  W. 

L  No.  70.     Salem  limestone  in  the  NW.  14  SE.  ^  sec.  15,  T.  3  S.,  R.  11  W. 

L  No.  71.  St.  Louis  limestone  half  a  mile  south  and  a  little  west  of  Maeys- 
town. 

DEPOSITS    OF    LOCAL   IMPORTANCE 

A  list  of  all  limestone  outcrops  which  might  furnish  rock  for  local  use 
is  practically  impossible.  Nearly  every  creek  and  hollow  within  three  miles 
of  the  bluff  exposes  limestone  along  its  course,  and  near  the  bluffs  the  valley 
slopes  show  almost  as  great  a  thickness  of  rock  as  do  the  bluffs.  Further- 
more, rock  is  exposed  in  many  of  the  sink  holes  scattered  over  the  western 
and  southwestern  parts  of  the  county.  Especially  is  this  true  at  some  dis- 
tance from  the  bluff,  where  the  loess  is  thinner. 

In  the  eastern  half  of  the  county  where  the  Upper  Mississippian 
(Chester)  sandstones,  limestones,  and  shales  comprise  most  of  the  bed 
rock,  limestone  exposures  are  not  so  numerous.  Descriptions  of  a  few 
typical  localities  where  either  Upper  or  Lower  Mississippian  rocks  are  ex- 
posed, follow. 

Sec.  14,  T.  2  S.,  R.  10  W. 

For  about  1,200  feet  the  flood  plain  of  Andys  Run  in  the  SW.  >4  NW. 
%.  of  sec.  14,  T.  2  S.,  R.  10  W.,  consists  of  hard,  gray,  compact  Ste.  Gene- 
vieve limestone,  overlain  by  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden.  The  overburden 
is  composed  of  brown  clay  and  rises  rapidly  on  both  sides  of  the  creek  to  a 
thickness  of  about  25  feet.  The  exposure,  however,  is  narrow  and  occupies 
less  than  two  acres.  At  a  similar  exposure  several  hundred  feet  farther  east 
on  the  north  fork  of  the  creek  the  rock  outcrops  for  10  to  15  feet  along  the 
bank,  but  is  overlain  by  25  to  30  feet  of  clay  soil.  Only  about  \y2  acres  have 
less  than  5  feet  of  overburden. 

These  outcrops  are  probably  capable  of  supplying  the  immediate  neigh- 
borhood with  all  the  stone  it  may  need.  Because  of  its  proximity  to  the 
Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  it  might  be  considered  a  favorable  location  for 
a  shipping  quarry,  but  it  is  open  to  certain  objections  which  are  stated  in 
discussing  the  area  along  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

L  No.  67 
Thirteen  feet  of  limestone  is  exposed  along  the  banks  and  flood  plain 
of  Prairie  du  Long  Creek  in  the  west-central  part  of  sec.  21,  T.  3  S.,  R.  8 
\Y.  The  overburden  reaches  a  thickness  of  30  feet  at  a  short  distance  from 
the  outcrop,  except  over  a  strip  about  150  feet  wide  and  GOO  feet  long,  where 
it  is  probably  less  than  10  feet. 


236  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  rock  is  a  coarsely  crystalline,  moderately  hard,  gray  limestone,  and 
is  a  part  of  the  Okaw  formation.  A  2^-foot  shale  bed  is  found  8  feet  from 
the  top,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  other  shale  beds  occur  below.  Though 
only  13  feet  of  limestone  is  exposed,  the  thickness  of  the  bed  is  probably 
considerably  greater.     More  than  50,000  tons  can  be  obtained  here. 

Sink  holes 

It  is  very  doubtful  if  any  great  quantity  of  rock  is  available  at  any  one 
sink  hole,  because  the  overburden  commonly  rises  rapidly  from  the  edge  of 
the  rock  to  heights  which  prohibit  its  removal.  Many  of  the  sink  holes  can 
yield  more  than  1,000  tons  of  rock,  and  for  localities  where  railroad  trans- 
portation is  wranting,  enough  stone  might  be  quarried  to  build  all  local  roads. 

PIKE   COUNTY 

Practically  all  of  Pike  County  (fig.  50)  except  the  north  central  part 
is  underlain  by  limestones  and  shales  of  Lower  Mississippian  age.  Over 
most  of  this  area,  however,  the  rock  is  buried  beneath  great  thicknesses  of 
drift  or  loess,  and  it  is  only  along  stream  courses  that  rock  is  available  at  the 
surface.  The  best  exposures  of  rock  are  found  along  the  Illinois  River  bluffs 
and  along  streams  close  to  the  bluffs.  The  Mississippi  River  bluff  as  far 
south  as  Atlas  shows  shale  in  its  lower  portion  and  only  a  relatively  thin 
capping  of  limestone.  Near  the  south  end  of  the  county,  however,  lime- 
stone of  Silurian  age  appears  along  the  base  of  the  bluff. 

The  rock  outcrops  are  numerous.  Rock  is  quarried  only  near  Pearl  in 
the  southeast  corner  of  the  county  where  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad 
operates  a  quarry  for  ballast  and  aggregate. 

SHIPPING    QUARRY 

K  No.  106 

SW.  ]/A  sec.  io,  T.  7  S.,  R.  2  IV. 

Quarry  of  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad  1 

This  quarry  which  produces  about  300  yards  of  crushed  rock  daily  is 

located  in  the  bluff.     It  is  450  feet  long  and  has  a  face  110  feet  high.     The 

overburden  consists  of  loess  and  averages  about  8  feet  in  thickness. 

The  rock  quarried  is  known  as  the  Burlington  limestone.  It  is  a  mas- 
sive, gray,  coarsely  granular  limestone,  characterized  by  abundant  chert 
which  occurs  as  thin  irregular  layers  and  nodules.  The  rock  is  very  similar 
to  that  at  Quincy  in  Adams  County,  and  that  at  Eldred  in  Greene  County, 
and  may  be  expected  to  give  similar  results  in  tests. 

In  quarrying,  rock  is  blasted  down  in  about  30-foot  benches.  Ingersoll- 
Rand  drills  are  used  in  putting  down  the  holes  and  60  per  cent  dynamite  is 
used  in  blasting. 


xIn  1924   the  Chicago,  and  Alton  Railroad  informed  the   Survey   of   its.  intention -to 
abandon  this  quarry.     The  description  of  the  quarry  is  included  as  a  matter  of  record. 


PIKE  COUNTY 


237 


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238  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  hand  into  2-yard  cars  and  hauled  to  the 
crusher  by  horses.  The  crushing  machinery  includes  two  Gates  crushers, 
a  No.  6  and  a  No.  5.    The  sorting  is  done  by  a  42-inch  screen. 

POSSIBLE   QUARRY    SITES 

The  more  favorable  localities  at  which  rock  is  available  near  a  railroad 
are  at  Valley  City  and  along  Hadley  Creek  northwest  of  Barry. 

At  all  of  these  places  the  rock  is  the  massive,  gray,  coarsely  granular 
limestone  similar  to  that  which  is  quarried  at  Pearl.  It  is  probably  too  soft 
to  make  good  road  material.  It  can,  however,  be  used  as  aggregate  in  con- 
crete which  is  not  subjected  to  wear  and  its  high  degree  of  purity  when  free 
of  flint  makes  it  desirable  for  lime  manufacture,  for  agricultural  limestone, 
and  for  other  uses  which  demand  a  pure  limestone. 

K  No.  107 

An  abandoned  quarry  is  located  along  the  railroad  in  sec.  20,  T.  4  S., 
R.  2  W.  about  one-quarter  of  a  mile  southwest  of  Valley  City.  The  quarry 
face  is  200  feet  long  and  50  feet  high.  The  overburden  consists  mainly  of 
loess  and  averages  about  15  feet  in  thickness. 

The  bluff  continues  westward  along  the  railroad  for  about  one-quarter 
of  a  mile  and  though  the  slope  is  comparatively  gentle,  yet  a  quarry  face 
could  be  developed  without  much  difficulty.  The  distance  the  quarry  could 
be  worked  back  into  the  bluff  depends  on  the  amount  of  overburden  that 
could  be  removed  profitably,  but  for  more  than  150  feet  back  from  the 
edge  of  the  bluff,  the  overburden  would  not  average  much  over  10  feet. 

K  No.  108 
Along  Creek  west  of  Valley  City 
For  more  than  a  mile  westward  from  Valley  City  the  creek  bluffs  show 
more  than  30  feet  of  rock.  The  stream  meanders  greatly  and  its  bluffs 
approach  the  railroad  at  intervals  as  ridges.  The  thickness  of  the  over- 
burden on  many  of  these  ridges  is  less  than  5  feet  and  as  many  are  several 
hundred  feet  wide,  large  quantities  of  stone  might  be  obtained  here.  The 
Wabash  Railroad  runs  along  the  base  of  the  bluff. 

K  No.  109 
Bluff  north  of  Valley  City 
The  bluff  immediately  north  of  Valley  City  might  also  be  considered 
as  a  possible  quarry  site.  The  bluff  is  50  to  70  feet  high  and  is  covered  by 
loess  which  increases  in  thickness  from  almost  nothing  at  the  edge  of  the 
bluff  to  30  feet  or  more,  several  hundred  feet  back  from  the  edge.  The  bluff 
is  within  800  feet  of  the  Wabash  Railroad. 


RANDOLPH  COUNTY  239 

K  No.  110 
Hadley  Creek  area 
Several  localities  in  the  bluff  along  Hadley  Creek  may  furnish  large 
quantities  of  rock  where  the  bluff  parallels  the  Wabash  Railroad  northwest 
of  Barry.  Probably  the  most  favorable  location  is  in  the  SE.  J4  sec-  15, 
T.  4  S.,  R.  6  W.,  about  %y2  miles  northwest  of  Barry.  Here  an  area  of 
more  than  5  acres  is  available  with  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden.  The 
bluff  which  is  about  400  feet  north  of  the  railroad  presents  a  steep  slope  for 
a  distance  of  more  than  800  feet,  and  over  an  area  300  feet  wide  along  the 
top  the  overburden  is  less  than  8  feet  thick.  The  top  of  the  bluff  is  140  feet 
above  the  flat.  The  flat  bottom  land  between  the  railroad  and  the  bluff 
would  furnish  adequate  space  for  the  erection  of  a  crushing  plant. 

ROCK    FOR    LOCAL    USE 

Rock  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  anywhere  along  the  bluffs  of 
Mississippi  or  Illinois  rivers,  and  along  the  lower  courses  of  all  the  creeks 
which  empty  into  these  rivers. 

RANDOLPH    COUNTY 

The  topography  of  the  northern  and  eastern  parts  of  Randolph  County 
(fig.  51),  is  flat  or  only  gently  rolling,  and  the  bed  rock,  which  is  concealed 
beneath  a  mantle  of  clay  till  10  to  40  or  more  feet  thick,  is  exposed  only 
along  a  few  streams.  In  the  southern  and  western  parts,  however,  especially 
in  the  area  bordering  the  river  bluffs,  the  country  i-s  considerably  dissected, 
and  rock  outcrops  along  nearly  every  ravine  and  hollow.  In  the  Mississippi 
River  bluffs  thicknesses  of  more  than  100  feet  of  rock  are  commonly 
exposed. 

Except  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county,  where  rock  of  Pennsyl- 
vanian  age  is  found,  and  in  the  northwestern  part  where  St.  Louis  limestone 
of  Lower  Mississippian  age  comprises  the  bluff,  the  bed  rock  of  the  county 
consists  of  a  series  of  interbedded  limestones,  sandstones,  and  shales  of 
Upper  Mississippian  age. 

The  river  bluff  is  the  only  place  in  the  county  where  large  quantities  of 
rock  are  available  within  reasonable  distance  of  a  railroad,  so  that  any  new 
shipping  quarries  in  the  county  would  have  to  be  located  there.  Rock  for 
local  purposes  can  be  obtained  along  many  of  the  creeks  and  ravines  in  the 
western  and  southern  parts  of  the  county. 

SHIPPING   QUARRY 

There  is  only  one  shipping  quarry  in  the  county  and  that  is  the  prison 
quarry  at  Menard  (fig.  52). 


240 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


CO 

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RANDOLPH  COUNTY 


241 


KNo.  8 
Sec.  28,  T.  7  S.,  R.  7  W. 
Penitentiary  quarry  at  Menard 
Practically  all  the  rock  quarried  here  is  used  for  agricultural  limestone, 
and  as  road  material. 

Two  quarries  are  operated  one  inside  and  the  other  outside  the  prison 
yard.  At  both  quarries  a  40-foot  face  of  rock  is  worked.  The  rock  within 
the  prison  yard  is  almost  free  of  shale  but  that  outside  the  prison  where 
slightly  higher  beds  are  quarried  contains  much  interbedded  shale. 

The  limestone  in  both  quarries  is  a  coarsely  granular  rock  of  Upper 
Mississippian  (Okaw)  age  and  when  free  from  shale  is  of  a  high  degree  of 
purity.  In  general,  the  limestone  layers  which  are  interbedded  with  shale  are 
less  pure  than  those  which  are  free  from  shale. 


Fig.  52.     The  inside  quarry  at  the  Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  at  Menard. 


The  overburden  at  the  inside  quarry  reaches  a  thickness  of  38  feet  and 
consists  of  loess  and  limy  shale.  At  the  outside  quarry  the  overburden  is 
also  loess,  but  it  is  probable  that  on  working  back  additional  shale  beds  will 
be  found  coming  in  above  the  present  quarry  face. 

Similar  quarry  methods  are  employed  at  both  quarries.  The  overbur- 
den is  loaded  into  wagons  by  hand  and  hauled  away  by  teams.  The  rock  is 
shot  down  in  benches  of  14  to  16  feet.  Steam  drills  are  used  for  making 
the  blast  holes  and  40  per  cent  dynamite  used  in  blasting. 

The  crushing  machinery  at  the  inside  quarry  consists  of  an  Austin  No. 
iy2  crusher  and  a  No.  9  Williams  pulverizer.  At  the  outside  quarry  a 
Gates  No.  ^]/2  crusher  is  used  in  crushing  the  rock. 


242  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Practically  all  of  the  rock  from  the  inside  quarry  is  used  for  making- 
agricultural  limestone,  and  the  stone  produced  from  the  outside  quarry  is 
crushed  for  road  material. 

The  yearly  production  from  both  quarries  is  approximately  45,000  tons. 

POSSIBLE  SITES  FOR  SHIPPING  QUARRIES 

Probably  the  best  location  for  a  large  shipping  quarry  in  this  region  is 
the  river  bluff  from  the  Monroe  County  line  to  a  point  about  \y2  miles  south 
of  Prairie  du  Rocher.  The  bluff  throughout  this  distance  except  for  the 
gap  at  Prairie  du  Rocher  presents  a  steep  face  of  solid  rock  which  is  about 
200  feet  high  at  the  county  line  but  thins  to  the  south  and  is  probably  not 
more  than  100  feet  high  south  of  the  gap.  The  rock  is  St.  Louis  limestone 
of  Lower  Mississippian  age,  and  is  similar  to  the  St.  Louis  of  St.  Clair 
County  except  that  chert  is  a  little  more  common  in  the  upper  layers.  It 
is  a  compact,  fine-grained  rock,  gray  to  white  in  color  and  massive  in  struc- 
ture. Locally  it  has  been  burnt  for  lime,  and  chemical  analyses  of  some  of 
the  beds  show  more  than  95  per  cent  calcium  carbonate. 

The  greatest  drawback  to  this  region  is  the  amount  of  overburden 
present.  The  edge  of  the  bluff  is  usually  bare,  but  the  loess  begins  5  or 
10  feet  back  from  the  edge,  and  in  less  than  50  feet  reaches  a  height  of  60 
to  100  feet  and  averages  about  80  feet. 

Although  the  slopes  of  loess  have  been  dissected  into  a  series  of  narrow 
ridges,  the  ravines  are  usually  so  narrow  that  they  do  not  decrease  greatly 
from  the  amount  of  overburden.  Even  if  some  economical  means  of  re- 
moving such  a  thickness  of  overburden  could  be  found,  there  would  then  be 
the  problem  of  finding  suitable  dumping  area.  For  supplying  a  temporary 
demand,  it  is  very  probable  that  several  hundred  thousand  tons  of  rock 
could  be  procured  by  quarrying  a  strip  from  10  to  15  feet  wide  over  a 
considerable  distance  along  the  bluff. 

K  No.  9 
Sample  K  No.  9  was  taken  at  a  small  quarry  in  the  bluff  about  half  a 
mile  north  of  Prairie  du  Rocher  Creek  and  represents  in  a  general  way  the 
St.  Louis  limestone  as  it  occurs  in  that  region. 

K  No.  26 
Prairie  du  Rocher 
Probably  the  best  location  for  a  quarry  in  this  region  would  be  on  the 
west  side  of  Prairie  du  Rocher  Creek,  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  north 
of  Prairie  du  Rocher.  At  this  place  the  cliff  has  a  short  westward  projec- 
tion which  terminates  in  a  flat  area  comprising  500  square  feet,  the  surface 
of  which  is  more  than  100  feet  lower  than  the  surface  of  the  adjoining  bluff. 
The  south  face  of  this  projection  is  about  1,000  feet  long  at  the  base,  and 


RANDOLPH  COUNTY  243 

reveals  a  thickness  of  150  feet  of  limestone.  The  horizontal  distance  from 
the  bottom  of  the  hill  to  where  the  rock  is  covered  is  about  300  feet.  Above 
this  the  land  continues  to  rise  and  in  the  next  200  feet  reaches  a  height  of 
60  feet  above  the  exposed  rock  in  the  terrace.  To  the  north  of  the  flat 
there  is  also  a  steep  slope  and  the  overburden  can  be  dumped  here  as  it  is 
removed  from  the  flat.  On  the  west  side  of  the  flat  the  slope  is  gentle  and 
all  rock  is  covered  by  loess  which  is  30  feet  thick  at  the  road.  Though  the 
loess  appears  to  be  from  50  to  60  feet  thick,  it  is  very  probable  that  some 
has  been  washed  down  over  the  upper  beds  of  rock  so  that  it  is  possible  that 
the  overburden  does  not  average  much  over  30  feet. 

The  amount  of  rock  available  in  this  area  is  more  than  2,000,000  cubic 
yards. 

Transportation  facilities  might  be  obtained  by  continuing  the  spur  of 
the  Missouri  Pacific,  which  at  present  extends  only  as  far  as  the  Brickey 
Lumber  Company's  storage  sheds. 

Other  bluff  regions 
K  Nos.  22,  23,  and  24A 

Southeast  of  the  Prairie  du  Rocher  region  to  a  point  about  two  miles 
beyond  Modoc,  the  bluff  is  composed  mainly  of  sandstone,  but  beyond  this, 
as  far  as  the  city  of  Chester,  the  bluff  consists  almost  entirely  of  the  Okaw 
formation. 

The  Okaw  formation  is  mainly  limestone,  but  contains  some  interbedded 
shale  ranging  in  thickness  from  less  than  an  inch  to  10  feet  or  more.  The 
limestone  is  essentially  a  coarsely  crystalline  to  granular  rock,  but  appears 
well  cemented  and  may  make  satisfactory  road  material.  Some  chert  bands 
or  nodules  are  present  but  are  not  common. 

Sample  K  No.  24A  was  taken  from  the  ravine  in  the  Mississippi  River 
bluffs  half  way  between  Roots  and  Modoc;  K  No.  23  from  the  large  hill 
just  northwest  of  Roots;  and  K  No.  22  from  the  bluff  near  the  center  of 
sec.  2-4,  T.  6  S.,  R.  8  W.,  about  \yA  miles  northwest  of  Reily  Lake.  These 
samples  are  all  taken  from  the  Okaw  limestone  and  indicate  the  general 
character  of  the  more  strictly  calcareous  portions  of  this  formation. 

K  Nos.  12A,  13A,  13B,  13C,  13D,  and  1TB 
From  Chester  south  to  Marys  River,  the  bluff  is  also  mainly  limestone, 
but  the  upper  beds  are  known  as  Menard.  The  Menard  is  generally  a  fine- 
grained, compact,  blue-gray  limestone  occurring  in  4-  to  12-inch  beds,  al- 
though some  beds  of  granular  limestone  may  be  found  in  the  formation. 
Nodules  and  irregular  layers  of  chert  are  common.  A  25-foot  bed  of  sandy 
shale  is  present  near  the  base.  Except  near  the  base,  the  shale  occurs  main- 
ly as  thin  bands  interbedded  with  the  limestone,  giving  rise  to  the  relatively 


244  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

gentle  slopes  which  characterize  this  formation.  South  of  Marys  River 
the  bluffs  consist  mainly  of  sandstone. 

Unlike  the  bluffs  composed  of  Lower  Mississippian  limestones  which 
rise  directly  from  the  flat  with  only  a  small  amount  of  talus,  the  bluffs  com- 
posed of  these  Upper  Mississippian  limestones  are  usually  found  from  200 
to  600  feet  from  the  flat.  The  gentle  slope  which  rises  30  to  60  feet  above 
the  flat  and  which  may  be  from  100  to  300  feet  wide,  is  generally  heavily 
timbered.  The  slope  suddenly  increases  sharply  for  50  or  200  feet  more  and 
thence  the  cliff  rises  10  to  40  feet  higher.  The  top  of  the  talus  slope  is 
commonly  more  than  100  feet  above  the  flat.  Above  the  rock  exposed  in 
the  bluff  the  loess  rises  to  heights  of  60  feet  and  more.  From  the  vicinity 
of  Chester  south  to  Marys  River,  the  limestone  is  capped  by  sandstone  in 
addition  to  the  loess. 

Sample  K  No.  12A  was  taken  from  the  Menard  limestone  in  the  valley 
near  the  center  of  sec.  30,  T.  7  S.,  R.  6  W. ;  K  No.  13A  from  the  Okaw 
limestone  and  K  No.  13  B,  K  No.  13  C,  and  K  No.  13  D  from  the  Menard 
limestone  in  the  valley  at  the  south  end  of  Coles  Mill  in  the  NW.  %  sec.  30, 
T.  7  S.,  R.  6  W. ;  and  K  No.  17  B  from  the  Menard  limestone  in  the  river 
bluff  southeast  of  Ford  in  sec.  33,  T.  7  S.,  R.  6  W. 

LOCAL  SUPPLIES    OF  LIMESTONE 

One  mile  North  of  Collins 

On  the  east  side  of  Okaw  River,  just  south  of  Ninemile  Creek,  a  face 
of  rock  300  feet  long  and  about  30  feet  high  is  found  50  to  100  feet  east 
of  the  Illinois  Southern  Railroad.  The  overburden  of  loess  rises  rapidly 
from  the  edge  of  the  face  until  it  reaches  a  thickness  of  35  feet,  after  which 
it  continues  to  rise  with  a  gentle  slope  until  the  level  of  the  bordering  high- 
lands is  reached. 

The  rock  is  a  granular  or  semi-crystalline  limestone,  very  similar  in 
appearance  to  that  quarried  at  the  Menard  penitentiary.  Probably  about 
3,500  cubic  yards  of  rock  is  available  with  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden. 

K  No.  100 

One  mile  south  of  Collins 

Small  quantities  of  rock  may  be  obtained  along  the  river  bluff  at  the 
east  side  of  the  Okaw  River  gap,  where  an  area  about  100  feet  wide  and 
several  hundred  feet  long  has  only  a  few  feet  of  soil  overburden.  The  rock 
is  about  15  feet  above  the  flat  and  the  upper  5-foot  ledge  is  now  being  quar- 
ried for  agricultural  limestone.  The  Illinois  Southern  Railroad,  which  runs 
along  the  foot  of  the  bluff,  has  built  a  side  track  here.  A  small  portable 
Jeffry  pulverizer  is  used  to  crush  the  rock. 


ROCK  ISLAND  COUNTY  245 

K  No.  17  B 
SE.  y4  sec.  33,  T.  7  S.,  R.  6  W. 
Along  this  bluff  in  this  locality  a  12-foot  face  of  massive,  gray,  granu- 
lar rock  parallels  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  at  a  distance  of  approxi- 
mately 15  feet.  The  exposure  is  about  1,000  feet  long.  The  rock  is  bare 
near  the  edge,  but  farther  back  is  covered  with  talus  and  soil.  However, 
for  a  distance  of  25  feet  it  is  probable  that  the  overburden  does  not  reach 
a  thickness  of  more  than  5  feet.  About  10,000  cubic  yards  are  available 
here  under  these  conditions. 

OTHER  LOCALITIES 

In  addition  to  the  ravines  immediately  adjacent  to  the  bluff,  rock  for 
local  use  can  be  obtained  in  the  western  and  central  parts  of  the  county. 
Some  of  the  most  important  localities  are  as  follows : 

1.  Along  the  creek  from  the  NE.  cor.  sec.  8,  T.  4  S.,  R.  8  W\.  to  sec. 
4  of  the  same  township,  about  8  feet  of  gray  granular  limestone  is  ex- 
posed along  the  stream. 

2.  About  8  feet  of  coarsely  crystalline  to  granular  limestone  is  also 
exposed  along  the  creek  near  the  north  line  of  sec.  17,  T.  4  S.,  R.  8  W.  The 
rock  here  has  an  overburden  of  2  feet  for  a  width  of  50  feet,  but  beyond 
that,  the  overburden  rises  rapidly  to  10  feet  and  more. 

3.  Similar  limestone  also  outcrops  along  the  creek  just  west  of  Red 
Bud  in  the  SW.  J4  sec.  5.  T.  4  S.,  R.  8  W.  where  the  rock  is  quarried  inter- 
mittently for  local  use. 

ROCK    ISLAND   COUNTY 

DESCRIPTION    OF   ROCK    FORMATIONS 

The  bed  rock  over  most  of  Rock  Island  County  (fig.  53)  is  sandstone 
and  shale  of  Pennsylvanian  age.  Only  over  a  limited  area  in  the  vicinity 
of  Rock  Island,  Moline,  and  Milan,  and  along  the  Mississippi  River  bluff 
between  Port  Byron  and  Cordova  are  there  any  limestones  which  may  be 
considered  possible  sources  of  stone  to  be  used  as  road  metal. 

The  limestone  in  the  vicinity  of  Rock  Island  and  Moline  is  of  Devonian 
age.  It  is  somewhat  variable  in  the  upper  portion,  and  includes  much  shaly 
limestone.  The  lower  portion,  however,  is  pure  limestone,  practically  free 
from  shale.  This  rock  is  best  exposed  and  most  easily  accessible  in  the 
Mississippi  River  flat  between  the  towns  of  Rock  Island  and  Moline  and 
between  Sears  and  Milan  along  Rock  River. 

The  rock  exposed  between  Port  Byron  and  Cordova  is  of  Niagaran  age 
and  is  a  porous,  heavy-bedded,  brown  dolomite. 


246 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


ROCK  ISLAND  COUNTY  247 

SHIPPING   QUARRY 

L  No.  420 
The  Bcttcndorf  Stone  Company 

The  quarry  and  mine  of  the  Bettendorf  Stone  Company  is  located  in 
the  flat  at  the  base  of  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  in  sec.  34,  T.  18  N.,  R.  1 
W.,  on  the  eastern  outskirts  of  the  town  of  Moline.  Until  recently  the 
quarry  has  been  operated  as  a  pit,  but  as  it  was  worked  back  into  the  bluff 
the  overburden  became  so  great  that  it  could  not  be  removed  economically, 
and  the  limestone  is  now  secured  by  mining.  At  present  the  entry  has  been 
worked  back  into  the  bluff  about  150  or  200  feet  and  three  main  rooms  begun. 
A  breast  24  feet  high  is  worked  by  driving  the  upper  11  feet  and  then  shoot- 
ing down  the  lower  13  feet.  The  holes  for  blasting  are  drilled  with  water 
Leyner  drills  operated  by  compressed  air,  and  40  per  cent  dynamite  is  used 
for  blasting  down  the  rock. 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  hand  into  1  ^2-yard  skips  which  rest  on 
trucks,  and  are  pushed  out  of  the  mine  to  beneath  the  boom  of  a  steam 
derrick  by  which  the  skips  are  lifted  and  dumped  into  a  bin.  When  the 
bin  is  full  the  contents  are  run  over  a  grate  with  33/2-inch  openings.  The 
oversize  is  run  into  cars,  and  that  passing  the  grate  to  a  No.  5  Austin  crusher 
and  then  to  the  screening  battery  consisting  of  a  2>y2-  by  18-foot  cylindrical 
screen  with  34-inch,  l^-inch  and  2-inch  mesh,  and  a  shaker  screen  with 
*4-inch  mesh.  With  the  exception  of  the  hoist  the  plant  is  operated  by 
electricity. 

The  mine  is  dry  and  the  only  precaution  necessary  is  to  pump  out 
the  sump  made  from  the  old  quarry  pit  occasionally  to  prevent  flooding  by 
rainwater. 

The  daily  production  of  the  quarry  is  about  150  tons.  The  mine  can 
be  operated  continuously  through  the  year.  Bins  provide  storage  for  900 
tons  of  crushed  stone. 

The  stone  is  of  Devonian  age,  probably  the  Wapsipinicon  limestone,  and 
is  a  fine  grained,  dense,  yeast-colored,  semi-lithographic  rock,  in  beds  one 
to  five  feet  thick.  The  material  which  does  not  pass  the  grate  is  sold  for 
flux  and  to  the  sugar  refineries  and  carbide  works.  The  stone  which  does 
pass  the  grate  is  sold  for  aggregate,  road  material  and  agricultural  lime- 
stone. 

Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  and 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  railways,  which  pass  close  to  the  quarry 
property. 

POSSIBLE   SHIPPING    QUARRY    SITES 

The  region  offering  the  best  possibilities  for  shipping  quarry  sites  is 
the  flat  along  the  Mississippi  between  Moline  and  Rock  Island.  Through- 
out this  area  the  lower  part  of  the  Devonian  limestone  comprises  the  bed 


248  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

rock  with  only  a  thin  overburden.  However,  as  most  of  this  area  is  occupied 
by  buildings  and  railroads,  places  where  rock  may  be  quarried  without  in- 
terfering with  existing  structures  are  few. 

Somewhat  similar  conditions  are  to  be  found  along  Rock  River  between 
Sears  and  Milan. 

The  Niagaran  dolomite  which  outcrops  between  Port  Byron  and  Cor- 
dova is  exposed  at  the  base  of  several  gently  sloping  hills.  The  hills  have 
a  heavy  covering  of  drift  and  loess  which  increases  in  thickness  towards 
the  tops  of  the  hills. 

Transportation  facilities  could  be  provided  by  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
and  St.  Paul  and  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  railroads  for  the  flat  in 
the  vicinity  of  Rock  Island  and  Moline.  The  area  between  Sears  and  Milan 
could  be  served  by  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railroad,  and  that 
between  Port  Byron  and  Cordova  by  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul 
Railroad. 

SCOTT   COUNTY 

There  is  only  one  locality  in  this  county  (fig.  50,  p.  237)  where  rock 
may  be  obtained  easily  accessible  to  a  railroad.  Rock  for  local  use,  how- 
ever, may  be  obtained  at  many  places  in  the  western  half  of  the  county. 

POSSIBLE   SHIPPING    QUARRY    SITE 

K  No.  95 
At  the  railroad  cut,  NE.  cor.  sec.  18,  T.  13  N .,  R.  12  W. 

Rock  was  formerly  quarried  2  miles  north  of  Glasgow  by  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad.  The  quarry  is  located  at  the  end  of  a 
low  broad  ridge,  is  about  100  feet  wide,  and  has  been  worked  back  about 
100  feet.  The  quarry  face  shows  20  to  25  feet  of  massive,  coarsely  granu- 
lar limestone  of  Burlington  age  which  contains  numerous  layers  and  nodules 
of  chert.     The  upper  several  feet  of  rock  is  badly  weathered. 

The  overburden  of  loess  is  5  to  8  feet  thick  near  the  quarry,  but  in- 
creases gradually  back  from  the  face.  The  ridge  is  several  hundred  feet 
wide  and  for  about  200  feet  back  has  less  than  15  feet  of  overburden.  The 
rock  is  of  Burlington  age,  and  is  similar  to  that  quarried  in  Greene,  Pike, 
Adams,  and  Jersey  counties,  and  may  be  expected  to  give  similar  results 
in  tests. 

OUTCROP  MAINLY  OF   LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

Large  quantities  of  limestone  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  from  the 
outcrop  of  Burlington  limestone  in  the  river  bluff  near  the  south  line  of  the 
county,  along  the  streams  in  the  vicinity  of  Glasgow,  and  north  of  the  road 
near  center  of  sec.  8,  T.  13  N.,  R.  12  W. 


ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY  249 

Other  outcrops  of  limestone  which  may  be  of  value  for  local  purposes 
are  found  along  Mauvaise  Creek  in  the  NE.  J4  sec-  %$,  T.  15  N.,  R.  13  W., 
near  Exeter  and  also  along  the  creek  in  the  vicinity  of  Bluffs. 

About  half  a  mile  south  of  Winchester  in  the  SE.  %  sec.  29,  T.  14  N., 
R.  12  W.  there  is  exposed  in  an  abandoned  quarry  along  the  west  side  of 
Sandy  Creek  about  18  feet  of  fine-grained,  gray  limestone.  The  rock  is  of 
St.  Louis  age  and  is  in  beds  3  inches  to  2  feet  thick.  Thin  layers  of  green 
shale  often  separate  the  different  beds. 

The  overburden  of  drift  and  soil  reaches  a  thickness  of  5  feet  near  the 
quarry  edge  but  becomes  thicker  back  from  the  face.  An  area  of  about  one 
acre  is  still  available  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden.  Other  outcrops 
of  this  limestone  are  found  along  the  bank  both  north  and  south  of  the  old 
quarry. 

ST.   CLAIR   COUNTY 

Most  of  the  bed  rock  outcrops  of  St.  Clair  County  (fig.  47,  p.  223)  con- 
sist of  the  sandstones,  shales,  and  thin  limestones  of  Pennsylvanian  age. 
However,  an  area  in  the  western  part  of  the  county  from  Stolle  south  to  the 
Monroe  County  line  and  extending  a  little  farther  east  than  the  west  line  of 
Millstadt  Township,  is  underlain  mainly  by  Lower  Mississippian  limestones, 
and  at  a  few  localities  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  Upper  Missis- 
sippian rocks  are  encountered. 

These  rocks  are  almost  everywhere  buried  under  a  mantle  of  drift  or 
loess  to  a  depth  which  varies  from  less  than  20  feet  to  more  than  100  feet, 
and  it  is  only  along  the  streams  or  on  the  hillsides  that  bed  rock  is  exposed. 

Only  in  the  area  underlain  by  the  Mississippian  rocks  is  the  limestone 
thick  enough  to  warrant  the  removal  of  the  overburden  present,  and  it  is 
here  that  existing  quarries  are  located  and  that  any  new  quarries  of  im- 
portance must  also  be  located.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  some  rock  for 
local  use  may  be  obtained  where  the  thin  limestones  of  Pennsylvanian  or 
Upper  Mississippian  age  outcrop  along  the  streams. 

SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

There  are  four  quarries  operating  in  the  area  underlain  by  the  Missis- 
sippian limestones,  three  along  the  river  bluff  between  Falling  Spring  and 
Stolle,  and  one  in  a  hillside  near  the  Monroe  County  line. 

L  No.  62 

SE.  y4  sec.  io,  T.  i  S.,  R.  io  IV. 

Columbia  Quarry  Company  1 

Quarry  Xo.  1  operated  by  the  Columbia  Quarry  Company  about   1}£ 

miles  north  of  the  town  of  Columbia  is  the  largest  in  southern  Illinois.     The 


1  Quarry  Xo.  1  of  the  Columbia  Quarry  Company  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1924.     A 
strictly  fireproof  plant  including-  a  washer  for  small  sizes  is  now  in  course  of  construction. 


250  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

average  daily  production  is  about  3,400  tons  of  crushed  stone,  and  the  yearly 
production  about  700,000  tons. 

The  quarry  is  located  in  a  hill  and  is  1,280  feet  long,  550  feet  wide, 
and  has  an  85-foot  face.  Below  the  main  quarry  floor  there  is  also  a  smaller 
pit  about  1,200  feet  long  with  a  face  about  40  feet  high.  The  overburden 
is  a  yellow-brown  loess  averaging  about  15  feet  in  thickness.  It  is  loaded 
into  cars  by  steam  shovels  and  dumped  into  nearby  ravines. 

In  quarrying,  the  entire  85-  or  40-foot  face  is  shot  at  one  time.  The 
holes  for  the  blasting  are  drilled  with  well  drills,  and  40  per  cent  dynamite  is 
used.  The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  steam  shovels  into  4-yard  side  dump 
cars  and  hauled  to  the  tipple  by  locomotives.  The  cars  are  pulled  up  to 
the  crusher  by  a  cable.  The  primary  crusher  is  a  No.  18  N  Allis-Chalmers 
gyratory.  The  second  battery  is  composed  of  a  No.  8,  two  No.  5s,  and 
a  No.  3  Allis-Chalmers  crushers,  and  two  No.  36  American  pulverizers. 

The  screening  apparatus  includes  one  60-inch  and  two  48-inch  cylindri- 
cal Gates  screens,  and  three  "whip-tap"  shaker  screens.  By  changing  the 
screens  any  size  up  to  5-inch  can  be  obtained,  but  in  general  the  product 
consists  of  about  15  per  cent  dust,  10  per  cent  of  ^-inch,  10  per  cent  of 
%-inch,  10  per  cent  of  1^-inch,  25  per  cent  of  2-inch,  and  30  per  cent  of 
5-inch.  The  bin  storage  capacity  is  about  800  tons.  The  rock  has  been 
used  extensively  both  in  waterbound  macadam  roads  and  as  aggregate  in 
concrete  roads. 

The  quarry  is  served  by  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  the  crushed 
rock  being  used  mainly  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  and  to  some  extent 
in  Missouri,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 

K  No.  3 
Casper  Stollc  Quarry  and  Construction  Company 

The  Casper  Stolle  Quarry  and  Construction  Company  operates  a  quarry 
in  the  river  bluff  near  Stolle  in  sec.  14,  T.  1  N.,  R.  9  W.  for  which  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad  affords  the  transportation. 

The  70-foot  quarry  face  is  about  1,500  feet  long,  and  extends  into  the 
bluff  for  about  400  feet.  The  overburden,  which  is  loess  averaging  not 
more  than  10  feet  in  thickness,  is  removed  by  wheel  scrapers.  In  quarry 
practice  about  thirty  6-inch  holes  of  the  full  depth  of  the  face  are  drilled 
with  a  well  drill,  about  15  feet  apart  and  a  like  distance  from  the  face.  The 
whole  face  is  then  blasted  down,  with  40  per  cent  dynamite  and  any  masses 
that  are  too  large  for  the  steam  shovel  to  handle  are  reduced  by  further 
blasting.  Jack-hammer  drills  are  used  for  the  drilling  of  the  secondary 
blast  holes.  The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  a  steam  shovel  and  two  revolv- 
ing shovels  into  4-yard  quarry  cars  and  hauled  to  the  tipple  by  a  locomotive 
Here  a  cable  is  attached,  and  the  cars  are  drawn  to  the  crushers. 


ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY  251 

The  crusher  plants  are  two  in  number,  the  one  at  the  south  end  of  the 
quarry  containing"  a  No.  8  Gates  crusher  connected  with  a  No.  5,  and  the 
second  plant,  which  is  about  500  feet  north  containing  No.  6  and  No.  8  Gates 
crushers,  five  40-inch  by  20-foot  Gates  cylindrical  screens  which  separate 
the  rock  into  different  sizes  and  an  American  pulverizer  for  fine  crushing. 
The  rock  most  commonly  obtained  is  classified  as  dust,  y%-,  %-,  1%-,  V/2-, 
2-,  and  2^-inch.  More  than  50  per  cent  of  the  rock  is  over  2  inches,  the 
sizes  from  %-  to  1^-inch  represent  30  per  cent,  about  5  per  cent  is  ^-inch, 
and  about  15  per  cent  is  dust. 

The  storage  capacity  of  the  plant  is  30  carloads  in  bins  and  ground  space 
for  65,000  yards.  About  40  per  cent  of  the  product  of  this  quarry  is  sold 
as  railroad  ballast,  and  the  remainder  is  used  as  agricultural  limestone,  road 
material,  and  aggregate  in  concrete. 

The  capacity  of  the  quarry  and  plant  is  about  1,500  tons  and  the  daily 
production  about  800  tons.     The  yearly  production  is  120,000  tons. 

K  No.  5 
East  St.  Louis  Stone  Company 

The  quarry  operated  by  the  East  St.  Louis  Stone  Company  is  located 
in  the  river  bluff  in  sec.  14,  T.  1  N.,  R.  9  W.  about  half  a  mile  northeast  of 
Falling  Spring.  It  is  served  by  the  Terminal  Railroad.  The  production 
is  about  450  tons  per  day. 

The  quarry  is  about  600  feet  long,  extends  into  the  bluff  for  300  feet, 
and  has  a  face  65  feet  high.  The  overburden  consists  of  loess  which  varies 
in  thickness  from  12  to  25  feet,  but  averages  about  18  feet.  Stripping  is 
done  with  steam  shovel ;  the  overburden  is  transferred  to  railroad  cars  by 
chutes  and  used  by  the  railroad  for  fills. 

In  quarrying,  the  rock  is  blasted  down  in  benches  of  about  18  feet. 
The  blast  holes  are  drilled  by  Ingersoll  Rand  steam-drills  about  10  feet 
from  the  edge  of  the  face  and  about  the  same  distance  apart.  The  broken 
rock  is  loaded  by  hand  into  small  cars  and  pushed  as  far  as  the  track  of 
the  Terminal  Railroad  which  separates  the  crusher  from  the  quarry  floor. 
It  is  then  picked  up  by  a  derrick  which  lifts  it  over  the  railroad  track  and 
is  dumped  into  the  crusher. 

The  crusher  used  is  a  No.  6  Gates  gyratory.  After  being  crushed,  the 
rock  is  elevated  to  a  cylindrical  screen  and  sorted  into  the  following  sizes : 
—dust  (less  than  3/16-inch),  3/16-  to  %-,  %-  to  lj4-inch,  and  ll/A-  to  2- 
inch.  Larger  sizes  are  furnished  on  demand.  The  oversize  is  returned  to 
the  crusher.  Sixty  per  cent  of  the  product  is  from  V/2  to  2  inches  in  size, 
25  per  cent  from  3/16  to  1J4  inches,  and  about  15  per  cent  is  dust.  The 
storage  capacity  is  limited  to  a  strip  of  ground  800  feet  long  and  13  feet 
wide. 


252 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


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ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY  253 

About  40  per  cent  of  the  output  from  this  quarry  is  used  for  railroad 
ballast,  and  the  remainder  is  used  as  agricultural  limestone,  road  material, 
and  aggregate  for  concrete. 

T.  W.  S folic  Quarry 

A  quarry  operated  by  T.  W.  Stolle  is  located  on  the  river  bluff  about 
half  a  mile  south  of  Falling  Spring.  Owing  to  the  thickness  of  the  over- 
burden, which  is  as  much  as  40  feet  in  places,  this  quarry  is  used  only  to 
supply  riprap  for  railroads  and  rubble  for  building  foundations,  and  is 
worked  only  intermittently.  All  drilling  is  done  by  hand,  and  black  powder 
is  used  in  blasting.  A  No.  3  Gates  crusher  with  boiler,  elevator,  and  screen 
is  installed  here  but  is  not  in  operation. 

POSSIBLE    QUARRY    SITES 

K  Xo.  4 

The  most  favorable  locations  for  new  quarry  sites  in  this  region  are 
along  the  river  bluffs  from  Stolle  south  to  within  a  mile  of  the  Monroe 
County  line  (A,  fig.  54).  The  bluff  of  solid  limestone,  which  first  becomes 
prominent  immediately  north  of  Stolle,  continues  without  a  break  south- 
ward, its  height  increasing  from  less  than  60  feet  at  Stolle  (B,  fig.  54)  to 
about  115  feet  near  Falling  Spring  (C,  fig.  54),  and  250  feet  near  the  county 
line  (C,  fig.  54). 

The  loess,  which  caps  the  bluffs  everywhere  along  the  Mississippi, 
has  an  average  thickness  of  less  than  10  feet  at  Stolle  but  increases 
toward  the  south,  and  at  Falling  Spring  reaches  nearly  30  feet.  The 
surface  back  from  the  bluff  is  level  or  only  gently  rolling  and  rises 
slowly  to  the  south.  Near  the  edge  of  the  bluff,  however,  the  surface  of  the 
ground  generally  slopes  steeply  to  meet  the  rock.  For  short  distances,  how- 
ever, a  strip  of  rock  10  to  15  feet  wide  is  bare  near  the  edge  of  the  bluff, 
although  elsewhere  the  loess  may  reach  the  very  edge  with  almost  vertical 
slope.  Rain  wash  has  given  rise  to  small  ravines  which  add  to  the  irregu- 
larity of  the  loess  near  the  edge  of  the  bluff.  Therefore,  if  a  small  strip 
along  the  bluff  only  several  hundred  feet  wide  is  considered,  the  amount 
of  overburden  may  vary  from  10  feet  or  less  to  more  than  30  feet.  How- 
ever, where  large  areas  are  considered  the  overburden  will  average  at  least 
20  to  50  feet  and  possibly  more.  The  foot  of  the  cliff  is  hidden  beneath  a 
talus  which  consists  of  blocks  of  limestone  intermingled  with  soil  and  loess 
and  covered  by  timber.  The  height  of  the  talus  slope  varies,  but  generally 
extends  a  fourth  or  even  a  half  of  the  way  to  the  top  of  the  bluff.  Above 
the  talus  the  limestone  presents  a  sheer  face  of  massive  rock.  Wherever 
observed  the  rock  surface  beneath  the  loess  was  found  to  be  fairly  level. 

The  rock  comprising  the  bluffs  is  known  as  the  St.  Louis  limestone, 
but  since  the  rock  dips  to  the  north,  it  is  very  possible  that  some  of  the 


254  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

lower  strata  of  the  bluff  north  of  Cement  Hollow  may  belong  to  the  Salem 
limestone.  As  exposed  at  the  quarries  of  the  East  St.  Louis  Stone  Com- 
pany and  the  Casper  Stolle  Quarry  and  Construction  Company,  it  is  essen- 
tially a  hard,  compact,  and  fine-grained,  gray  limestone.  Some  of  the 
beds  are  locally  so  even  grained  and  compact  that  they  resemble  lithographic 
stone.  Near  the  top  of  the  section  there  is  4  feet  of  green-gray  calcareous 
sandstone  in  4-  to  8-inch  layers.  Some  of  the  lower  limestone  beds  at  the 
Casper  Stolle  quarry  have  a  sandy  texture,  are  yellow-gray  in  color,  and 
are  in  places  separated  by  thin  partings  of  green  shale.  Chert  as  small 
nodules  and  thin  lenticular  layers  occurs  below  the  sandstone,  but  this  cherty 
layer  is  probably  not  continuous.  It  was  not  observed  at  the  East  St.  Louis 
quarry.  A  section  of  the  East  St.  Louis  Stone  Company's  quarry  follows. 
It  is  very  similar  to  that  at  the  Casper  Stolle  quarry.2 

Thickness 
Feet 

4.     Limestone,  massive,   lithographic 4 

3.     Sandstone,    green-gray,    calcareous 4 

2.     Limestone,  massive,  gray,  somewhat  sandy  at  top 4 

1.     Limestone,  compact,  gray,  mainly  thick  bedded  or  massive 56 

Total     68 

Owing  to  the  increase  in  the  height  of  the  rock  toward  the  south,  the 
exposed  thickness  at  any  given  locality  would  depend  on  its  position  along 
the  bluff.  The  increase  in  the  elevation  of  the  top  of  the  bluff  from  60  feet 
above  the  bottoms  at  Stolle  to  about  115  feet  at  Falling  Spring,  a  distance 
of  a  mile,  gives  a  rate  of  rise  amounting  to  about  60  feet  to  the  mile.  The 
total  thickness  of  suitable  rock  is  probably  nowhere  less  than  200  feet. 

The  rock  from  quarries  already  located  along  the  bluff  has  been  tested 
by  the  Highway  Division  and  has  been  found  satisfactory.  As  shown 
by  chemical  analyses  of  the  different  strata  the  calcium  carbonate  content 
may  vary  from  81  to  as  much  as  95  per  cent,  the  average  composition  of 
the  dust  being  slightly  more  than  90  per  cent.  It  therefore  makes  very 
acceptable  agricultural  limestone.  Its  purity,  massive  character,  hardness, 
and  close  texture  will  permit  the  rock  to  be  used  for  many  other  purposes 
besides  road  material  or  concrete  aggregate. 

The  amount  of  rock  available  in  this  region  is  practically  unlimited, 
each  acre  being  capable  of  yielding  approximately  300,000  yards  of  crushed 
rock  above  drainage  level. 


2  Below    (1)    in    the    section    at    Casper    Stolle    quarry    there    is    7+    feet    of    yellow 
dolomite  rock. 


ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY  255 

If  it  is  feasible  to  remove  40  or  50  feet  of  overburden  this  region  would 
be  a  most  promising  one  in  which  to  locate  new  quarries  because  of  the  high 
quality  of  the  rock  and  the  large  quantity  available. 

At  present  the  Terminal  Railroad  runs  along  the  foot  of  the  bluff  only 
from  Falling  Spring  to  within  a  short  distance  south  of  Stolle,  but  very 
probably  a  spur  could  be  built  to  localities  along  the  bluff  that  are  south  of 
Falling  Spring.  The  flatness  of  the  bottoms  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff  would 
make  the  building  of  a  spur  relatively  simple,  for  no  costly  grading  would 
be  required.  As  the  Terminal  Railroad  has  connections  at  East  St.  Louis 
with  many  railroads,  the  crushed  rock  could  be  shipped  almost  anywhere  in 
the  State,  so  far  as  transportation  facilities  are  concerned. 

The  absence  of  ravines  along  most  of  the  bluff  where  the  overburden 
could  be  disposed  of,  makes  necessary  a  search  for  a  dumping  ground  along 
the  foot  of  the  bluff.  Fortunately,  several  low  places  exist  there,  some  of 
which  contain  swamps.  The  largest  place  is  located  about  a  mile  south  of 
Falling  Spring  and  comprises  more  than  40  acres.  Probably  the  most  eco- 
nomical way  of  removing  the  overburden  would  be  to  use  hydraulic  methods 
and  wash  it  into  such  low  places.  Water  for  this  purpose  could  be  obtained 
from  a  nearby  marsh,  or  shallow  wells.  The  loess  might  also  be  removed 
by  loading  with  steam  shovel  or  drag  line  and  transferring  down  to  waiting 
railroad  or  dump  cars  by  means  of  chutes. 

Belleville  city  quarry 
K  No.  5A 
There  is  a  small  quarry  within  the  city  of  Belleville  which  is  operated 
in  connection  with  the  county  jail.  The  rock  quarried  is  about  10  feet 
thick,  but  only  the  upper  4  feet  is  fairly  pure  limestone.  The  lower  beds 
vary  in  composition  from  a  sandy  limestone  to  a  calcareous  sandstone.  Most 
of  the  rock  is  hard  and  well  cemented,  and  makes  acceptable  aggregate  for 
concrete  where  there  is  no  wear.  The  amount  of  stone  available  here  is 
small,  and  owing  to  the  overburden  which  is  8  feet  thick  in  places,  it  is 
doubtful  whether  rock  could  be  quarried  profitably  under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances. 

OTHER   SOURCES   OF  LIMESTONE 

There  are  several  localities  where  rock  can  be  obtained  in  small  amounts, 
which  might  be  of  interest  providing  small  portable  crushers  are  available. 

SE.  y4  NIV.  ]/A  sec.  io,  T.  2  N.,  R.  /  W. 
Here  a  4-foot  bed  of  massive,  compact,  red-gray  limestone  outcrops  for 
300  feet  along  the  creek.  The  overburden  rises  rapidly  away  from  the 
creek  bank  and  in  many  places  reaches  a  thickness  of  15  feet,  less  than  30 
feet  from  the  edge  of  the  stream.  The  amount  of  rock  available  without 
stripping  is  probably  less  than  500  yards. 


256  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Along  Silver  Creek,  2  miles  southeast  of  Freeburg 
In  sees.  27,  28,  33,  and  34,  T.  1  S.,  R.  7  W.,  a  ledge  of  limestone  8  to 
10  feet  thick  outcrops  at  several  places.  The  outcrops  are  discontinuous 
and  are  from  50  to  200  feet  long.  The  overburden  increases  rapidly  away 
from  the  bank,  but  for  a  strip  from  25  to  50  feet  wide,  the  average  thick- 
ness would  be  less  than  10  feet.  At  the  southeast  corner  of  sec.  28,  where 
the  rock  is  exposed  along  a  tributary,  there  are  several  acres  where  there 
is  less  than  3  feet  of  cover.  The  rock  is  a  compact,  fine-grained,  gray  lime- 
stone. The  upper  beds  are  thin,  but  toward  the  bottom  the  rock  becomes 
more  massive.  The  amount  of  rock  available  would  not  be  much  less  than 
50,000  yards.  However,  as  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  runs  within  3  miles 
of  these  localities,  it  may  be  more  convenient  to  ship  in  crushed  stone. 

See.  15,  T.  2  S.,  R.  9  W. 

In  the  east-central  part  of  sec.  15,  T.  2  S.,  R.  9  W.,  a  similar  rock  out- 
crops along  a  branch  of  Kopf  Creek  and  also  in  the  nearby  slope.  Here, 
as  in  other  creek  exposures,  the  thickness  of  the  overburden  increases  rapidly 
so  that  only  a  small  amount  of  stone,  probably  less  than  1,000  yards,  is 
available.  A  small  portable  pulverizer  was  in  operation  when  the  outcrop 
was  visited. 

The  above-mentioned  outcrops  do  not  constitute  all  the  exposures  in 
these  localities  but  represent  the  most  important  ones. 

Sec.  28,  T.  2  S.,  R.  8  W. 
In  the  east-central  part  of  sec.  28,  T.  2  S.,  R.  8  W.,  a  ledge  of  limestone 
about  100  feet  long  outcrops  along  the  slope.  A  thickness  of  8  feet  is  ex- 
posed, but  the  rock  probably  continues  in  depth  for  10  feet  more.  The 
overburden  is  about  5  feet  thick  at  the  outcrop,  but  increases  to  15  feet  a 
short  distance  away  from  the  outcrop.  A  portable  jaw  crusher  is  located 
here,  but  is  only  operated  intermittently  to  supply  the  local  demand. 

Near  Floraville  ' 
About  \y2  miles  northeast  of  Floraville,  in  the  SW.  yA  SW.  Y<\  sec.  6, 
T.  2  S.,  R.  8  W.,  the  creek  bank  consists  of  a  red-gray,  coarsely  granular 
limestone,  which  is  characterized  by  thin,  irregular,  shaly  partings.  The 
outcrop  is  about  200  feet  long,  and  from  8  to  10  feet  of  rock  is  exposed 
above  the  creek  bed.  The  overburden  is  a  red  clay  till,  and  though  only 
about  4  feet  thick  near  the  bank  of  the  creek,  it  increases  rapidly  in  thick- 
ness in  the  slope.  Several  thousand  tons  of  crushed  rock  could  be  obtained 
here.  The  limestone  is  similar  in  character  to  that  quarried  at  the  peniten- 
tiary at  Menard  and  may  be  expected  to  give  similar  results  in  testing. 


CHAPTER  IX.— LIMESTONE  RESOURCES  OF  ILLINOIS- 
SOUTHERN  DISTRICT 

By  Frank  Krey 

The  southern  district  (fig.  1)  is  composed  of  those  counties  forming  the 
southern  end  of  the  State  in  which  limestone  outcrops  are  common.  The 
counties  are  as  follows : 

Alexander  Massac 

Gallatin  Pope 

Hardin  Pulaski 

Jackson  Saline 

Johnson  Union 

ALEXANDER   COUNTY 

Limestones  suitable  for  use  as  road  material  are  confined  to  the  region 
of  the  Mississippi  River  bluffs  in  Alexander  County.  The  bed  rock  over 
most  of  the  county  (fig.  60,  p.  278)  consists  of  chert  of  Devonian  age. 

This  chert  is  quarried  near  Tamms,  and  is  used  rather  extensively  as 
road  material.  Its  value  for  this  purpose,  aside  from  its  hardness,  is  that 
it  contains  enough  clay  and  iron  to  serve  as  binder  so  that  it  can  be  used 
directly  as  quarried,  and  when  properly  laid  down  it  makes  a  very  good  road. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

There  are  no  shipping  quarries  in  the  county  producing  limestone  for 
use  as  road  material. 

POSSIBLE  QUARRY    SITES 

A  complete  examination  of  all  the  limestone  outcrops  in  the  county  was 
not  made,  the  only  area  examined  being  in  the  vicinity  of  Thebes. 

K  No.  65 
Thebes  area 
See.  if,  T.  15  S.,  R.  3  W. 
The  river  bluff  half  a  mile  south  of  Thebes  is  composed  of  limestone 
with  a  capping  of  Thebes  sandstone  which  is  locally  as  much  as  40  feet  thick. 
The  thickness  of  limestone  exposed  above  the  railroad  which  runs  along  the 
bank  of  the  river  decreases  to  the  north  and  south,  but  at  its  greatest  ex- 
posure rises  TO  feet  above  the  railroad.     The  average  width  of  the  limestone 
exposed  between  the  railroad  and  the  sandstone  varies,  but  in  most  places  is 
not  much  over  300  feet. 

The  slope  just  south  of  the  small  creek  which  cuts  through  the  bluff 
about  half  a  mile  south  of  Thebes  probably  offers  the  most  advantages  as 
a  quarry  site. 

257 


258  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  rock  is  massive,  blue-gray,  coarsely  granular  limestone  of  Kimms- 
wick  age,  and  may  be  expected  to  give  tests  similar  to  the  Kimmswick  lime- 
stone quarried  at  Valmeyer.  The  rock  is  probably  too  soft  for  use  as  road 
material  which  is  subjected  to  much  wear  but  should  prove  satisfactory  for 
ag&regate  m  concrete.  The  high  purity  of  the  rock  makes  it  desirable  for 
use  as  agricultural  limestone  and  other  products  demanding  limestone  hav- 
ing a  high  calcium  carbonate  content. 

The  amount  of  stone  available  in  this  region  is  probably  limited  only  by 
the  depth  to  which  it  can  be  quarried  profitably.  Transportation  can  be  fur- 
nished by  the  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois  or  by  the  St.  Louis,  Missouri 
and  Southern  railroads. 

OUTCROPS  OF  LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

Rock  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  from  the  outcrops  of  Lower  Silurian 
limestone  in  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  north  of  Thebes  and  in  the  vicinity 
of  Gale. 

The  Silurian  limestones  vary  in  character  at  different  localities,  but 
they  are  generally  fine-grained  and  compact,  with  varying  amounts  of  chert. 
Thin  layers  of  shale  are  found  interbedded  with  the  limestone  at  some 
localities. 

GALLATIN   COUNTY 

In  Gallatin  County,  limestones  which  might  serve  as  a  source  for  road 
materials  are  found  only  in  the  ridge  known  as  Wild  Cat  Hills,  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Equality  Township,  which  is  a  continuation  of  Cave  Hill 
in  Saline  County.     The  formations  here  are  faulted. 

Most  of  the  limestones  exposed  in  this  ridge  belong  to  the  Chester 
group,  although  in  sees.  27  and  28,  T.  9  S.,  R.  8  E.  limestones  of  Ste.  Gene- 
vieve age  were  noted.  The  limestones  outcrop  only  on  the  lower  slopes  of 
the  hills  and  are  in  most  cases  covered  by  talus  from  the  higher  sandstone 
ridges. 

Lack  of  transportation,  heavy  overburden,  and  the  fact  that  the  Chester 
limestones  are  commonly  interbedded  with  sandstone  and  shale,  restrict  the 
use  of  the  rock  in  this  county  to  local  purposes  only. 

HARDIN    COUNTY 

Limestone  suitable  for  use  as  road  material  is  abundant  in  Hardin 
County  (fig.  58,  p.  267).  Sites  for  shipping  quarries  are  limited  to  a  small 
area  as  the  only  railroad  facilities  in  the  county  are  those  afforded  by  the 
Illinois  Central  which  runs  from  Shetlerville  to  Rosiclare  and  a  3-mile 
branch  which  extends  from  Shetlerville  to  the  Stewart  mine.  No  outcrops 
of  importance  occur  along  the  main  line  between  Shetlerville  and  Rosiclare, 
but  large  quantities  of  limestone  may  be  obtained  along  the  branch  line  be- 
tween Shetlerville  and  the  Stewart  mine.  Rock  is  also  available  in  quantity 
in  the  river  bluffs  in  the  vicinity  of  Elizabethtown  and  has  been  quarried 
there  for  use  in  work  along  the  river. 


HARDIN  COUNTY  259 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

L  No.  350 
Golconda  Portland  Cement  Company 

The  Golconda  Portland  Cement  Company  was  originally  interested  in 
the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  and  located  its  plant  in  the  blufl  along 
the  Illinois  Central  Railway  a  few  miles  southwest  of  Golconda.  Circum- 
stances made  the  operation  of  the  cement  plant  impracticable  and  in  1921 
the  crushing  units  and  bins  were  transferred  to  the  present  site  about  half 
a  mile  east  of  Shetlerville  in  Rich  Hill,  in  the  E.  y2  NW.  yA  SE.  yA  sec.  35, 
T.  12  S.,  R.  7  E. 

The  quarry  is  circular  in  shape,  about  400  feet  in  diameter  and  is  lo- 
cated in  a  bench  of  Ste.  Genevieve  (Fredonia)  limestone  in  the  lower  slopes 
of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  hill.  Only  a  thin  accumulation  of  soil  and 
talus  overlies  the  rock  and  in  some  places  is  entirely  absent.  What  little 
overburden  is  present  is  hand-loaded  into  carts  and  disposed  of  in  a  dump. 
Quarrying  directly  into  the  hill,  however,  would  eventually  necessitate  the 
use  of  mining  methods  for  obtaining  the  Fredonia  limestone  because  of  the 
presence  of  the  immediately  overlying  25  feet  of  sandstone,  which  in  turn 
is  overlain  by  100  feet  of  limestone  and  shale. 

The  rock  which  is  being  quarried  is  the  Fredonia  member  of  the  Ste. 
Genevieve  limestone.  It  is  a  gray  or  white  stone  and  is  very  commonly 
oolitic  and  occurs  in  massive  beds. 

A  face  10  to  40  feet  high  is  being  worked  in  two  benches,  each  from 
15  to  30  feet  thick.  The  blast  holes  are  drilled  with  tripod  air  drills  and 
the  rock  shot  down  with  30  per  cent  dynamite.  It  is  loaded  by  hand  into 
two-ton  end  dump  cars  in  which  it  is  conveyed  to  the  primary  crusher.  Some 
of  the  stone  is  sold  for  riprap  and  as  the  quarry  floor  is  higher  than  the 
railway  spur,  it  is  possible  to  load  riprap  cars  by  gravity  from  the  level  of 
the  quarry  floor. 

The  crushing  battery  consists  of  one  No.  8  and  two  No.  5  Austin  crush- 
ers, and  by  re-crushing  the  oversize  and  using  a  6-  by  24-foot  Austin  cylin- 
drical screen,  four  sizes  of  stone  are  produced: — dust,  ^-inch,  1^-inch 
and  2^4-inch.  The  plant  is  operated  by  a  Hamilton-Corliss  steam  engine 
with  an  O'Brien  boiler.  It  is  understood  that  eventually  each  crusher  will 
be  made  an  electrically  operated  unit. 

The  plant  is  reported  to  have  a  daily  capacity  of  4  cars  of  riprap  and 
4  cars  of  crushed  stone.  In  1923  about  16,000  tons  of  stone  for  railroad 
use,  9,000  tons  of  crushed  stone,  and  1,200  tons  of  agricultural  limestone 
were  produced.  A  bin,  with  a  capacity  of  600  tons,  is  used  for  storing  the 
crushed  stone. 


260  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  product  of  the  quarry  is  used  as  agricultural  limestone,  road  metal, 
aggregate  for  concrete  bridge  and  foundation  stone,  and  riprap  for  repair 
work  along  Ohio  River. 

Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  Rosiclare  Branch  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railway,  which  makes  easy  shipment  possible  to  Marion,  Carbon- 
dale,  Herrin  and  Metropolis. 

L  No.  427 
Southern  Illinois  Limestone  Company 

The  quarry  of  the  Southern  Illinois  Limestone  Company  is  located  in 
a  hillside  along  Ohio  River  about  one-half  mile  west  of  Shetlerville.  The 
quarry  face  is  about  one-fourth  mile  long  and  averages  about  50  feet  in 
height.     The  overburden  is  very  thin. 

The  blast  holes  are  drilled  by  tripod  drills  and  dynamite  used  to  shoot 
down  the  rock.  It  is  loaded  by  hand  into  horse  drawn  carts  in  which  it  is 
conveyed  to  the  crusher,  a  No.  7^  Austin  gyratory.  The  stone  is  sized  by 
a  Good  Roads  Machinery  screen,  five  by  forty  feet. 

The  crushed  stone  is  used  for  aggregate,  ballast,  and  agricultural  lime- 
stone. Larger  blocks  are  sold  for  riprap.  The  production  is  about  500 
tons  daily. 

Transportation  is  provided  by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 

SITES    FOR    SHIPPING    QUARRIES 

The  most  favorable  localities  for  shipping  quarry  sites  are  the  north 
slope  of  Rich  Hill,  the  slopes  of  Melcher  Hills,  or  along  the  west  slopes  of 
Wallace  Branch  for  about  a  mile  north  of  Melcher  Hills. 

KX 
Rich  Hill 
Rich  Hill  is  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  east  of  Shetlerville.  It  is 
separated  from  the  uplands  which  form  the  bluffs  along  Ohio  River  by  the 
valleys  of  two  small  tributaries  of  Wallace  Branch.  Almost  circular  in 
outline,  it  has  a  diameter  of  a  little  more  than  Y\  mile,  and  reaches  an  ele- 
vation of  215  feet  above  the  railroad. 

The  hill  is  mainly  limestone  but  a  ledge  of  25  to  30  feet  of  calcareous 
sandstone  and  some  shale  is  present.     A  section  of  the  hill  is  as  follows: 

Thickness 
Feet 

4.     Limestone,  gray,  crystalline,  partly  concealed,  mainly  Renault 40 

3.     Mainly   concealed   but   showing   occasional   beds   of   limestone   which 
reach  a  thickness  of  1  to  3  feet  in  the  upper  part  of  section  and  6 
feet  and  more  in  the  lower  part  (Lower  Ohara  and  Shetlerville)..        56 
2.     Sandstone,  yellow,  fine-grained,  calcareous    (Rosiclare  sandstone)....        25 
1.     Limestone,  massive,  white  to  gray,  oolitic  and  semi-oolitic  (Fredonia)        95 


HARDIN  COUNTY  261 

It  is  very  probable  that  in  many  places  where  the  rock  is  concealed  it 
is  shale.  From  a  stndy  of  other  outcrops  of  the  same  formation,  it  is  in- 
ferred that  at  least  a  third  of  No.  3  in  the  above  section  is  shale.  The  lime- 
stone of  No.  4  and  No.  3  is  gray,  granular,  and  crystalline.  It  is  well  ce- 
mented, however,  into  a  hard  compact  rock.  The  limestone  of  No.  1  and 
the  lower  part  of  No.  3  contain  many  oolitic  or  semi-oolitic  beds  but  these 
also  form  a  tough,  light-colored  limestone.  The  sandstone  of  No.  2,  known 
as  the  Rosiclare  sandstone,  appears  as  a  buff-colored  to  brown,  porous  sand- 
stone on  weathered  surfaces,  but  where  fresh,  it  is  a  solid,  light-colored  rock 
difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  adjacent  limestones. 

A  composite  sample  of  the  limestones  in  the  hill  tested  by  the  University 
of  Illinois  gave  a  French  coefficient  of  wear  of  more  than  10.  The  calcareous 
sandstone  has  not  as  yet  been  tested. 

LOCATION    OF    QUARRY    SITES 

The  railroad  runs  along  the  base  of  the  south  and  east  sides  of  the 
hill,  but  the  lower  almost  perpendicular  slopes  are  so  close  to  the  railroad 
that  there  is  not  sufficient  space  for  the  erection  of  a  crushing  plant.  To 
the  north,  however,  where  a  broad  shallow  ravine  separates  Rich  Hill  from 
the  neighboring  Melcher  Hills,  an  excellent  location  for  the  erection  of  a 
plant  is  available.  Furthermore,  the  slope  on  this  side  of  the  hill  is  gentle, 
not  more  than  10  feet  in  50,  so  that  the  area  underlain  by  the  Ste.  Genevieve 
(Fredonia  limestone)  is  at  least  30  acres. 

The  overburden  except  at  the  very  foot  of  the  slope,  probably  averages 
less  than  6  feet  and  consists  mainly  of  red  clay-soil  and  loess. 

Though  a  natural  face  is  lacking,  one  could  be  developed  without  diffi- 
culty by  quarrying  back  into  the  slope  to  where  the  rock  would  reach  a 
height  of  90  feet  as  the  overlying  sandstone  is  approached. 

The  thickness  of  rock  available  in  this  region  is  very  great.  The  Fre- 
donia limestone,  in  which  the  quarry  should  be  located,  varies  from  100  to 
150  feet  thick.  It  is  underlain  by  the  St.  Louis  limestone,  which  may  be 
as  much  as  350  feet  thick,  so  that  the  depth  to  which  rock  could  be  quarried 
would  depend  only  on  the  amount  of  water  present  and  the  convenience  of 
handling  rock. 

Melcher  Hills 

Just  north  of  Rich  Flill  are  the  Melcher  Hills.  These  hills  are  higher 
than  Rich  Hill  and  are  capped  by  a  great  thickness  of  sandstone.  The  rock 
exposed  on  the  slopes,  however,  is  the  same  as  that  in  Rich  Hill. 

The  Fredonia  limestone  which  makes  up  the  lower  slopes  is  exposed 
as  a  belt  about  GOO  feet  wide,  and  reaches  a  height  of  about  80  feet  before 
it  is  covered  by  the  overlying  Rosiclare  sandstone.  The  rock  is  practically 
free  from  overburden  except  at  the  base  of  the  slope  where  about  6  feet  of 


262 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


loess  cover  it.     Rock  is  obtainable  from  a  strip  about  600  feet  wide  and 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long. 

Slopes  to  the  north  of  M etcher  Hills 

The  broad  gentle  slopes  to  the  west  of  Wallace  Branch  consist  almost 
entirely  of  the  Fredonia  limestone,  capped  by  the  Rosiclare  sandstone. 
Locally  the  Lower  Ohara  limestone  is  also  present. 

Near  Cave  Spring  there  are  more  than  20  acres  where  the  top  of  the 
slope  is  free  from  sandstone.  The  rock  which  rises  about  80  feet  above 
the  valley  flat  is  partly  covered  by  a  red  clay  soil  which  probably  averages 
less  than  4  feet  in  thickness. 

The  amount  of  rock  available  in  this  region  is  unlimited. 


Pig.  55.     Bluff  of  St.  Louis  limestone  at  Tower  Rock,  midway  between 
Elizabethtown  and  Cave  in  Rock 


OUTCROPS    OF   LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

Limestone  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  at  many  places  from  the  St. 
Louis  or  Fredonia  limestones  which  comprise  the  bed  rock  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  river  between  Rosiclare  and  Cave  in  Rock  (fig.  55)  and  also  where 
they  outcrop  in  the  west-central  part  of  the  county  on  the  flanks  of  Hicks 
dome.  Butts1  in  his  chapter  on  the  economic  geology  of  Hardin  County 
mentions  Lead  Hill  in  the  western  part  of  sec.  4,  T.  12  S.,  R.  9  E.,  as  a  favor- 


iButts,    Charles   H.,    Geology    of   Hardin    County    and    the    adjoining    part    of   Pope 
County:     111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  41,  1920. 


JACKSON  COUNTY  263 

able  locality  for  the  erection  of  a  local  quarry.     Limestone  100  feet  thick  is 
available  here  with  very  little  overburden. 

The  Chester  limestones  which  outcrop  in  the  eastern  and  northern  parts 
of  the  county  will  also  furnish  limestone  for  local  purposes. 

JACKSON    COUNTY 

Except  for  the  extreme  southwestern  part,  Jackson  County  (fig.  56)  is 
underlain  by  rocks,  mainly  shales  and  sandstones,  of  Pennsylvanian  age. 
Some  limestone  beds  few  of  which  exceed  3  feet  in  thickness  are  present 
in  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks,  but  they  are  generally  so  heavily  covered  with 
drift  or  other  rock,  that  only  very  small  amounts  of  rock,  less  than  50  tons, 
are  available  at  any  one  place.  The  Upper  Mississippian  limestones  which 
are  exposed  at  several  places  along  the  river  bluffs  and  along  one  or  two 
creeks  which  have  removed  the  overlying  Pennsylvanian  rocks,  can  be  made 
to  yield  some  stone  for  local  use.  However,  it  is  only  in  the  vicinity  of 
Grand  Tower,  where  Lower  Mississippian  and  Devonian  limestones  are  ex- 
posed, that  conditions  are  favorable  for  obtaining  crushed  rock  in  quantity. 

SHIPPING  QUARRIES 

There  are  no  shipping  quarries  located  in  the  county,  but  in  times  past 
rock  was  quarried  at  the  north  end  of  Walker's  Hill,  where  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  obtained  much  of  its  ballast  for  use  in  this  part  of  the  State. 
Two  localities  which  are  capable  of  yielding  large  quantities  of  rock  and 
which  are  close  to  a  railroad  are  Walker's  Hill  and  the  "Back  Bone",  a 
narrow  ridge  about  half  a  mile  long  which  is  located  along  the  Mississippi 
River  just  west  of  Walker's  Hill. 

POSSIBLE   QUARRY   SITES 

L  No.  90,  L  No.  91,  and  L  No.  92 

Walker's  Hill 

Cen.  sec.  24,  T.  10  S.,  R.  4  W . 

About  half  a  mile  north  of  Grand  Tower  near  the  extreme  southwest 

corner  of  the  county  in  sec.  24,  T.  10  S.,  R.  4  W.,  there  is  an  isolated  ridge 

known  as  Walker's  Hill  (fig.  57).     It  is  about  half  a  mile  long  and  a  quarter 

of  a  mile  wide.     The  south  end  rises  gradually  from  the  surrounding  flat, 

but  the  north  end  terminates  as  a  sheer  bluff  more  than  50  feet  high.     Rock 

was  once  extensively  quarried  here  for  railroad  ballast,  but  recently  only 

small  amounts  have  been  quarried  to  meet  local  demands.    The  quarry  face 

is  about  400  feet  wide  and  53  feet  high.     The  overburden  of  soil  and  loess 

reaches  a  thickness  of  33  feet  at  the  crest  of  the  hill,  but  thins  rapidly  to 

the  sides,  and  on  the  slopes  of  the  hill  is  so  thin  that  the  underlying  rock 

outcrops  at  intervals.     For  the  width  of  the  quarry  face  the  overburden 


264 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


R.  3  W 


R  5W             / 

/ 

T  7S.  ' 

/ 

\  Campbell 
*■        Hill 

/ 

Av 

/ 

^^"X  -^ 

T.8S 


R.2W 


R.  1  W 


T  7S 


T8S. 


T9S. 


T  10  S. 


^     Shipping  quarry  site 
™  sampled 


0     Other  sites  sampled 


Scale  ol  miles 

Fig.  56.     Map  of  Jackson  County  showing  location  of  quarry  sites. 


Pig.  57.     The  quarry  in  the  south  end  of  Walker's  Hill  near  Grand  Tower. 
(L  90,  91  and  92  in  fig.  56.) 


JACKSON  COUNTY  265 

probably  averages  20  feet.  The  rock  dips  about  30  degrees  to  the  north- 
east and  the  quarry  face  at  the  end  of  the  hill  is  at  right  angles  to  the  strike 
of  the  rock. 

The  rock  in  the  quarry  belongs  primarily  to  the  Salem  formation,  and 
is  mainly  a  heavy-bedded  or  massive,  compact,  mostly  fine-grained,  hard, 
gray  limestone.  Chert  in  thin  seams  and  irregular  nodules  is  common  in 
some  beds.  Several  vertical  fractures  occur  at  the  west  end  of  the  quarry 
face,  but  none  are  found  at  the  east  end.  Tests  made  on  samples  from  this 
locality  show  the  rock  to  be  well  suited  for  road  material. 

The  rock  outcrops  along  the  sides  of  the  hill  for  about  2,000  feet,  sug- 
gesting that  at  least  10  acres  are  available.  Furthermore,  the  quantity  of 
rock  obtainable  might  be  increased  by  continuing  in  depth  until  ground- 
water level  is  reached. 

Elsewhere  in  the  hills  favorable  sites  for  quarries  may  be  found 
especially  on  the  northeast  side  where  the  overburden  is  thin.  Due  to  fault- 
ing near  the  southeast  end  of  Walker's  Hill  a  variety  of  formations  are  ex- 
posed, including  the  St.  Louis  and  Salem  formations,  the  Osage  group  and 
the  Devonian  limestone. 

The  present  quarry  is  being  operated  by  McCann  Brothers  of  Mur- 
physboro  whenever  there  is  a  local  demand  for  crushed  rock.  A  portable 
crusher  made  by  the  American  Wheel  Scraper  Company,  and  a  dismantled 
tripod  drill  were  the  only  equipment  seen.  The  screen  is  10  feet  long  and 
has  *4-  and  l^J-inch  perforations.  The  sized  product  is  discharged  into  a 
bin  having  a  capacity  of  almost  30  cubic  yards. 

The  problem  of  railroad  transportation  offers  no  difficulties.  The  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad  runs  within  half  a  mile  of  the  quarry  and  the  old 
railroad  grade,  built  when  the  rock  was  used  for  ballast  still  remains,  though 
tracks  and  ties  have  been  removed. 

K  No.  125 
The  "Back  Bone" 

The  "Back  Bone"  is  a  narrow  ridge  about  half  a  mile  long  which  is 
situated  along  the  Mississippi  River  just  north  of  Grand  Tower.  This 
ridge  presents  a  steep  slope  toward  the  river  and  a  more  gentle  one  away 
from  the  river.  The  maximum  width  of  the  ridge  occurs  at  the  south  end 
where  its  base  is  about  1,000  feet  wide.  Towards  the  north  end  of  the 
Back  Bone  near  the  line  separating  sec.  23  and  sec.  21,  T.  10  S.,  R.  1  W.  a 
roadway  has  been  blasted  through  the  ridge  which  is  less  than  500  feet  wide 
at  this  point. 

The  "Back  Bone"  consists  wholly  of  limestone  and  contains  only  a  thin 
capping  of  loess  at  its  crest.  The  slopes  are  practically  free  from  over- 
burden except  for  fallen  blocks  and  fragments  and  a  covering  of  thin  soil. 


266  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

At  its  highest  point  the  ridge  is  about  150  feet  high,  but  the  average  height 
is  about  60  feet. 

The  rocks  are  of  Devonian  age  and  are  essentially  a  compact,  finely 
granular  limestone  except  at  the  south  end  where  the  bluff  consists  of  chert. 
This  chert  makes  up  only  a  small  portion  of  the  ridge  and  the  remaining  por- 
tion which  consists  of  limestone  should  prove  entirely  satisfactory  for  use 
as  road  material. 

The  Thebes  branch  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  runs  close  to  the 
east  side  of  the  ridge,  and  could  furnish  transportation. 

SOURCES   OF  LIMESTONE   OF  LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

L  No.  80 

Limestones  of  Upper  Mississippian  age  are  exposed  at  many  points 
near  the  base  of  the  river  bluff,  from  Sand  Ridge  to  the  Randolph  County 
line.  At  most  places,  however,  they  are  immediately  overlain  by  sandstone 
and  so  covered  by  talus  that  the  expense  of  development  would  scarcely 
justify  the  location  of  a  quarry.  However,  in  the  NW.  cor.  sec.  34,  T.  8  S., 
R.  4  W.,  (L  No.  80)  a  bench  of  limestone  65  feet  wide  and  30  feet  high, 
and  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden,  extends  for  more  than  1,000  feet 
along  the  bluff  and  would  furnish  a  large  amount  of  stone. 

Other  outcrops  of  limestone  are  reported  along  Kinkaid  Creek  in  T.  8 
S.,  R.  5  W. ;  in  the  NW.  ]/A  sec.  5  and  sec.  6,  T.  8  S.,  R.  4  W. ;  and  also  at 
the  south  end  of  Fountain  Bluff  near  Grand  Tower.  While  some  stone  for 
local  use  might  be  obtained  at  these  places,  the  site  at  Walker's  Hill  is  so 
much  more  favorable  that  probably  it  would  be  advisable  to  obtain  the  rock 
there  and  haul  it  rather  than  develop  new  quarries. 

JOHNSON    COUNTY 

Owing  to  the  badly  broken  character  of  the  country  (fig.  58),  rock  out- 
crops are  numerous  in  Johnson  County.  Roughly,  the  north  third  of  the 
county  is  underlain  by  the  sandstones  and  shales  of  Pennsylvanian  age. 
The  remaining  two-thirds  is  underlain  by  the  sandstones,  limestones  and 
shales  of  Upper  Mississippian  age  except  for  a  narrow  strip  in  the  southwest 
corner,  where  Lower  Mississippian  limestone  is  found.  Because  of  its  more 
resistant  nature,  sandstone  caps  practically  all  hills  and  ridges,  and  limestone 
outcrops  are  found  mainly  as  narrow  belts  along  the  slopes. 

Limestone  can  be  obtained  at  numerous  places  in  the  county,  but  many 
of  these  localities  are  not  within  access  of  a  railroad,  and  in  many  cases 
those  which  are  near  a  railroad  have  so  much  shale  present  with  the  lime- 
stone that  quarrying  on  a  large  scale  would  probably  not  be  profitable 

SHIPPING    QUARRY 

There  is  only  one  shipping  quarry  located  in  the  county. 


JOHNSON  COUNTY 


267 


268  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

K  No.  37 

Charles  Stone  Company 

SW.  l/A  see.  5,  T.  14  S.,  R.  2  E. 

The  quarry  at  Chasco  which  is  served  by  the  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illi- 
nois Railroad  is  located  at  the  end  of  the  hill  forming  a  part  of  the  north 
bluff  of  Cache  River.  The  quarry  face  is  semi-circular  in  outline,  has  a 
diameter  of  about  500  feet,  and  an  average  height  of  about  110  feet.  The 
overburden  is  a  yellow,  residual  clay  and  loess,  and  reaches  a  thickness  of 
18  feet  in  places,  but  averages  about  10  feet.  It  is  removed  by  teams  and 
scrapers  and  by  a  steam  shovel. 

The  rock  being  quarried  is  the  Fredonia  limestone  and  is  essentially  a 
compact,  fine-grained,  gray,  or  blue-gray  stone.  Oolitic  layers  occur  locally 
in  the  upper  portion  of  the  face,  especially,  and  also,  though  somewhat  less 
commonly,  near  the  bottom  of  the  quarry. 

Quarry  practice  is  to  drill  twelve  5%-inch  holes,  25  feet  back  from  the 
face,  and  15  feet  apart.  These  holes  are  then  loaded  with  40  and  60  per 
cent  dynamite  and  fired  simultaneously.  As  much  as  28,000  tons  of  rock 
have  been  broken  at  one  blast. 

The  broken  rock  is  hand-loaded  into  5-ton  cars  and  pulled  to  the  tipple 
where  the  cable  which  is  attached  hauls  them  to  the  crusher.  Masses  too 
large  to  handle  are  broken  by  dobying  or  block-holing. 

The  crushing  machinery  includes  a  No.  iy2  and  a  No.  5  Allis-Chalmers 
gyratory  crusher  and  a  No.  1  Williams  pulverizer.  The  crushed  rock  is  run 
through  cylindrical  screens  and  separated  into  the  following  sizes : 

Approximate 

Size  quantity 

Inches  Per  cent 

Dust    12% 

%-%     12% 

%-l    16% 

1-1%     16% 

l%-2     16% 

2-2%     25 

Six  bins  each  of  100-ton  capacity  are  used  as  storage  room.  The 
capacity  of  the  plant  is  1,000  tons  per  day,  but  average  production  is  about 
500  tons. 

Almost  all  the  crushed  rock  produced  at  this  quarry  is  sold  within  a 
radius  of  70  miles  and  is  used  for  railroad  ballast,  road  material,  aggregate 
in  concrete,  and  for  agricultural  limestone.  Chemical  analyses  show  that 
most  of  the  rock  contains  over  94  per  cent  calcium  carbonate.  The  rock  is 
also  well  suited  for  use  as  road  material. 


JOHNSON  COUNTY  269 

POSSIBLE  SHIPPING   QUARRY   SITES 

The  lower  Mississippian  limestone  which  makes  up  most  of  the  hills 
along  the  edge  of  the  Cache  bottoms  from  about  a  mile  west  of  Belknap  to 
the  Union  County  line  is  the  most  suitable  limestone  in  the  county  for  large 
scale  quarrying,  because  of  its  thickness,  fairly  uniform  character,  and 
freedom  from  shale.  Outcrops  of  this  limestone  suitable  for  shipping 
quarries,  however,  are  available  near  a  railroad  only  in  the  SW.  ^4  sec-  5 
and  the  NW.  /4  sec.  6,  T.  14  S.,  R.  2  E.  Such  limestones  outcropping  else- 
where within  the  county  belong  to  the  Chester  group  (Upper  Mississippian), 
and  though  some  of  the  Chester  formations  reach  a  thickness  of  100  feet  or 
more  they  contain  large  amounts  of  interbedded  shale.  The  handling  of  this 
shale  in  providing  clean  limestone  is  a  serious  handicap  to  successful  quar- 
rying. In  most  outcrops,  the  shale  intervals  are  not  exposed  so  that  it  is 
advisable  before  any  extensive  quarrying  operations  are  undertaken  to  ex- 
plore the  proposed  site  thoroughly  either  by  trenching  or  drilling.  In  places 
limestone  beds  up  to  20  feet  in  thickness  and  free  from  shale  are  exposed 
and  may  supply  a  local  or  temporary  demand  for  crushed  stone. 

Though  the  Chester  limestones  are  perhaps  best  suited  to  meet  local 
demands,  some  of  the  most  favorably  situated  with  regard  to  railroad  trans- 
portation are  described  under  the  heading  of  possible  shipping  quarry  sites. 

Area  of  Lower  Mississippian  limestone. — Of  the  two  outcrops  men- 
tioned as  being  near  a  railroad  the  one  in  sec.  5,  T.  14  S.,  R.  2  E.  is  already 
the  site  of  the  shipping  quarry  operated  by  the  Charles  Stone  Company,  and 
the  other,  which  lies  in  the  NW.  %  sec.  6,  T.  14  S.,  R.  2  E.  is  near  the  same 
railroad,  the  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois. 

The  outcrop  located  in  sec.  6,  i?  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  rail- 
road and  presents  a  steep  slope,  the  lower  portion  of  which  is  covered  by 
loess  washed  down  from  above.  The  top  of  the  limestone  is  about  100  feet 
above  the  flat,  and  the  bluff-like  face  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long.  The 
limestone  is  capped  by  a  thin  sandstone  bed  which  is  in  turn  overlain  by 
loess. 

Near  the  edge  of  the  bluff  there  is  practically  no  overburden,  but  back 
from  the  bluff  it  increases  and  may  reach  a  thickness  of  20  feet  and  more. 
There  is  a  strip  about  300  feet  wide  over  which  the  overburden  averages  less 
than  15  feet. 

The  rock  is  similar  in  character  to  that  quarried  at  the  Charles  Stone 
Company,  and  probably  would  be  satisfactory  for  road  material,  aggregate, 
ballast,  and  agricultural  limestone. 

As  a  thickness  of  80  feet  of  rock  occurs  above  the  drainage  level  and 
the  limestone  is  known  to  continue  in  depth  for  hundreds  of  feet  more,  the 
amount  of  rock  available  at  this  locality  is  sufficient  to  support  a  large 
quarry. 


270  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Chester  limestone  localities. — Places  where  the  Chester  limestones  may 
be  found  in  close  proximity  to  the  railroad  are  at  Belknap,  near  Buncombe, 
about  a  mile  and  a  quarter  north  of  Bloomfield,  in  the  hill  in  the  SW.  cor. 
sec.  10,  T.  13  S.,  R.  2  E.,  and  in  the  west  central  part  of  sec.  24,  T.  13  S., 
R.  2E. 

K  No.  31 
Belknap  afea 

Just  north  of  the  town  of  Belknap  in  sec.  1,  T.  14  S.,  R.  2  E.  border- 
ing the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  is  a  bluff  of 
limestone  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long.  This  bluff  which  is  150  feet 
high  near  Belknap  slopes  gently  to  the  north  until  it  is  cut  off  by  the  valley 
of  a  small  tributary  of  Cache  River,  which  in  working  back  into  the  bluff 
forms  a  broad  ridge  or  nose  at  this  point.  Near  Belknap  the  bluff  is  capped 
by  a  massive  sandstone  which  extends  within  50  feet  of  the  edge.  As  the 
nose  is  approached,  however,  the  sandstone  cap  turns  more  to  the  west,  ex- 
posing 225  feet  of  limestone  between  it  and  the  edge.  Where  the  slope 
becomes  more  gentle  at  the  end  of  the  nose,  even  a  greater  width  of  lime- 
stone is  available. 

The  thickness  of  overburden  ranges  from  practically  nothing  at  the 
edge  of  the  bluff  and  on  the  north  slope,  to  40  feet  where  the  sandstone  is 
encountered.  Though  the  gentle  slope  between  the  edge  of  the  bluff  and  the 
sandstone  appears  to  consist  of  soil,  loess,  sandstone,  limestone  and  talus, 
it  is  very  probable  that  considerable  shale  with  some  beds  of  limestone  may 
be  found.  Should  this  be  true,  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  it  will  be  prof- 
itable to  remove  the  entire  overburden.  The  amount  of  rock  available  in 
the  bluff  is,  therefore,  limited  to  a  narrow  belt  not  more  than  about  100  feet 
wide.  Probably  the  largest  area  free  from  the  sandstone  cap  will  be  found 
near  the  north  end  of  the  bluff. 

The  character  of  the  limestone  exposed  in  the  bluff  indicates  that  the 
stone  is  suitable  for  road  material.  The  interbedded  shale  and  thin  shaly 
limestones,  however,  are  undesirable  for  this  purpose  and  would  have  to  be 
sorted  out.  As  the  limestone  exposed  in  the  quarry  is  identical  with  that 
overlying  the  rock  found  at  the  Whitehill  quarry,  it  is  very  probable  that 
upon  deepening,  a  bed  of  calcareous  sandstone  will  be  encountered  before 
the  ledge  of  rock  similar  to  that  quarried  at  Whitehill  is  reached. 

The  rock  most  readily  available  is  a  strip  less  than  200  feet  wide  along 
the  bluff  and  an  area  of  several  acres  along  the  slope  at  the  north  end  of 
the  hill  where  the  overlying  sandstone  has  been  removed  by  erosion.  The 
height  of  the  rock  on  this  slope  does  not  exceed  45  feet,  but  additional  rock 
may  be  obtained  by  quarrying  downward.  The  amount  of  rock  that  can  be 
quarried  at  this  locality  is  limited. 


JOHNSON  COUNTY  271 

This  locality  is  suggested  as  a  quarry  site  mainly  because  of  its  location 
on  the  Big  Four  Railroad.  A  moderate  amount  of  rock  can  undoubtedly 
be  obtained  here,  and  it  might  prove  an  economical  source  of  rock  for  regions 
that  can  not  be  reached  from  quarries  more  favorably  situated,  without  ex- 
cessive freight  haul. 

K  No.  33  B 

At  Buncombe 

NE.  y4  sec.  is,  T.  12  S.,  R.  2  E. 

At  the  end  of  the  ridge  northeast  of  Buncombe  a  flat  area  of  about  10 

acres  is  underlain  by  the  Kinkaid  limestone.     Higher  up  the  ridge  to  the 

north  this  limestone  is  overlain  by  sandstone.     The  slope  leading  to  the  flat 

is  gentle  and  is  concealed  beneath  a  covering  of  loess.     No  rock  outcrops 

are  found  along  the  slopes,  but  from  other  exposures  along  the  railroad  in 

this  vicinity  the  loess  is  estimated  to  be  about  15  feet  thick.     The  Chicago 

and  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad  runs  along  the  east  slope,  about  40  feet  below 

the  flat. 

The  rock  in  the  outcrop  is  a  fine-grained,  compact,  blue-gray  rock  in 
beds  of  4  to  6  inches,  which  breaks  with  subconchoidal  fracture.  Lenses 
and  nodules  of  chert  are  common  and  some  shale  is  found  interbedded  with 
the  rock.     The  thickness  of  the  rock  is  probably  from  60  to  80  feet. 

The  advantage  of  this  locality  is  its  position  along  the  railroad  and  that 
rock  can  be  obtained  in  large  quantities  if  necessary.  The  disadvantages  of 
this  location  are  the  high  initial  cost  of  the  land  and  expense  of  develop- 
ment. Another  is  competition  from  the  quarry  at  Whitehill,  which  is  on 
the  same  railroad  and  has  a  more  favorable  location. 

K  No.  29 
Sec.  16,  T.  12  S.,  R.  3  E. 
A  fine-grained,  compact,  blue-gray  limestone,  Kinkaid  in  age,  out- 
crops along  the  creek  bottom  in  the  south-central  part  of  sec.  16,  T.  12  S., 
R.  3  E.  about  one  and  a  half  miles  north  of  Bloomfield.  Considerable  chert 
as  seams  and  nodules  is  present  but  not  in  quantity  sufficient  to  affect  the 
general  character  of  the  rock.  The  gentle  slope  of  the  outcrop  suggests 
the  presence  of  partings  of  shale,  although  none  were  actually  observed.  The 
slopes  adjourning  the  creek  are  very  gentle  but  appear  to  be  unfit  for  culti- 
vation. They  are  covered  with  a  maximum  of  8  feet  of  loess.  The  rock 
probably  continues  in  depth  for  80  or  100  feet.  As  the  rock  underlies  nearly 
a  whole  section  in  this  region  and  has  less  than  8  feet  of  overburden  a  large 
pit  quarry  might  be  located  here. 

The  greatest  disadvantage  would  be  the  expense  of  securing  transpor- 
tation facilities.  Though  the  Big  Four  Railroad  runs  within  half  a  mile 
of  the  locality,  it  is  separated  from  it  by  a  60-foot  ridge  of  sandstone  except 


272  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

where  the  creek  joins  Little  Cache  Creek.  At  this  point,  however,  the  rail- 
road grade  is  about  30  feet  above  the  water  level.  As  the  railroad  grade  is 
blasted  through  a  30-foot  ledge  of  sandstone  at  this  place,  it  would  be  neces- 
sary to  do  a  great  deal  of  additional  blasting  to  provide  room  for  a  spur 
and  to  build  the  track  around  the  end  of  the  ridge. 

Millions  of  tons  of  rock  are  available  and  if  a  constant  demand  for  rock 
were  maintained,  a  large  quarry  might  be  located  here.  Before  any  develop- 
ment work  is  done,  however,  it  would  be  advisable  to  ascertain  the  character 
and  thickness  of  the  rock  to  be  quarried  by  core  drilling. 

K  No.  32 
SW.  YA  sec.  33,  T.  12  S.,  R.  4  E- 

At  this  location  there  is  a  hill  about  80  feet  high  and  1,500  feet  long 
and  1,000  feet  wide,  which  is  made  up  entirely  of  Menard  limestone.  The 
slope  to  the  east  is  bare  and  relatively  steep,  but  the  slope  to  the  west  is 
gentle  with  a  rise  of  about  11  feet  in  100,  and  is  covered  with  6  to  10  feet  of 
soil  and  loess. 

The  rock  is  a  compact,  fine-grained,  blue-gray  limestone.  The  presence 
of  shale  is  suggested  by  the  gentle  slopes  which  are  found  at  one  or  two 
places.  The  top  of  the  hill  is  fairly  flat,  about  100  feet  wide  and  300  feet 
long.  The  amount  of  rock  available  for  quarrying  is  probably  not  much 
over  100,000  yards. 

The  Illinois  Central  passes  about  one  mile  from  the  hill  and  the  inter- 
vening surface  is  occupied  by  lowlands  and  swamps  so  that  it  is  probable 
some  filling  and  grading  would  be  necessary  in  building  a  spur. 

LIMESTONE  OUTCROPS  FOR  LOCAL  USE 

In  addition  to  the  localities  already  mentioned,  limestone  outcrops  from 
which  rock  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  are  found  at  other  places  in  the 
county. 

Limestone  outcrops  at  many  places  along  the  slopes  of  the  ridge  which 
extends  from  Simpson  to  Buncombe.  The  slopes  of  the  hill  in  the  south- 
central  part  of  sec.  16,  T.  13  S.,  R.  4  E.  are  composed  of  limestone,  as  are 
those  at  the  cen.  of  sec.  3,  T.  13  S.,  R.  3  E.,  those  of  the  hill  in  SE.  l/A  sec. 
34,  T.  12  S.,  R.  4  E.,  and  along  the  bottom  of  the  slope  in  the  north-central 
part  of  sec.  9,  T.  12  S.,  R.  2  E. 

Limestone  also  outcrops  on  the  slopes  of  the  hills  in  the  SW.  cor.  sec. 
10,  T.  13  S.,  R.  2  E.,  and  in  sec.  24,  T.  13  S.,  R.  2  E.  Both  of  these  locali- 
ties are  within  half  a  mile  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy  Railroad 
and  could  furnish  small  amounts  of  rock  for  shipment. 

The  limestone  belongs  to  the  Golconda  formation  and  is  coarsely  granu- 
lar in  texture  but  is  well  cemented,  and  is  a  hard  limestone.  Although  no 
shale  was  observed  at  the  outcrops,  its  presence  is  strongly  suggested  by  the 


MASSAC  COUNTY  273 

terraced  slopes  and  by  the  occurrence  of  outcrops  of  this  formation  else- 
where in  the  region. 

Both  localities  are  separated  from  the  railroad  by  Cache  Creek  and  sup- 
plying railroad  transportation  would  therefore  be  an  expensive  proposition 
and  probably  not  warranted  by  the  amount  and  character  of  rock  available. 

MASSAC  COUNTY 

Most  of  Massac  County  (fig.  58,  p.  267)  is  underlain  by  unconsolidated 
sands  and  clays  of  Cretaceous-Tertiary  age,  and  it  is  only  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  county  that  Paleozoic  rocks  outcrop. 

POSSIBLE  SHIPPING  QUARRY  SITES 

Only  two  localities  were  observed  in  Massac  County  where  limestone 
may  be  obtained  in  close  proximity  to  a  railroad.  Both  of  these  localities 
are  near  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy  Railroad,  one  on  the  west 
side  about  a  mile  north  of  Mermet  and  the  other  on  the  east  side  of  the 
tracks  about  two  miles  north  of  Mermet. 

K  No.  55 
Isolated  hill  about  two  miles  northwest  of  Mermet 

The  hill  is  somewhat  oblong  in  shape,  covers  about  12  acres,  at  its  high- 
est point  is  about  GO  feet  above  the  flat,  and  slopes  very  gently  to  the  flat 
in  all  directions. 

A  thickness  of  28  feet  of  massive,  blue-gray,  compact  Ste.  Genevieve 
limestone  is  exposed.  It  is  of  the  same  age  as  that  exposed  in  the  quarry 
at  Y\  nitehill  and  may  be  expected  to  give  similar  results  in  tests.  The  over- 
burden which  attains  a  thickness  of  11  feet  consists  of  yellow,  sandy  soil 
and  residual  clay  containing  chert  fragments. 

The  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  passes  about  one-fourth 
of  a  mile  west  of  the  outcrop. 

K  No.  56 
Ridge  about  one  mile  northwest  of  Mermet 

At  this  locality  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  cuts 
through  the  end  of  a  northeast-southwest  ridge.  The  ridge  is  about  50  feet 
high  and  less  than  200  feet  wide  at  the  crest,  and  the  length  to  its  junction 
with  a  larger  east-west  ridge  is  about  one-eighth  of  a  mile.  The  slopes  are 
gentle  and  are  under  cultivation. 

A  thickness  of  26  feet  of  compact,  massive,  blue-gray  Ste.  Genevieve 
limestone  similar  to  that  exposed  at  the  previously  mentioned  locality,  is 
exposed  at  the  end  toward  the  railroad.  The  rock  probably  rises  in  the 
hill  but  the  upper  part  is  concealed  by  a  yellow,  sandy  soil  and  a  residual 


274  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

clay  containing  pebbles  of  chert.     The  thickness  of  the  overburden  is  prob- 
ably less  than  10  feet. 

DEPOSITS   OF  ONLY  LOCAL  IMPORTANCE 

In  addition  to  the  localities  already  mentioned,  limestone  is  known  to 
outcrop  at  the  north  end  of  the  ridge  near  the  center  of  sec.  8,  T.  14  S.,  R. 
3  E.  The  limestone  at  this  locality  is  a  compact,  fine-grained  limestone  of 
Ste.  Genevieve  age.     Chert  is  common  in  some  layers. 

POPE   COUNTY 

Examination  of  Pope  County  (fig.  58,  p.  267)  reveals  no  limestone 
deposits  suitable  as  a  source  of  highway  material  located  near  a  railroad. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  rock  for  local  use  may  be  obtained  from  the 
limestones  of  the  Chester  series  which  comprise  the  bed  rock  over  much  of 
the  southern  and  eastern  parts  of  the  county. 

No  detailed  survey  was  made  to  locate  such  outcrops  but  a  few  were 
noted. 

K  No.  50 
S.  J/2  sec.  26,  T.  13  $.,  R.  6  E. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  quarry  limestone  about  iy2  miles  west  of  Gol- 
conda  for  use  as  road  material  but  the  rock  was  found  interbedded  with 
shale  to  such  an  extent  that  separate  recovery  of  limestone  was  found  im- 
practicable. 

The  limestone  is  exposed  along  the  slopes  of  a  narrow  east- west  ridge 
and  it  is  probable  that  by  working  the  outcrop  along  the  slope,  sufficient 
rock  only  for  local  use  may  be  obtained.  A  crushing  and  screening  appa- 
ratus has  been  installed. 

Cen.  sec.  27,  T.  13  S.j  R.  5  E. 
Thin  slabs  of  Menard  limestone  are  seen  outcropping  several  places  in 
the  gentle  slope  along  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  at  Perkins.  The  great- 
est thickness  of  limestone  observed  was  8  inches.  A  4-foot  section  exposed 
in  an  excavation  for  a  house  foundation  showed  4  feet  of  gray,  siliceous 
shale  containing  several  thin  limestone  layers.  2  inches  or  less  in  thickness. 

NW.  }i  sec.  10,  T.  14  S.,  R.  5  E. 
The  isolated  ridge  3  miles  south  of  Perkins  trending  in  an  east- west 
direction  is  about  half  a  mile  long,  eighth  of  a  mile  wide  and  80  to  100  feet 
high.  Most  of  the  north  steep  slope  is  covered,  but  at  intervals  a  compact, 
blue-gray,  siliceous  limestone  is  exposed.  The  greatest  exposure  is  4  feet. 
The  ridge  probably  consists  of  interbedded  shale  and  limestone  of  the  Me- 
nard formation.  This  site  might  serve  as  a  source  of  rock  for  local  use, 
as  the  overburden  averages  less  than  3  feet  in  thickness. 


PULASKI  COUNTY 


275 


Other  localities 
Limestone  of  Chester  age  also  outcrops  toward  the  head  of  Barren 
Creek  near  the  Massac  County  line  in  sec.  16,  T.  15  S.,  R.  6  E.  The  lower 
slopes  of  many  hills  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  county  are  known  to 
show  outcrops  of  limestone  and  can  be  used  as  a  source  of  a  local  supply 
of  stone. 

PULASKI    COUNTY 

Limestone  exposures  in  Pulaski  County  (fig.  60)  are  limited  to  the 
northern  part  where  the  bluffs  along  the  Cache  River  are  composed  of  this 
rock.  South  of  the  Cache  River  the  limestone  is  too  deeply  buried  by  the 
sands  and  clays  of  Cretaceous-Tertiary  age  to  be  quarriable. 

POSSIBLE   SHIPPING   QUARRY    SITE 

The  only  exposure  of  limestone  in  the  county  near  enough  to  the  rail- 
road to  warrant  its  consideration  as  a  source  for  road  material  is  along  the 
bluff  in  the  vicinity  of  Ullin  where  the  rock  was  formerly  quarried  for 
ballast  by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 


Fig.  59.     Abandoned  quarry  near  Ullin  showing  the  Warsaw-Spergen  limestone. 

K  No.  61 
Abandoned  quarry  in  see.  14,  T.  14  S.,  R.  1  W . 
The  old  quarry  (fig.  59)  near  Ullin  is  located  in  the  side  of  a  narrow 
ridge  and  is  about  1200  feet  long.  The  quarry  face  reaches  a  height  of  from 
25  to  60  feet,  and  has  been  worked  back  more  than  100  feet.  At  the  west 
end  of  the  quarry  where  the  rock  has  been  excavated  below  the  level  of  the 
general  quarry  floor,  there  is  now  a  pond  more  than  500  feet  long,  almost 
100  feet  wide  and  reported  to  be  more  than  f>0  feet  deep. 


276  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

East  of  the  quarry  the  bluff  gradually  disappears.  Westward,  however 
it  continues  almost  uninterruptedly  to  the  road  about  one-quarter  of  a  mile 
west,  and  remains  prominent  west  of  the  road,  but  becomes  progressively 
more  distant  from  the  railroad  in  this  direction. 

The  rock  exposed  in  the  railroad  quarry  is  a  massive,  gray,  granular 
limestone  containing  scattered  nodules  and  layers  of  chert.  Farther  to  the 
west  the  rock  is  fine-grained,  more  cherty,  and  of  a  blue-gray  color. 

The  overburden  consists  mainly  of  loess  and  residual  soil,  and  though 
it  reaches  a  thickness  of  15  feet  in  places,  it  does  not  average  over  8  feet. 
Any  of  the  ravines  cutting  the  bluff  would  serve  as  excellent  dumping 
grounds. 

Although  large  quantities  of  rock  have  been  quarried  here,  a  large 
amount  still  remains  so  that  should  rock  be  desired  from  this  locality  it 
might  easily  be  obtained.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  about  half  a  mile 
south  of  the  outcrop,  could  provide  transportation. 

ROCK   FOR  LOCAL  USE 

Rock  outcrops  which  might  prove  sources  of  road  material  for  local 
use  occur  at  many  places  north  and  south  of  Cache  River  along  the  bluffs 
and  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  Ullin. 

North  of  Cache  River  the  massive,  light-gray,  granular  limestone  of 
Warsaw-Spergen  age  outcrops  along  the  ravines  and  slopes  north  of  Mill 
Creek.  This  limestone  is  probably  too  soft  for  use  as  road  material,  but  is 
one  of  the  best  limestones  in  the  State  for  agricultural  limestone. 

Good  exposures  of  the  finer  grained,  compact  limestones  of  St.  Louis 
and  Ste.  Genevieve  age  are  found  in  the  hills  along  the  north  edge  of  the 
Cache  bottom  between  Wetaug  and  the  Johnson  County  line. 

South  of  Cache  River  there  are  only  a  few  scattered  outcrops  which 
might  furnish  rock  for  local  purposes.  These  outcrops  are  along  the  slope 
in  the  SW.  %  sec-  25,  T.  IT  S.,  R.  1  W.,  along  the  slope  in  the  north-central 
part  of  sec.  19,  T.  14  S.,  R.  1  E.,  and  also  along  "Limestone"  slough  near 
the  north  line  of  sec.  22,  T.  14  S.,  R.  1  W. 

SALINE   COUNTY 

Limestone  in  sufficient  quantity  to  be  considered  a  source  of  road  ma- 
terial is  found  only  in  the  much  faulted  southeastern  portion  of  Saline 
County  where  the  limestone  forms  the  lower  slopes  of  the  high  ridge  known 
as  Cave  Hill.  The  belt  of  outcrop  extends  from  sec.  9,  T.  10  S.,  R.  7  E., 
northeastward  to  the  west  line  of  sec.  34,  T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.,  where  it  ends  at 
the  broad  ravine.  Near  the  cen.  sec.  35,  T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.,  limestone  reap- 
pears along  the  lower  slopes  and  outcrops  more  or  less  continuously  to  the 
Gallatin  County  line. 


UNION  COUNTY  277 

Most  of  the  limestone  is  of  Chester  age,  and  is  interbedded  with  sand- 
stone and  shale.  It  is  capped  by  massive  Pennsylvanian  sandstone  which 
makes  up  higher  portions  of  the  ridge.  Talus  from  this  sandstone  covers 
most  of  the  lower  slopes  of  the  hills. 

These  limestone  formations  are  from  four  to  six  miles  from  the  Cleve- 
land, Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  and  are  separated  from  it 
by  Saline  River. 

The  difficulty  of  providing  transportation,  the  faulted  character  of  the 
rocks,  the  talus-covered  slopes,  and  the  fact  that  much  of  the  limestone  is 
interbedded  with  shale  and  sandstone,  preclude  any  extensive  quarrying 
operations.  In  a  few  areas,  however,  limited  amounts  of  limestone  can  be 
obtained  for  local  use. 

Probably  the  best  locality  for  obtaining  rock  for  local  use  is  the  isolated 
hill  in  the  north  central  part  of  sec.  36,  T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.  The  southern  half 
of  this  hill,  which  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long  and  30  feet  high,  is  com- 
posed of  dark,  fine-grained,  siliceous  limestone  of  the  Osage  group.  It  is 
much  disturbed  and  fractured,  and  as  a  result  breaks  readily  into  small 
angular  fragments.  The  overburden  is  light,  ranging  from  practically 
nothing  on  the  slopes  to  less  than  10  feet  at  the  crest  of  the  hill. 

Examination  of  the  many  small  ravines  cutting  the  slopes  will  reveal 
other  places  where  limited  amounts  of  rock  can  be  obtained  under  varying 
conditions. 

UNION   COUNTY 

There  are  many  outcrops  of  limestone  in  Union  County  (fig.  60)  which 
could  furnish  rock  for  highway  construction,  but  only  a  few  are  near  a 
railroad. 

Limestones  of  the  Chester  group  outcrop  in  many  of  the  stream  valleys 
in  the  northeastern  half  of  the  county ;  Lower  Mississippian  rocks  make  up 
the  bed  rock  in  the  south-central  part,  and  Devonian  limestones  underlie  the 
western  part  of  the  county.  Only  one  quarry  producing  crushed  limestone 
is  in  operation. 

SHIPPING   QUARRIES 

K  No.  28 

SE.  %  sec.  17,  T.  12  S.}  R.  1  W. 

Anna  Stone  Company 

The  quarry  of  the  Anna  Stone  Company  is  located  in  gently  rolling 

country  and  is  worked  as  a  pit,  which  is  circular  in  outline,  about  500  feet 

in  diameter,  and  has  a  face  about  75  feet  high.     The  overburden  is  of  red 

residual  clay  and  loess,  ranging  in  thickness  from  about  5  to  15  feet,  and 


278 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


R.  1  W. 


R.  1  E. 


'T.  1 1  S. 


R.3W 


T  17S 


R.2W 


10 


15 


Shipping  quarry  site 


Shipping  quarry  site 
sampled 


20 


Scale  of  miles 


Fig  60.     Map  of  Union,  Alexander  and  Pulaski  counties,  showing  location  of 
quarries    and   quarry    sites. 


UNION  COUNTY  279 

has  an  average  thickness  of  about  12  feel.    A  section  of  the  rock  which  is  of 
Ste.  Genevieve  age  is  as  follows : 

Thickness 
Feet 

5.     Limestone,  white,  oolitic 15-18 

4.     Limestone,  compact  blue,  containing  layers  and  nodules  of  chert 7 

3.     Limestone,  compact,  fine-grained,  blue-gray,  containing  a  few  widely 

scattered   chert   nodules 30 

2.     Cherty   limestone    7 

1.     Limestone  similar  to  No.   3 15 

The  rock  is  massive  and  in  layers  of  varying  thickness.  The  upper  15 
feet  is  composed  of  beds  varying  from  3  inches  to  more  than  1  foot  thick, 
but  in  the  lower  50  to  60  feet  the  bedding  is  not  everywhere  distinct.  Beds 
6  inches  to  2l/2  feet  thick  were  observed.  The  upper  surface  of  the  rock  is 
very  uneven  and  in  places,  especially  along  fractures  where  surface  waters 
have  dissolved  much  of  the  limestone,  large  pockets  of  red  clay  are  found. 

In  quarrying,  the  full  height  of  the  face  is  worked.  An  electric  well 
drill  is  used  for  making  the  blast  holes,  which  are  spaced  about  15  feet 
apart  and  15  feet  from  the  edge.  Fifteen  holes  are  sprung  simultaneously 
with  sixty  per  cent  dynamite. 

The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  hand  and  by  steam  shovel  into  quarry 
cars  which  are  pulled  to  the  tipple  by  a  gasoline  locomotive.  There  a  cable 
is  attached  and  the  cars  are  pulled  to  the  crushers  and  dumped. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  one  No.  12  and  two  7^  Allis- 
Chalmers,  and  one  No.  5  Austin  gyratory  crushers  and  an  Allis-Chalmers 
hammer  mill.  The  crushed  rock  is  sorted  by  3  cylindrical  and  2  shaker 
screens  into  the  desired  sizes. 

The  daily  production  is  about  2,000  tons.  Concrete  bins  of  the  same 
capacity  provide  storage.  The  product  is  used  for  railroad  ballast,  aggre- 
gate in  concrete,  road  material,  and  agricultural  limestone. 

Railroad  transportation  is  provided  by  the  Central  Illinois  Public  Ser- 
vice Company,  which  has  switching  connections  with  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad. 

POSSIE5LE  SHIPPING   QUARRY    SITES 

Despite  the  abundance  of  limestone,  there  are  very  few  localities  in  the 
county  where  conditions  are  favorable  for  the  development  of  shipping 
quarries. 

The  bed  rock  along  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  from  Anna  to  the 
south  line  of  the  county  consists  of  Lower  Mississippian  limestone,  but  the 
limestone  is  everywhere  so  deeply  buried  by  loess  and  sand  and  gravel  that 
it  is  unavailable. 

The  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  is  near  the  Mississippi  River  bluff  in 
the  northwest  part  of  the  county,  but  the  rock  exposed  in  the  bluff  is  not 


280  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

especially  well  adapted  for  use  as  road  material  in  concrete  roads.  The 
steep  face  of  the  bluff  100  feet  or  more  in  height  is  composed  of  Devonian 
limestone  known  as  the  Bailey  limestone.  It  is  a  thin-bedded,  siliceous  and 
shaly  limestone  overlain  by  Clear  Creek  chert,  a  flinty  rock  similar  to  that 
quarried  at  Tamms,  but  lacking  the  clay  which  makes  that  material  self- 
binding. 

Along  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  limestone  outcrops  are  not  promi- 
nent south  of  Jonesboro,  but  north  of  Jonesboro  in  the  vicinity  of  Kaolin, 
several  outcrops  are  located  near  the  railroad.  Of  these  outcrops  the  one 
at  Tunnel  Cut  appears  to  be  the  most  favorable  for  quarry  purposes. 

K  No.  71 
Tunnel  Cut,  sec.  2,  T.  12  S.,  R.  2  W. 

South  of  Kaolin  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  cuts  through  a  narrow 
ridge  exposing  about  30  feet  of  massive,  granular,  and  partly  crystalline, 
light-gray  limestone. 

The  width  of  the  crest  of  the  ridge  varies  greatly  from  50  feet  and 
even  less  to  more  than  200  feet.  The  slopes  are  gentle,  the  base  being  more 
than  1,000  feet  wide. 

The  surface  of  the  rock  is  very  uneven  and  the  rock  itself  is  much 
fractured.  The  overburden,  which  reaches  a  thickness  of  more  than  15 
feet  in  places,  consists  mainly  of  loess,  but  locally  the  lower  4  to  6  feet  is 
composed  of  gravel.  The  slopes  are  covered  by  loess  and  gravel,  the  thick- 
ness of  which  it  is  advisable  to  determine  by  exploratory  drilling  before 
quarrying  is  begun. 

There  are  probably  about  8  acres  within  1,000  feet  of  the  track  having 
an  average  thickness  of  approximately  20  feet  of  overburden. 

The  rock  is  probably  too  soft  for  use  as  road  material  and  probably 
would  test  about  the  same  as  the  rock  at  Ullin.  The  rock  will,  however, 
make  excellent  agricultural  limestone  and  might  be  used  for  other  purposes 
requiring  a  pure  limestone. 

LOCAL  DEPOSITS 

Practically  every  creek  in  the  county  exposes  some  rock  and  it  is  doubt- 
ful whether  any  locality  within  the  county  is  located  three  miles  from  a 
limestone  outcrop. 

In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county  the  Chester  limestones  outcrop 
at  many  places  along  the  slopes  of  the  hills.  These  limestones  are  generally 
interbedded  with  shale,  but  by  working  along  the  outcrops  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity of  rock  for  most  local  purposes  can  be  obtained. 

In  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  county  Lower  Mississippian  lime- 
stones comprise  the  bed  rock  and  outcrop  along  most  of  the  larger  creeks. 
These  Lower  Mississippian  limestones  vary  greatly  in  character  and  often 


UNION  COUNTY  281 

contain  large  quantities  of  chert.  The  Warsaw-Spergen  formation,  how- 
ever, which  is  a  light-gray,  coarsely  granular  limestone  is  one  of  the  purest 
limestones  in  the  State,  being  almost  entirely  free  from  chert.  Because  of 
its  softness  and  great  purity  it  is  especially  well  adapted  for  agricultural 
purposes.  This  limestone  outcrops  along  the  tributaries  north  of  Mill  Creek 
near  the  town  of  Mill  Creek,  and  extends  northward  to  the  vicinity  of  Kao- 
lin. Good  exposures  occur  at  Tunnel  Cut  near  Kaolin,  in  Kratzinger  Hol- 
low, T.  12  S.,  R.  2  W.,  in  many  of  the  ravines  in  sec.  31,  T.  12  S.,  R.  1  W., 
and  also  in  the  ravines  of  sees.  6,  7,  18,  and  20  of  T.  13  S.,  R.  1  W. 


CHAPTER  X.— LIMESTONE  RESOURCES  OF  ILLINOIS- 
CENTRAL  DISTRICT 

By  J.  E.  Lamar 

The  central  district  comprises  about  two-thirds  of  the  total  area  of  the 
State  (fig.  1)  and  consists  of  those  counties  not  included  in  the  western, 
northern  or  southern  districts.  Most  of  this  region  is  deeply  covered  by  gla- 
cial drift  and  such  outcrops  as  do  occur  are  chiefly  Pennsylvanian  sandstone 
and  shale.     Locally,  however,  thin  limestone  beds  are  found. 

As  only  a  few  of  the  limestones  reach  a  thickness  much  over  6  feet,  no 
great  quantity  of  stone  is  available.  However,  as  most  of  the  large  deposits 
of  limestone  from  which  crushed  rock  may  be  obtained  are  considerable  dis- 
tances away,  such  deposits  as  do  exist  in  these  counties  may  very  well  be  a 
profitable  source  of  stone  for  agricultural  purposes,  aggregate,  bridge  abut- 
ments, culverts,   road  repair,  and  occasional   short   stretches  of  new   road. 

In  the  survey  of  the  central  district  no  attempt  was  made  to  examine 
every  county  and  only  such  counties  were  visited  as  were  believed  to  con- 
tain limestone  deposits  of  possible  commercial  value.  The  descriptions  of 
the  counties  which  were  not  visited  have  been  taken  from  "The  Geology 
of  Illinois"  by  A.  H.  Worthen  and  others,  and  from  other  publications  of 
the  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey  bearing  on  the  region  under  discussion. 

BOND   COUNTY 

Along  Dry  Fork  in  the  SE.  yA  SE.  ]/A  sec.  7  T.  6  N.,  R.  2  W.,  limestone 
with  practically  no  overburden  is  exposed  in  an  area  400  feet  long  and  200 
feet  wide.  The  rock  attains  a  thickness  of  8  feet  and  is  a  fine-grained, 
compact,  gray  limestone.     Possibly  5,000  tons  are  available  here. 

Eight  feet  of  compact,  gray  limestone  outcrops  along  the  creek  near  the 
center  of  the  SE.  yA  sec.  30  T.  6  N.,  R.  4  W.  The  rock  is  thin-bedded  and 
badly  fractured,  so  that  it  resembles  a  brick  wall.  The  outcrop  extends  along 
the  creek  for  200  feet,  but  as  the  overburden  reaches  a  thickness  of  15  feet 
within  50  feet  of  the  bank,  only  the  rock  in  a  strip  several  feet  wide  is 
available  for  quarrying.  The  quantity  of  stone  that  can  be  obtained  profit- 
ably here  is  probably  less  than  1,000  tons. 

A  similar  outcrop  occurs  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  upstream. 

Five  feet  of  massive,  dense,  gray  limestone  is  exposed  along  the  bank 
of  Locust  Creek  in  the  NE.  yA  NE.  yA  sec.  28,  T.  4  N.,  R.  4  W.,  but  the 
heavy  overburden,  25  feet  in  places,  makes  it  doubtful  that  the  stone  can  be 
quarried  profitably  back  for  more  than  a  few  feet.  The  quantity  of  rock 
available  is  less  than  1,000  tons. 

282 


BROWN  — CHRISTIAN  COUNTIES  283 

BROWN    COUNTY 

The  following  outcrops  of  limestone  are  reported  in  Brown  County : 
Pennsyhanian   limestone. — In   the   vicinity   of    Mt.    Sterling  a   bed   of 
limestone  4  to  6  feet  thick  is  exposed.     Elsewhere  in  the  county  3  to  6  feet 
of  limestone  is  found  locally  a  few  feet  below  the  coal  commonly  mined. 

Mississippian  limestone. — The  St.  Louis  formation  in  Brown  County 
consists  of  an  upper  bed  of  hard,  concretionary,  gray  limestone  from  5  to 

10  feet  thick  and  a  lower  member  of  brown,  magnesian  limestone  locally 
very  sandy  or  shaly.  The  upper  gray  limestone  is  well  exposed  on  Dry 
Fork  of  McGees  Creek  about  6  miles  south  of  Mt.  Sterling,  at  LaGrange, 
and  in  the  bluffs  of  Crooked  Creek  near  Ripley.  The  lower,  brown,  mag- 
nesian limestone  is  well  exposed  in  the  bluffs  of  McGees  Creek  about  7^2 
miles  southwest  of  Versailles,  in  the  Illinois  River  bluff  about  2  miles  south- 
east of  Versailles,  at  LaGrange,  and  in  the  bluffs  of  Crooked  Creek  in  the 
vicinity  of  Ripley. 

The  most  extensive  outcrops  of  the  St.  Louis  formation  in  this  county 
occur  in  the  bluffs  along  Illinois  River,  Crooked  Creek,  and  McGees  Creek, 
and  along  some  of  their  principal  tributaries. 

The  Keokuk  formation  as  exposed  consists  of  shale  containing  numer- 
ous geodes,  underlain  by  a  few  feet  of  thin-bedded  limestone.  It  outcrps 
along  Crooked  Creek  for  its  entire  length  in  the  county  and  also  on  the  lower 
course  of  McGees  Creek. 

BUREAU    COUNTY 

No  limestone  outcrops  of  importance  have  been  reported. 

CASS   COUNTY 

Cass  County  contains  no  outcrops  of  limestone  of  importance.  How- 
ever, two  feet  of  Pennsylvania!!  limestone  is  reported  to  outcrop  in  a  large 
ravine  cutting  through  the  bluffs  in  the  southern  portion  of  sec.  10,  T.  18  N., 
R.  T  W.,  and  also  in  another  ravine  nearly  on  the  line  between  sees.  10  and 

11  in  the  same  township. 

CHAMPAIGN    COUNTY 

No  outcrops  of  limestone  are  known  in  this  county. 

CHRISTIAN    COUNTY 

Four  feet  of  ash-gray  limestone  is  reported  as  outcropping  6  miles 
northwest  of  Pana,  on  the  south  fork  of  Sangamon  River  in  sec.  13,  T.  15 
N.,  R.  3  W.  and  in  sec.  16,  T.  14  N.,  R.  3  W.  Eight  miles  northwest  of 
Pana  it  was  quarried  for  local  use. 


284 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


O  "5 


u 


CLARK   COUNTY 

The  bed  rock  of  Clark  County  (fig.  61)  is  buried  under  a  mantle  of 
glacial  drift  20  to  60  feet  thick,  and  is  exposed  only  along  the  stream 
courses.  The  outcrops  consist  of  shales,  sandstones,  and  thin  limestones  of 
Pennsylvanian  age.  Some  of  the  limestone  exposures  are  as  much  as  20 
feet  thick,  but  the  average  is  probably  less  than  10  feet.     The  limestone  is 


CLARK  COUNTY  285 

not  limited  to  any  one  area  but  occurs  at  many  widely  separated  localities. 
Many  of  these  exposures  are  capable  of  yielding  considerable  quantities  of 
rock. 

Though  the  rock  from  many  of  these  outcrops  has,  at  one  time  or 
another,  been  quarried  for  local  use,  only  one  quarry  in  the  county  has  ship- 
ping facilities — that  of  the  Illinois  Limestone  Company. 

SHIPPING  QUARRY 

L  No.  38 
Illinois  Limestone  Company 

The  quarry  of  the  Illinois  Limestone  Company  is  located  in  the  prairie 
about  a  mile  south  of  West  Union,  in  the  central  part  of  the  E.  J/2  SE.  y^ 
sec.  19,  T.  9  N.,  R.  11  W. 

The  rock  is  a  fine-grained,  compact,  and  hard,  buff-colored  limestone 
about  5  feet  thick,  underlain  by  blue  clay  shale.  The  beds  of  the  limestone 
are  less  than  6  inches  thick  and  are  rather  prominently  jointed,  so  that  rock 
breaks  readily  into  small  pieces.  It  is  reported  that  another  layer  of  lime- 
stone of  about  the  same  thickness  lies  16  feet  below  the  bed  now  being  quar- 
ried. 

The  stone  is  taken  from  a  pit  somewhat  irregular  in  outline,  about  950 
feet  long  and  140  feet  wide.  Inasmuch  as  the  stone  which  is  quarried  is  only 
5  feet  thick  the  pit  is  very  shallow.  The  overburden,  a  sandy  black  loam, 
averaging  one  foot  in  thickness,  is  removed  by  wheeled  scrapers  and  dumped 
into  abandoned  portions  of  the  quarry. 

In  quarrying,  the  blast  holes  are  drilled  with  jackhammers  and  the  rock 
shot  down  with  60  per  cent  dynamite.  The  broken  rock  is  loaded  by  steam 
shovel  into  two-ton  cars  drawn  to  the  tipple  by  horses.  Masses  of  rock  too 
large  to  handle  in  this  way  are  reduced  to  "man-size"  by  breaking  with 
sledge  hammers. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  a  No.  5  Allis-Chalmers  gyratory, 
an  8-bv  16-inch  Blake  jaw  crusher,  and  a  No.  XXX  Gruendler  pulverizer. 
The  crushed  rock  is  separated  by  means  of  a  40-inch  by  16-foot  Austin  cyl- 
indrical screen  into  four  sizes: — dust,  5/16  to  Y\  inch,  Y\  to  Vy\  inch,  and 
over  1^4  inch. 

The  daily  production  is  from  200  to  250  tons ;  the  yearly  production 
about  30,000  tons.     Bins  provide  storage  for  TOO  tons. 

Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and 
St.  Louis  Railroad. 

Tests  show  the  rock  to  be  well  adapted  for  both  agricultural  use  and 
road  material.  Most  of  the  product,  however,  is  sold  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses. 


286 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


DEPOSITS    OF    LOCAL   IMPORTANCE 

L  No.  39 
The  quarry  of  the  Casey  Stone  Company  is  located  along  a  creek  in 
the  north-central  part  of  the  SE.  YA  sec.  28,  T.  10  N.,  R.  14  W.  (fig.  61). 
It  has  a  daily  capacity  of  about  200  yards  of  crushed  rock.  It  has  no  rail- 
road facilities,  and  is  operated  only  when  there  is  a  local  demand  for  crushed 
rock.  The  quarry  has  a  16-foot  face,  which  extends  along  the  creek  for 
about  1,100  feet,  and  is  about  90  feet  distant  from  it.  As  the  quarry  face 
has  been  worked  back   from  the  creek,  the  overburden,  a  sandy  clay  till, 


'-Or       'v- 

f  -    .                ,'t              -"•■'i    -.'   it  > 

u      (                                                   ••  **■'  -  -                 x' 

Fig.   62 


Pennsylvanian  limestone  as  exposed  at   the  quarry  of  the  Casey   Stone 
Company,  near  Casey. 


has  become  thicker  until  it  averages  about  15  feet  at  the  present  position  of 
the  quarry  face.  It  is  reported  that  further  quarrying  may  be  stopped  on 
account  of  the  thickness  of  the  overburden. 

The  rock  exposed  in  the  quarry  face,  fig.  62,  is  a  compact,  fine-grained, 
hard,  somewhat  brittle,  gray  limestone.  Much  of  it  is  comparatively  thick- 
bedded  and  relatively  free  from  joints  or  fractures.  The  following  section 
is  exposed  in  the  quarry  :  Thickness 

Ft.        In. 
3.     Heavy-bedded,  gray  limestone,  weathers  to  slabs  iy2  to  2  feet  thick       3  9 

2.     Hard  gray  limestone  in  3-  to  6-inch  beds,  badly  jointed 2  6 

1.     Massive  blue-gray  limestone,  breaks  in  2-foot  slabs  on  blasting 6  9 

The  quarry  floor  is  of  limestone,  but  the  bottom  of  the  bed  is  only  a  few 
feet  below. 

The  quarry  was  not  active  at  the  time  of  investigation,  but  from  exist- 
ing sources  of  information  the  method  of  operation  seems  to  be  about  as 
follows. 


CLARK  COUNTY  287 

Blast  holes  are  drilled  with  a  steam  drill  to  the  bottom  of  the  face  and 
the  entire  face  shot  down  at  once.  The  broken  rock  is  hand-loaded  into 
two-ton  cars  and  hauled  to  the  tipple  by  horses.  A  cable  is  then  attached, 
and  the  cars  are  drawn  up  to  the  crusher. 

The  crushing  machinery  consists  of  a  Butterworth  and  Lowe  jaw 
crusher.  The  crushed  rock  is  run  through  a  screen  and  separated  into  four 
sizes: — dust  to  5/16-inch,  5  16-  to  ^4-inch,  Y\  to  l-)4-inch,  and  over  \Y\- 
inch.  In  practice  about  5  per  cent  of  rock  is  less  than  5/16-inch,  about  10 
per  cent  is  5/16  to  ^j-inch,  and  25  per  cent  from  Y\  to  1 24-inch  or  larger. 

In  addition  to  the  1,100  feet  of  rock  exposed  on  the  quarry  face,  the 
limestone  outcrops  upstream  at  intervals  for  nearly  4,000  feet  and  down- 
stream for  about  2,000  feet.  Owing  to  the  dissected  character  of  the  sur- 
face, the  overburden  varies  in  thickness  from  place  to  place.  It  reaches  a 
thickness  of  25  feet  in  the  hills,  while  in  the  ravines  or  low  places  it  is  not 
over  5  feet  thick.  For  an  area  about  100  feet  square  the  overburden  would 
average  about  15  feet.  Back  from  the  creek  the  rock  has  been  encountered 
in  many  of  the  wells  at  depths  which  make  it  seem  likely  that  limestone  with 
an  overburden  of  15  feet  or  less  underlies  probably  several  sections. 

If  railroad  transportation  were  available  and  if  adequate  machinery 
for  the  removal  of  overburden  were  secured,  relatively  large  quantities  of 
crushed  rock  could  be  obtained  here  on  a  commercial  basis. 

Most  of  the  output  of  this  quarry  has  been  used  on  roads  for  which 
purpose  it  appears  to  be  well  suited.  When  the  plant  was  in  operation 
the  production  was  reported  to  have  been  about  200  tons  daily. 

L  No.  33 
This  outcrop  is  located  along  the  creek  in  NW.   ]/\  NW.  J4   sec-  2-9, 
T.   11   N.,  R.   11  W.     Rock  has  been  quarried  here  both   for  agricultural 
limestone  and  for  use  on  local  roads. 

The  rock  is  a  fine-grained,  compact,  fairly  hard,  gray  to  blue-gray 
limestone.     The  section  is  as  follows : 

Thickness 
Ff.         In. 

3.     Thin-bedded  limestone,  weathers  into  3-  to  6-inch  slabs 6  2 

2.     Massive,  blue-gray  limestone,  weathers  into  slabs  1  to  2  feet  thick.  .     16  7 

1.     Shale  with  thin  beds  and  nodules  of  limestone  and  locally  6  inches 

of  coal   0  6 

The  upper  thin-bedded  limestone  appears  to  be  somewhat  softer  than 
the  underlying  more  massive  rock.  The  former  is  a  very  pure  limestone 
containing  as  high  as  97  per  cent  calcium  carbonate;  the  latter  is  somewhat 
siliceous. 

In  quarrying,  a  face  22  feet  high  and  125  feet  long  is  worked  along 
both  sides  of  the  creek.    The  overburden  is  sandy  clay  till  of  variable  thick- 


288  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

ness,  averaging  about  12  feet,  with  a  maximum  of  20  feet.  For  short 
stretches  along  the  creek  the  overburden  near  the  banks  may  be  less  than 
10  feet.  The  topography  near  the  creek  is  flat  or  gently  rolling,  shallow 
ravines  alternating  with  low  rounded  hills  and  ridges. 

As  this  locality  has  no  railroad  facilities,  production  on  a  large  scale  is 
out  of  the  question,  and  for  small  production  in  which  much  of  the  work  is 
done  by  hand,  a  thickness  of  10  to  15  feet  of  overburden  proves  a  serious 
handicap.  However,  by  selective  quarrying — that  is,  by  quarrying  the  rock 
only  in  places  where  the  overburden  is  thin — many  thousand  cubic  yards 
of  stone  may  be  obtained  from  the  1500-foot  outcrop  along  the  creek. 

The  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  is  about 
1J4  miles  west  of  this  outcrop.  The  intervening  territory  is  flat  or  gently 
rolling.  Several  sections  are  probably  underlain  by  limestone,  and  the  po- 
tential quantity  of  rock  obtainable  from  this  area  is  large. 

L  No.  34 

Limestone  similar  to  that  which  is  exposed  at  L  No.  33  outcrops  in  and 
along  the  creek  in  the  SW.  ]/A  NE.  yA  sec.  19,  T.  11  N.,  R.  11  W.  The 
distance  to  the  Big  Four  Railroad  is  less  than  a  mile. 

In  the  past,  rock  has  been  quarried  here  for  use  as  agricultural  lime- 
stone and  for  use  on  local  roads.  The  old,  roughly  circular  quarry  is  65 
feet  long  and  55  feet  wide,  and  has  a  15-foot  face.  The  average  thickness 
of  the  overburden  is  10  to  15  feet.  Over  an  area  of  about  6  acres  the 
stripping  is  less  than  10  feet. 

The  quarry  was  not  in  operation  when  visited,  but  the  blast  holes  ap- 
parently are  made  with  a  steam  drill,  and  the  rock  hand-loaded.  The  stone 
is  run  through  a  small  portable  crusher  with  a  reported  capacity  of  about 
150  cubic  yards  per  day. 

About  6  acres  are  underlain  by  this  limestone  with  less  than  10  feet 
of  overburden  and  an  immense  quantity  of  stone  is  available  with  less  than 
15  feet  of  overburden.  It  is  reported  that  some  years  ago  a  large  company 
contemplated  locating  a  quarry  here,  but  was  unable  to  procure  the  land 
lying  between  the  railroad  and  the  proposed  quarry  site. 

L  No.  35 

The  limestone  which  outcrops  at  L  No.  33  and  L  No.  34  is  also  exposed 
along  the  creek  near  the  center  of  the  SE.  yA  sec.  20,  T.  11  N.,  R.  11  W. 
The  overburden  and  topography  are  generally  similar  to  that  of  the  other 
localities  already  mentioned.  All  three  exposures — L  No.  33,  L  No.  34  and 
L  No.  35  outcrop  east  of  Marshall,  within  an  area  of  3  square  miles  in  T. 
11  N.,  R.  11  W. 

Sec.  12,  T.  ii  N.,  R.  12  W. 

This  outcrop  occurs  just  east  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago 
and  St.  Louis  Railroad  along  a  tributary  of  Big  Creek,  in  sec.  12,  T.  11  N., 


CLARK  COUNTY 


289 


R.  12  W.  (tig.  (Yo),  and  extends  for  abont  500  feet  east  from  the  railroad. 
Approximately  14  feet  of  limestone  is  exposed  but  it  is  separated  into  two 
benches  by  a  -1-foot  shale  bed.     The  section  is  as  follows: 


4.  Hard,    gray-brown    limestone... 

3.  Gray,    clay   shale    (iron-stained) 

2.  Massive,   gray-brown   limestone. 

1.  Thin-bedded,   shaly   limestone... 


Thickness 


Ft. 
4 
4 
5 

4 


In. 

2 
2 
7 
3 


Fig.   63.     Pennsylvanian  limestone   in  sec.   12, 
T.  11  N.,  R.  12  W.,  Clark  County. 

The  limestone  in  Nos.  2  and  4  of  the  above  section  is  hard,  massive, 
and  gray  brown.  It  is  little  jointed  and  weathers  into  slabs  8  to  18  inches 
thick. 

The  overburden  is  composed  of  clay  till  and  varies  in  thickness  from 
almost  nothing  near  the  outcrop  to  30  feet  a  short  distance  back  from  the 
creek.     Since  it  is  impracticable  to  remove  15  feet  of  overburden  to  obtain 

4  feet  of  stone  and  then  to  remove  4  feet  of  shale  to  procure  the  remaining 

5  feet  of  rock,  this  locality  will  furnish  economically  only  such  rock  as  can 
be  obtained  by  working  along  the  outcrop. 


290  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Sec.  12,  T.  ii  N.,  R.  12  W. 

This  outcrop  occurs  along  the  upper  slope  of  a  stream  valley  in  the 
SE.  ]/A  sec.  12,  T.  11  N.,  R.  12  W.  The  exposure  is  about  1,600  feet  in 
length  and  consists  of  a  6-foot  bed  of  limestone  underlain  by  alternating 
shales  and  thin  limestones.  The  uppermost  limestone  bed  is  a  hard  and 
compact  gray  limestone  which  weathers  into  large  blocks.  It  has  been 
used  to  some  extent  as  foundation  stone  and  in  repairing  local  roads.  The 
overburden  is  clay  till  and  reaches  a  maximum  thickness  of  about  30  feet, 
but  averages  about  15  feet. 

Although  the  rock  undoubtedly  underlies  the  uplands  in  this  vicinity, 
the  relative  thickness  of  overburden  will  prohibit  quarrying  except  on  a 
small  scale.  Approximately  10  acres  have  an  overburden  less  than  15  feet 
thick.  By  quarrying  a  narrow  strip  along  the  outcrop  with  a  small  over- 
burden, about  5,000  yards  of  crushed  rock  might  be  obtained. 

Sec.  6,  T.  ii  N.,  R.  n  W. 

Fifteen  feet  of  compact,  gray  limestone  underlain  by  shale  with  thin 
bands  of  limestone  is  exposed  along  the  west  bank  of  Big  Creek  in  the 
SE.  yA,  NW.  ]/A,  sec.  6,  T.  11  N.,  R.  11  W.  Parts  of  the  upper  10  feet  of 
the  outcrop  are  concealed  and  may  be  shale.  Like  most  creek  outcrops,  the 
overburden  rises  rapidly  from  the  edge  of  the  rock,  thickening  to  50  feet 
within  several  hundred  feet  of  the  bank.  Where  erosion  has  been  active 
the  overburden  is  thinner,  but  the  average  thickness  is  well  over  25  feet. 

Some  rock  has  been  quarried  here  to  supply  stone  for  the  construction 
of  the  Big  Four  Railroad  bridge  over  Big  Creek. 

The  rock  outcrops  along  the  creek  at  intervals  for  several  thousand 
feet,  but  only  a  strip  less  than  50  feet  wide  is  available  for  quarrying,  so 
that  this  deposit  will  be  of  interest  only  for  meeting  local  demands. 

Sec.  6,  T.  ii  N.,  R.  ii  W. 

The  formation  which  is  exposed  at  the  preceding  location  also  out- 
crops along  the  east  bank  of  Big  Creek  in  the  NW.  >4  NW.  Y<\  sec.  6,  T.  11 
N.,  R.  11  W.  The  overburden  rises  rapidly  away  from  the  bank  to  a  thick- 
ness of  about  25  feet.  Over  any  area  more  than  25  feet  wide  along  the 
bank,  the  average  overburden  is  about  25  feet  thick.  By  quarrying  a  nar- 
row belt  along  the  creek,  several  thousand  yards  of  rock  might  be  obtained. 

Sec.  2J,  T.  12  N.,  R.  13  W. 
A  6- foot  bed  of  compact,  gray  limestone  outcrops  along  a  small  creek 
in  NW.  J/4,  NW.  y4  sec.  27,  T.  12  N.,  R.  13  W.  The  overburden  rises 
rather  rapidly  away  from  the  stream,  so  that  at  200  feet  from  the  bank  it 
is  20  or  more  feet  thick.  For  most  of  the  length  of  the  outcrop,  however, 
there  is  a  strip  about  100  feet  wide  with  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 


CLARK  COUNTY  291 

Though  only  6  feet  of  rock  is  exposed  it  is  very  probable  that  the  total 
thickness  of  the  limestone  is  about  16  feet,  and  also  that  some  shale  beds 
will  be  found  interbedded  with  the  lower  unexposed  stone. 

As  there  is  no  railroad  within  6  miles  of  this  locality,  it  is  very  prob- 
able that  stone  for  use  in  local  roads  can  be  obtained  here  at  less  cost  than 
would  be  the  case  if  crushed  rock  were  shipped  in. 

The  rock  outcrops  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  along  the  creek, 
and  if  a  strip  about  100  feet  wide  is  underlain  by  limestone  which  averages 
12  feet  in  thickness  this  tract  would  furnish  about  60,000  cubic  yards  of 
stone. 

Sec.  27,  T.  12  N.,  R.  13  W. 

About  half  a  mile  southeast  of  the  preceding  outcrop,  limestone  7  feet 
in  thickness  outcrops  along  the  stream  in  the  SE.  ^  NW.  ]/\  sec.  27,  T. 
12  N.,  R.  13  W.  The  overburden  is  a  yellow  clay  till,  varying  in  thickness 
from  nothing  to  28  feet.  It  increases  rapidly  back  from  the  outcrop  so  that 
any  relatively  large  area  has  an  average  overburden  of  about  20  feet.  The 
rock  is  a  compact,  gray  limestone,  very  similar  to  that  at  the  preceding  loca- 
tion, but  appears  to  be  a  lower  bed.  It  may  continue  in  depth  for  several 
feet  more,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  limestone  much  over  10  feet  thick  is 
available. 

Limestone  could  be  obtained  with  an  average  overburden  of  less  than 
5  feet  on  the  5-acre  tract  south  of  the  house  on  the  farm,  and  in  a  narrow 
strip  25  to  50  feet  wide  along  the  creek  bank.  Such  a  strip  could  be  quar- 
ried for  nearly  half  a  mile  along  the  creek. 

Other  similar  outcrops  occur  at  intervals  along  the  stream  as  far  as 
the  Edgar  County  line.  This  region  of  which  this  area  and  that  immedi- 
ately preceding  are  typical  examples,  could  furnish  ample  stone  for  use  on 
the  roads  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Other  localities 

Besides  the  outcrops  already  mentioned,  the  following  of  less  impor- 
tance and  less  favorably  situated  may  be  noted. 

SW.  yA  SW.  Ya  sec.  19,  T.  10  N.,  R.  11  W .— About  8  feet  of  lime- 
stone with  an  average  of  28  feet  of  overburden  outcrops  along  the  creek. 

NW.  yA  NW.  yA  sec.  12,  T.  9  N.,  R.  12  W.— About  8  feet  of  lime- 
stone with  40  feet  of  overburden  outcrops  along  the  stream. 

SW.  y4  SW.  %  sec.  9,  T.  10  N.,  R.  13  W .— Limestone  8  feet  in  thick- 
ness with  an  overburden  of  15  feet  outcrops  along  the  stream. 


292  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

SW.  Y4  SW.  ]/A  SE.  yA  sec.  8,  T.  u  N.,  R.  ii  W.—Ten  feet  of  lime- 
stone overlain  by  heavy  overburden  outcrops  in  the  hillside  along  the 
National  Road. 

NW.  yA  NW.  y4  NW.  y4  sec.  7,  T.  ii  N.,  R.  n  W .— Six  feet  of  lime- 
stone overlain  by  heavy  overburden  outcrops  in  the  hillside  along  the  Pitts- 
burgh, Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railway. 

CLAY  COUNTY 

Sees,  i j  and  20 ,  T.  4  N.,  R.  6  E. 
Three  feet  of  compact,  hard,  gray  limestone  outcrops  along  a  tributary 
of  Crooked  Creek  in  sees.  IT  and  20,  T.  4  N.,  R.  G  E.  Though  most  of  the 
area  is  covered  by  overburden  too  thick  to  permit  economical  quarrying, 
there  are  a  few  localities  with  an  overburden  only  1  or  1^  feet  thick,  and 
it  is  very  probable  that  these  may  furnish  several  thousand  tons  of  rock. 

Sec.  25)  T.  5  N.,  R.  5  E. 
Three  feet  of  limestone  is  exposed  at  several  places  near  the  brows  of 
the  hills  adjoining  Dismal  Creek  in  sec.  25,  T.  5  N.,  R.  5  E.,  but  at  no  one 
place  is  more  than  1,000  tons  of  rock  available. 

Sec.  14,  T.  4  N.,  R.  5  E. 
The  three-foot  bed  of  limestone  located  in  sec.  25,  T.  5  N.,  R.  5  E., 
outcrops  also  along  a  tributary  of  Crooked  Creek  in  the  east-central  part  of 
sec.  14,  T.  4  N.,  R.  5  E.  There  are  a  few  small  areas  of  several  hundred 
square  feet  where  the  overburden  is  not  too  thick  to  prevent  profitable 
quarrying. 

CLINTON    COUNTY 

Sec.  3,  T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W. 

Five  feet  of  compact,  blue-gray  limestone  is  exposed  along  the  creek 
in  the  NW.  *4  NW.  yA  sec.  3,  T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W.,  approximately  250  feet  be- 
low the  exposure  of  rock  in  the  bed  of  the  creek.  It  forms  the  banks,  and 
1,500  feet  farther  downstream  it  is  found  on  the  slopes,  50  to  100  feet  back 
from  the  creek.  The  creek  is  shallow,  and  where  limestone  forms  the  bed, 
is  less  than  a  foot  deep. 

The  area  of  available  rock  is  limited  to  a  strip  20  feet  wide  and  200 
feet  long  in  the  bed  of  the  creek,  and  to  a  narrow  strip  from  2  to  10  feet 
wide  along  the  bank.  Many  other  tributaries  in  this  township  have  lime- 
stone along  the  banks  or  in  their  beds,  so  that  the  total  amount  of  lime- 
stone that  can  be  obtained  in  this  township  will  probably  be  over  100,000 
tons.  Locations  of  other  limestone  outcrops  are  along  the  tributaries  in 
SW.  yA  sec.  2,  SW.  y4  sec.  11,  NW.  yA  sec.  26,  SE.  yA  sec.  27,  and  NW.  % 
sec.  35,  T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W. 


COLES  COUNTY  293 

Sec.  24,  T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W. 

Probably  the  most  favorable  locality  in  Clinton  County  that  can 
supply  stone  for  local  purposes  is  along  Shoal  Creek  in  the  NE.  J4,  SW.  Y\ 
sec.  24,  T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W.,  where  8  feet  of  hard,  compact,  blue-gray  lime- 
stone forms  a  miniature  bluff.  At  low  water  the  bluff  is  about  20  feet 
above  stream,  but  at  high  water  it  is  almost  covered.  The  cliff  extends  for 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  along  the  creek.  The  overburden  is  a  red  clay  till  which 
thickens  rapidly  away  from  the  bank,  though  for  the  first  10  feet  the  aver- 
age overburden  is  only  about  4  feet. 

The  amount  available  from  the  10-foot  strip  is  about  20,000  tons, 
Shoal  Creek  carries  enough  water  so  that  hydraulic  methods  could  be  used 
in  removing  the  overburden.  If  this  were  done  it  is  very  probable  that 
more  than  twice  as  much  rock  could  be  procured.  Since  the  outcrop  is 
six  miles  from  the  nearest  railroad  it  might  prove  a  convenient  source  of 
rock  for  local  roads. 

A  somewhat  similar  outcrop  is  found  along  the  creek  near  the  old  mill 
in  the  NE.  yA  SW.  ]/A  sec.  12,  T.  2  N.,  R.  4  W.  Six  feet  of  limestone 
form  a  small  cliff  600  feet  long,  but  the  overburden  is  about  6  feet  thick  at 
the  bank  and  thickens  rapidly  to  15  feet. 

Limestone  is  exposed  at  several  other  places  in  the  county,  but  the 
rock  is  so  heavily  covered  with  drift  that  only  very  limited  quarrying  is 
possible. 

COLES    COUNTY 

Rock  was  formerly  quarried  at  the  SE.  Y\  SW.  J/\  sec.  5,  T.  12  N., 
R.  10  E.,  where  about  15  feet  of  Pennsylvanian  strata  are  exposed  in  the 
bank  of  Embarrass  River  (fig.  64).  The  old  quarry  which  is  now  dis- 
mantled, was  250  feet  long  and  60  feet  wide.  The  overburden  is  yellow 
clay  till  and  ranges  in  thickness  from  3  to  30  feet  with  an  average  of  about 
10  feet.  There  are  about  40  acres  where  the  overburden  does  not  exceed 
8  feet. 

The  section  at  the  quarry  is  as  follows : 

Thickness 
Ft.         In, 

Compact  limestone,  weathers  into  2  to  4-inch  layers 9 

Drab  clay  shale 1  3 

Compact,  blue-gray  limestone  in  6-inch  ledges 1  2 

Blue-gray  limestone,  splits  into  4  to  6-inch  layers 2  5 

Massive,    blue-gray    limestone 1  10 

In  addition  to  the  exposure  in  the  quarry  face,  the  rock  can  be  traced 
south  for  about  550  feet  along  the  east  bank  of  the  river,  but  the  thickness 
of  drift  renders  quarrying  out  of  the  question.  To  the  north,  the  rock  out- 
crops for  about  2,000  feet  forming  the  bluffs  along  the  east  bank  of  the 


294 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


river.  In  most  places  the  overburden  is  heavy,  but  about  750  feet  south 
of  the  old  quarry  there  is  an  area  about  800  by  300  feet,  where  the  stripping 
would  be  less  than  10  feet  and  much  of  it  not  over  6  feet. 

Outcrops  of  this  same  limestone  bed  are  found  along  the  west  bank 
of  the  river,  but  the  exposures  are  fewer  and  the  overburden  is  commonly 
more  than  10  feet. 

The  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  runs  within 
half  a  mile  of  the  outcrop  at  the  quarry. 


Fig.  64.     Pennsylvanian  limestone  in  abandoned  quarry  located  in  sec.  5  T.  12  N., 

R.  10  E.,  east  of  Charleston. 

CRAWFORD    COUNTY 

It  is  reported  that  two  feet  of  hard,  gray  limestone  is  exposed  in  the 
creek  bed  in  the  NW.  yA,  sec.  7,  T.  8  N.,  R.  13  W.,  and  that  18  inches  of 
hard,  dark-gray,  bituminous  limestone  outcrops  in  the  bed  of  Turkey  Creek 
about  -1  miles  southwest  of  Robinson. 


CUMBERLAND    COUNTY 

NW.  yA  NW.  yA  sec.  12,  T.  io  N.,  R.  p  E. 
About  9  feet  of  limestone  outcrops  along  the  creek  at  the  above  loca- 
tion. The  rock  is  a  thin-bedded,  buff  limestone,  rather  hard  and  brittle, 
and  weathers  to  thin  slabs.  Over  most  of  the  area  the  overburden  is  too 
thick  to  admit  profitable  working,  but  on  the  flood  plain  from  20  to  30  feet 
wide  and  about  300  feet  long  the  overburden  is  less  than  10  feet  thick. 


DEWITT  —  EDGAR  COUNTIES  295 

The  quantity  of  stone  available  is  probably  less  than  1,000  tons.  A 
few  other  exposures  of  limestone  occur  in  the  county,  but  most  of  the 
limestone  outcrops  are  only  3  feet  thick  and  are  everywhere  buried  under 
such  a  depth  of  overburden  that  profitable  quarrying  is  impossible. 

DEWITT  COUNTY 

No  outcrops  of  limestone  are  known  in  this  county. 

DOUGLAS  COUNTY 

No  limestone  outcrops  are  reported   from  this  county. 

EDGAR    COUNTY 

The  bed  rock  of  Edgar  County  is  of  Pennsylvanian  age,  and  is  buried 
by  20  to  100  feet  of  glacial  drift.  Though  most  exposures  reveal  shales 
or  sandstones,  limestone  in  thicknesses  up  to  25  feet  outcrop  at  several  places 
in  the  county.  These  exposures  are  all  typical  stream  outcrops,  that  is, 
the  rock  is  exposed  only  in  and  along  the  creek  bottoms,  while  on  both  sides 
the  drift  rises  rapidly  to  heights  of  20  to  30  feet  above  bed  rock.  As  a 
result,  only  a  narrow  strip  immediately  adjoining  the  stream  is  available 
for  quarrying.  Fortunately,  these  streams  are  generally  so  shallow  and 
small  that  they  would  not  seriously  handicap  quarrying  operations,  except 
perhaps  in  the  spring. 

As  many  of  these  exposures  are  found  at  some  distance  from  railroads, 
they  may  be  of  importance  only  as  a  source  of  crushed  rock  for  roads  in 
the  immediate  vicinity. 

QUARRY   SITES 

There  are  no  shipping  quarries  or  good  sites  for  shipping  quarries  in 
this  county  due  to  the  lack  of  a  sufficiently  thick  limestone  and  a  thin  over- 
burden.   The  following  are  possible  sites  for  local  quarries. 

SE.  y4  NE.  ji,  sec.  jo,  T.  14  N.,  R.  11  W. 

As  at  other  valley  outcrops,  the  slopes  of  glacial  drift  rise  gradually 
on  both  sides  of  the  stream  to  heights  of  20  feet  or  more  above  bed  rock. 
As  a  result  there  is  only  a  narrow  strip  near  the  bank  where  the  overburden 
is  less  than  10  feet.  The  width  of  this  strip  is  somewhat  variable.  Where 
the  surface  run-off  has  formed  youthful  valleys  the  strip  overlain  by  thin 
overburden  is  wider  but  it  averages  generally  less  than  75  feet  in  width. 

The  thickness  of  the  limestone  exposed  here  is  about  12  feet.  The 
different  beds  vary  somewhat  in  character,  but  in  general  the  rock  is  fine- 


296 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


grained,  hard,  and  compact,  and  gray  or  blue-gray  in  color.     The  section 

follows : 

Thickness 
Ft.         In. 

6.     Massive,   hard-gray   limestone 3  9 

5.  Gray    clay    shale 1  3 

4.  Hard,    compact    limestone 2  6 

3.  Limestone,  weathering  to  thin  slabs 2  6 

2.  Blue-gray  limestone,  somewhat  nodular  and  in  2-  to  6-foot  beds....       3  8 

1.  Shale  and  sandstones 10  + 

The  presence  of  the  shale  bed  might  prove  objectionable  if  rock  were 
to  be  used  as  aggregate  for  concrete.  If,  however,  it  were  used  for  water- 
bound  macadam,  such  shale  as  would  adhere  to  the  crushed  and  screened 
rock  might  serve  as  a  binder. 

Since  the  rock  outcrops  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile  along  the  creek,  a  total 
of  more  than  50,000  cubic  yards  of  stone  is  obtainable  with  less  than  an 
average  overburden  of  5  feet.  Limestone  also  outcrops  at  intervals  along 
the  creek  for  a  distance  of  about  3  miles,  so  that  a  considerable  tonnage  of 
crushed  rock  is  available  in  this  region. 

IV.  ]/2  SW.  YA  sec.  i,  T.  12  N.,  R.  13  W. 
About   14   feet   of   limestone   outcrops   along  the   creek.     As   at  other 
stream  valley  outcrops,  there  is  only  a  narrow  strip  along  the  bank  where 
the  rock  has  less  than  10  feet  of  overburden. 

It  is  a  hard  and  compact,  fine-grained,  blue-gray  limestone,  which 
weathers  to  3-  or  6-inch  layers.  Only  the  upper  11  feet  is  fully  exposed, 
the  lower  beds  being  partly  concealed  by  talus.  The  obscured  beds  may  be 
shale. 

The  section  is  as  follows  : 

Thickness 
Ft.        In. 

6.  Hard,  blue-gray  limestone,  weathers  in  3-  to  6-inch  layers 10  8 

5.  Concealed   3  6 

4.  Compact   gray   limestone 1  0 

3.  Covered  by  talus 7  5 

2.  Limestone   partly   covered 5  0 

1.     Compact  gray  limestone 2  2 

Assuming  that  a  strip  50  feet  wide  is  available,  the  outcrop  would 
yield  more  than  40,000  cubic  yards  of  crushed  rock. 

Sec.  n,  T.  12  N.,  R.  13  W. 
This  deposit  is  located  along  the  creek  in  SE.   ]/^   SE.    Y/\  sec.  11,  T. 
12  N.,  R.  13  W.    The  overburden  is  a  gravelly  clay  till,  and  has  a  maximum 
thickness  of  more  than  20  feet,  but  where  the  rock  outcrops  along  the  creek 


EDWARDS  COUNTY  297 

for  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  there  are  possibly  30  acres  on  which  the  over- 
burden averages  less  than  10  feet. 

The  general  character  of  the  rock  is  identical  with  that  of  other  local- 
ities in  the  county.     The  section  exposed  is  as  follows : 

Thickness 
Ft.         In. 

5.     Blue-gray  limestone,  weathers  to  thin  2-  to  4-inch  layers 7  3 

4.     Massive  limestone,  weathers  4-  to  8-inch  layers 4  8 

3.     Massive,  gray  limestone,  breaks  into  angular  blocks 2  7 

2.     Brown  and  gray  clay  shale 2  2 

1.     Hard   gray  limestone 11  0 

Rock  available  for  quarrying  is  limited  to  the  narrow  strip  along  the 
creek  where  the  stripping  is  less  than  10  feet.  About  100,000  tons  are 
available. 

Sec.  3,  T.  15  A/.,  R.  12  W. 

About  15  years  ago  a  12-foot  ledge  of  limestone  was  quarried  along  the 
creek  in  the  NE.  %  NE.  yA  sec.  3,  T.  15  N.,  R.  12  W.  The  rock  was  used 
on  local  roads  and  some  of  it  was  burned  for  lime. 

The  quarry  has  been  abandoned  and  is  now  filled  with  water.  It  is 
about  260  feet  long  and  108  feet  wide.  The  overburden  of  clay  till  ranges 
in  thickness  from  5  to  20  feet  and  averages  about  12  feet.  It  is  very  prob- 
able that  the  increasing  thickness  of  overburden  was  a  factor  in  the  aban- 
donment of  the  quarry. 

The  stone  appears  similar  to  that  found  at  other  places  in  the  county 
and  seems  well  adapted  for  road  material.  The  exposure  is  about  1,200 
feet  long,  and  there  are  probably  30  acres  along  the  creek  on  which  the 
average  overburden  is  12  feet.. 

The  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis  &  Western  Railroad  is  about  halt  a  mile 
north  of  the  outcrop,  so  that  a  spur  might  easily  be  built.  It  is  doubtful, 
however,  whether  the  amount  of  rock  obtainable  without  prohibitive  amount 
of  stripping,  would  warrant  the  building  of  a  spur.  By  working  a  narrow 
strip  along  the  bank,  however,  enough  stone  to  build  several  miles  of  road 
could  easily  be  obtained. 

Sec.  32,  T.  14  Av  R.  11  W. 
Limestone  similar  to  that  already  described  outcrops  along  the  creek  in 
the  center  of  the  section. 

Other  localities 
The  exposures  cited  are  not  the  only  ones  in  the  county,  but  are  perhaps 
the  most  important.    Similar  outcrops  may  be  found  along  some  of  the  other 
creeks. 

EDWARDS   COUNTY 

Xo  limestone  outcrops  are  reported  from  this  county. 


298  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

EFFINGHAM  COUNTY 

Small  quantities  of  rock  might  be  obtained  along  the  creek  bottom  in 
the  SW.  y4  sec.  12,  T.  6  N.,  R.  4  E.,  where  there  are  limited  areas  underlain 
by  3  feet  of  limestone  with  less  than  5  feet  of  overburden.  The  rock  is  a 
compact,  massive,  hard  limestone. 

Similar  exposures  are  found  along  Big  Creek  in  the  NE.  %  NE.  J4 
sec.  26,  T.  7  N.,  R.  5  E.,  where  outcrops  of  3  feet  of  compact,  hard,  gray 
limestone  might  yield  several  hundred  tons  of  rock. 

FAYETTE   COUNTY 

Two  outcrops  of  limestone  are  reported  from  this  county,  one,  3  feet 
thick  located  near  the  intersection  of  Ramseys  Creek  and  the  railroad,  and 
another  6  feet  thick  located  on  Becks  Creek  in  sec.  10,  T.  8  N.,  R.  2  E. 

FORD    COUNTY 

No  outcrops  of  limestone  are  known  in  this  county. 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY 
Limestone  is  reported  to  outcrop  in  sec.  11,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  E. 

FULTON    COUNTY 

Both  Pennsylvanian  and  Mississippian  limestone  strata  are  reported  to 
outcrop  in  Fulton  County. 

Pennsylvania}!  limestone. — In  the  vicinity  of  Cuba  and  Canton  from  3 
to  6  feet  of  hard,  blue  limestone  overlie  the  coal.  Also  two  limestone  beds2 
4  and  5  feet  thick  respectively  and  separated  by  7  feet  of  calcareous  shale 
have  been  quarried  about  2~jA  miles  east  of  Farmington.  The  stone  is  hard 
and  gray  in  color,  and  is  probably  present  over  a  few  square  miles  south  of 
Farmington. 

Mississippian  limestone. — The  gray,  concretionary  beds  of  the  St.  Louis 
limestone  outcrop  at  intervals  in  the  bed  of  Spoon  River  from  Seville  to 
Bernadotte. 

HAMILTON   COUNTY 

No  limestone  outcrops  are  known  in  this  county. 

HENRY   COUNTY 

The  following  outcrops  of  limestone  are   reported  in  Henry  County. 

Pennsylvanian  limestone. — One  to  two  feet  of  hard,  blue,  shelly  lime- 
stone is  exposed  above  the  coal  in  stripping  operations  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cleveland. 


2Savage,    T.    E.,    Geology    and   mineral    resources    of   the    Avon    and    Canton    quad- 
rangles:     Illinois  State   Geological  Survey   Bull.    38,   p.    59,    1921. 


IROQUOIS  —  LOGAN  COUNTIES  299 

Devonian  limestone. — The  Hamilton  limestone  is  exposed  in  the  bed  of 
Rock  River  and  locally  in  the  bluffs  along  the  bank,  from  a  point  about  lJ/2 
miles  northeast  of  Cleveland  southwest  to  the  west  county  line.  The  Hamil- 
ton is  a  solid,  massive,  bluish-white  limestone  and  commonly  breaks  with  a 
smooth  conchoidal  fracture. 

Silurian  limestone. — The  Niagaran  dolomite  outcrops  in  the  bed  and  to 
a  limited  extent  in  the  banks  of  Rock  River  from  the  north  county  line  south- 
west about  half  way  to  Cleveland.  The  rock  is  a  soft,  fine-grained,  yellowish 
dolomite. 

IROQUOIS  COUNTY 

No  limestones  are  known  to  outcrop  in  this  county. 

JASPER   COUNTY 

A  limestone  12  to  18  inches  thick  is  reported  to  outcrop  along  Limestone 
Creek  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  county. 

JEFFERSON   COUNTY 

Argillaceous  limestone  up  to  5  feet  thick  is  reported  from  sec.  25,  T. 
1  S.,  R.  2  E. 

KNOX    COUNTY 

A  bed  of  Pennsylvania!!  limestone  which  overlies  a  coal  seam  and  varies 
from  one  to  four  feet  in  thickness  is  reported  to  outcrop  locally  in  this 
county.  The  best  exposures  occur  in  sec.  25,  T.  9  N.,  R.  4  E.,  south  of  Yates 
City,  and  along  Spoon  River  in  sec.  12,  T.  10  N.,  R.  3  E.,  where  the  beds 
of  limestone  are  3  and  4  feet  thick  respectively.  Near  the  center  of  sec.  24, 
T.  12  N.,  R.  2.  E.,  limestone  has  been  quarried  for  making  lime. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY 

No  limestone  outcrops  more  than  2  feet  thick  are  reported  from  this 
county. 

LIVINGSTON    COUNTY 

Limestone  of  Pennsylvanian  age  6  feet  thick  is  reported  to  outcrop  in 
the  NW.  cor.  SE.  ]/A  NW.  YA  sec.  19,  T.  30  N.,  R.  4  E.,  along  Vermilion 
River  and  near  the  middle  line  of  the  south  part  of  sec.  19,  T.  30  N.,  R.  4 
E.,  in  a  bend  of  Vermilion  River.  Similar  deposits  are  found  in  the  NE. 
cor.  NW.  ]/4  NW.  YA  sec.  22,  T.  29  N.,  R.  4  E.,  2>4  miles  below  Pontiac  at 
Allen's  mill  and  ford  on  Vermilion  River,  and  at  the  town  of  Pontiac. 

LOGAN  COUNTY 

Along  Salt  Creek  in  sees.  5,  G  and  7,  T.  19  N.,  R.  3  W.,  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  site  of  Rankin's  mill,  there  are  several  old  quarries  which  expose  a 


300  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

dense,  irregularly-bedded,  gray  and  blue-gray,  Pennsylvanian  limestone,  con- 
taining considerable  carbonaceous  material.  At  present  the  quarries  are 
filled  with  water,  but  the  stone  is  reported  to  have  been  worked  to  a  depth  of 
from  10  to  20  feet. 

About  3  feet  of  similar  stone  is  reported  to  outcrop  along  Lake  Fork 
in  sec.  23,  T.  19  N.,  R.  3  W. 

MACON    COUNTY 

No  outcrops  of  limestone  are  known  in  this  county. 

MACOUPIN  COUNTY 

Limestone  6  to  12  feet  thick  is  reported  to  outcrop  in  the  vicinity  of 
Carlinville  and  along  the  tributaries  of  Macoupin  Creek  and  also  near  the 
head  waters  of  Cahokia  Creek  %y2  miles  northwest  of  Staunton.  Localities 
mentioned3  in  an  early  publication  of  the  survey  are : 

1.  Sec.  35,  T.  10  N.,  R.  7  W. 

2.  SW.  cor.  NW.  *4  sec.  21,  T.  9  N.,  R.  7  W.,  on  Needles  Creek. 

3.  Sec.  28,  T.  9  N.,  R.  7  W 

4.  NW.  %  sec.  31,  T.  9  N.,  R.  7  W.  on  Harrington  Creek. 

5.  Sec.  36,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  W.,  to  sec.  25,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  W.,  Cahokia  Creek. 

6.  Sees.  12  and  13,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  W. 

7.  E.  %  sec.  19,  NW.  *4  sec.  20  and  S.  %  sec.  17,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  W. 

8.  Sees.  24,  25  and  26,  T.  7  N.,  R.  7  W 

9.  SW.  1,4  sec.  30,  T.  7  N.,  R.  6  W. 

MARION  COUNTY 

Quantities  of  less  than  500  tons  of  rock  might  be  obtained  from  the 
3-foot  bed  of  limestone  which  outcrops  along  the  stream  valley  in  the  SE. 
]/4  NE.  y4  sec.  8,  T.  4  N.,  R.  4  E. 

MARSHALL  COUNTY 

In  the  western  part  of  Marshall  County,  particularly  around  Sparland, 
a  thin  bed  of  hard,  light-colored  Pennsylvanian  limestone  about  four  feet 
thick  is  found  associated  with  outcrops  of  coal  in  the  upper  portion  of  the 
west  bluff  of  Illinois  River.  Specific  exposures4  occur  in  the  SE.  *4  sec-  14, 
and  in  the  SW.  %  NW.  %  sec.  14,  T.  12  N.,  R.  9  E. 

MASON   COUNTY 
No  limestone  outcrops  of  importance  are  known  in  Mason  County. 


3Udden,  J.  A.,  Notes  on  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone:  Illinois  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey Bull.   8,  p.   120,   1907. 

4Bleininger,  A.  V.,  Lines,  E.  F.,  and  Layman,  F.  E.,  Portland  cement  resources  of 
Illinois:     Illinois  State  Geological  Survey  Bull.  17,  p.  88,  1912. 


Mcdonough  —  Montgomery  counties  301 

Mcdonough  county5 

The  limestone  outcrops  in  this  county  are  of  Mississipian  age  and  are 
confined  largely  to  the  valleys  of  the  major  streams  in  the  western  part  of 
the  county.  The  St.  Louis  limestone  and  Warsaw-Spergen  limestone  and 
shale  outcrop  almost  continuously  in  the  bluff  along  Crooked  Creek  from 
the  west  line  of  the  county  northeast  to  a  point  almost  due  north  of  Colches- 
ter. The  same  formations  are  also  exposed  in  Camp  Creek  in  sees.  19  and 
20,  T.  4:  N.,  R.  3  W.  The  St.  Louis  is  a  fine-grained,  dense,  blue-gray  stone 
badly  brecciated  in  places.  The  Warsaw  and  Spergen  formations  are  largely 
shale,  with  interbedded  impure  limestone. 

The  Keokuk  limestone  outcrops  in  the  bluffs  along  Panther  Creek  and 
Crooked  Creek  in  sees.  17,  18,  19  and  20,  T.  4  N.,  R.  4  W.  Limited  expos- 
ures also  occur  along  Hogwallow  Branch  in  sees.  32  and  33,  T.  4  N.,  R.  4  W. 
The  Keokuk  is  a  blue-gray,  coarse-grained,  crystalline  limestone  containing 
interbedded  nodules  and  lenses  of  chert. 

Mclean  county 

No  limestone  outcrops  of  importance  are  known  in  McLean  County. 

MENARD  COUNTY 

The  following  outcrops  of  Pennsylvanian  limestone  are  reported  in 
Menard  County : 

1.  Just  north  of  Petersburg  in  the  west  bank  of  the  Sangamon,  3i/>  feet  of 
close  textured,  light-drab  or  gray  limestone  is  exposed. 

2.  Near  Salem,  about  21/2  miles  south  of  Petersburg,  similar  limestone  may 
be  found. 

3.  NW.  %  sec.  36,  T.  18  N.,  R.  7  W.,  in  Arnold's  quarry,  20  to  30  feet  of 
light-gray  or  blue-gray  limestone  occurs  in  heavy  beds. 

4.  NW.  14  sec.  19,  T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.  Light-colored,  crinoidal  limestone  is 
found  in  the  bed  of  Indian  Creek. 

5.  NE.  14  sec.  24,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.  Heavy-bedded,  gray  limestone  has  been 
quarried  to  a  depth  of  7  feet.  It  also  outcrops  in  creek  bed  for  about  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  down-stream. 

6.  SW.  i/4  sec.  13,  T.  17  N.,  R.  7  W.,  and  continuing  west  along  Rock  Creek 
for  about  a  mile.  The  limestone  is  gray  or  blue-gray  in  color,  heavy  bedded,  and 
fossiliferous. 

MONTGOMERY  COUNTY 

In  Montgomery  County,  the  Shoal  Creek  limestone,  named  from  Shoal 
Creek,  outcrops  at  several  places.  A  few  miles  southeast  of  Litchfield  along 
a  tributary  of  Middle  Fork,  this  limestone  comprises  the  bed  of  the  creek. 
Other  outcrops  are  reported  along  Rocky  Branch  about  3  miles  east  of  Litch- 


5Hinds,  Henry,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Colchester-Macomb  folio   (No.   208), 
1919. 


302  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

field ;  along  East  Fork  sec.  26,  T.  8  N.,  R.  3  W.,  and  also  along  West  Fork 
north  of  the  railroad.  There  is  at  present  one  shipping  quarry  within  the 
county. 

L  No.  425 
The  Kiggins  Crushed  Stone  Company 

The  quarry  of  the  Kiggins  Crushed  Stone  Company  is  located  in  a  creek 
flat  in  the  SW.  }i  sec.  2,  T.  8  N.,  R.  5  W.,  about  one  and  one-half  miles 
east  of  Litchfield.  The  rock  is  Shoal  Creek  limestone  of  Pennsylvanian  age. 
The  exposure  is  about  ten  feet  high  and  consists  of  about  seven  feet  of  light 
gray,  somewhat  nodular  limestone  in  beds  3  to  10  inches  in  thickness  under- 
lain by  about  three  feet  of  dense  dark  gray  limestone  in  beds  averaging 
about  12  inches.     The  limestone  is  underlain  by  gray-black  shale. 

The  quarry  is  being  worked  as  a  pit.  The  rock  is  drilled  with  air  ham- 
mers and  shot  down  with  50  per  cent  dynamite.  It  is  hand  loaded  into  two 
yard  cars  and  pulled  by  cable  to  the  crusher,  which  is  an  Austin  No.  5.  The 
crushed  stone  is  sorted  by  a  cylindrical  screen  42  inches  by  20  feet  with 
double  screening  at  the  upper  end.  The  plant  is  operated  by  electricity. 
The  company  plans  to  install  a  hammer  mill  in  the  near  future  in  order  to 
produce  more  of  the  smaller  sizes  of  stone. 

The  overburden  consists  of  earth  and  gravel  such  as  is  left  by  a  stream 
after  flood  water.  It  is  removed  by  scrapers  and  dumped  into  piles  back 
from  the  quarry  face. 

Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  Illinois  Traction  System.  The  Cleve- 
land, Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railway  Company  is  about  300  feet 
north  of  the  quarry.  The  capacity  of  the  plant  is  about  350  tons  per  10 
hours.    The  product  is  sold  for  agricultural  limestone,  aggregate,  and  roads. 

MORGAN    COUNTY 

Limestone  is  reported  to  occur  in  the  western  half  of  sees.  9  and  30,  T. 

14  N.,  R.  10  W. 

MOULTRIE  COUNTY 

No  limestone  outcrops  have  been  reported  from  this  county. 

PEORIA   COUNTY6 

All  the  limestones  of  Peoria  County  are  Pennsylvanian  in  age.  The 
most  important  is  the  Lonsdale  which  outcrops  in  ravines,  creek  valleys  and 
old  quarries  in  sees.  10,  11,  SW.  cor.  sec.  3,  cen.  sec.  9,  a  little  north  of  the 


'Data  on  this  county  has  been  compiled  from  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of 
the  Peoria  Quadrangle  by  J.  A.  Udden,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  506,  p.  39,  1912,  and  from 
the  report  on  Peoria  County  by  A.  H.  Worthen  and  others,  in  Vol.  V,  Geological  Survey 
of  Illinois,   pp.   235-252,   1873. 


PERRY  —  SANGAMON  COUNTIES  303 

center  of  sec  30,  E.  y2  sec.  7,  N.  y2  sec  G,  NE.  cor.  sec.  4,  in  T.  8  N.,  R. 
7  E.,  and  in  sees.  31  and  32,  T.  9  N.,  R.  7  E.  The  original  Lonsdale  quarries 
from  which  this  limestone  received  its  name  are  located  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Kickapoo  Creek  valley  in  sec.  14,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E. 

The  Lonsdale  limestone  consists  of  an  upper  member  of  thin-bedded, 
nodular  limestone  about  15  feet  thick  and  a  lower  member  of  light  bluish- 
gray,  fine-grained,  compact  limestone  about  6  feet  thick  composed  of  beds 
4  to  8  inches  in  thickness. 

Other  outcrops  of  limestone  are  reported  at  the  following  localities. 

1.  Sec.  IS,  T.  10  N.,  R.  7  E. — Fine-grained,  gray,  sparry  limestone  occurs  in 
bed  30  inches  thick. 

2.  Sec.  24,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E. — Light-gray  limestone  may  be  found  along  Kicka- 
poo Creek  in  thicknesses  of  2  or  3  feet. 

3.  Sec.  5,  T.  10  N.,  R.  7  E. — Three  to  four  feet  hard,  brownish  gray  lime- 
stone, with  thin  calcite  veins  is  exposed  along  Kickapoo  Creek. 

4.  Three  miles  northeast  of  Princeville. — The  upper  14  feet  is  buff,  earthy, 
thin-bedded  stone  and  the  lower  6  feet  is  a  crinoidal  limestone. 

PERRY  COUNTY 

Five  feet  of  limestone  is  reported  to  outcrop  in  the  NE.  j4  sec.  13,  T. 
4  S.,  R.  1  W.  Outcrops  have  also  been  noted  in  a  ravine  in  the  south  part 
of  sec.  3,  in  sec.  4,  in  the  east  part  of  sec.  9,  and  the  north  part  of  sec.  10, 
T.  6  S.,  R.  3  W.  Along  Big  Galum  Creek,  limestones  outcrop  in  sec.  18,  T. 
6  S.,  R.  3  W.,  in  sec.  12  and  NE  y  sec.  3,  T.  6  S.,  R.  4  W. 

PIATT   COUNTY 

No  outcrops  of  limestone  are  known  in  Piatt  County. 

PUTNAM  COUNTY 

No  limestone  outcrops  of  importance  are  known  in  Putnam  County. 

RICHLAND    COUNTY 

No  limestone  outcrops  more  than  2  feet  thick  are  reported  from  this 
county. 

SANGAMON   COUNTY 

Four  to  six  feet  of  limestone  is  reported  to  outcrop  along  Sugar  Creek 
and  many  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Sangamon  in  the  south  part  of  the  county. 
On  Sugar  Creek  it  outcrops  at  intervals  from  near  the  Macoupin  County 
line  to  about  6  miles  south  of  Springfield. 


304  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

SCHUYLER   COUNTY 

Outcrops  of  limestone  are  reported  as  follows  in  Schuyler  County. 

Pennsylvanian  limestone. — A  compact  gray  limestone,  3  to  6  feet  in 
thickness  commonly  overlies  the  highest  coal  in  this  region  and  is  separated 
from  it  by  2  to  4  feet  of  shale.  The  best  exposures  of  this  limestone  occur 
in  the  vicinity  of  Rushville. 

Mississippian  limestone. — The  St.  Louis  formation  is  exposed  in  the 
valleys  of  the  principal  streams.  In  the  Illinois  River  bluff  it  outcrops  be- 
tween the  south  line  of  the  county  and  the  mouth  of  Sugar  Creek,  and  is  also 
exposed  along  Crooked  Creek  for  practically  its  entire  length  in  the  county. 
The  formation  consists  of  two  kinds  of  rock,  the  upper  beds  which  are  gray, 
concretionary  limestone  and  the  lower,  brown,  magnesian  limestone  in  heavy, 
regular  beds.  Locally  the  lower  beds  are  interbedded  with  shale  or  are  thin- 
bedded,  shaly  limestone. 

The  Keokuk  formation  is  best  developed  in  the  vicinity  of  Birmingham 
in  the  northwest  part  of  the  county.  Its  maximum  exposure  consists  of  15 
feet  of  thin-bedded  limestone  overlain  by  about  35  feet  of  calcareous  shale 
containing  numerous  geodes. 

SHELBY   COUNTY 

Four  feet  of  limestone  is  reported  to  outcrop  along  Sand  Creek  and 
along  Kaskaskia  River,  4  to  5  miles  northeast  of  Shelbyville. 

STARK  COUNTY 

Outcrops  of  Pennsylvanian  limestone  are  reported  in  sees.  21  and  22,  T. 
14  N.,  R.  7  E.  The  rock  is  compact,  even  textured,  drab,  moderately  hard, 
in  beds  seldom  over  3  inches  thick.  The  exposed  thickness  varies  from  6  to 
12  feet.  A  quarry7  in  the  SW.  %  SE.  %  sec.  21,  has  been  used  as  a  source 
of  stone  for  building  and  paving  purposes. 

TAZEWELL  COUNTY 

A  few  outcrops  of  2  or  3  feet  of  Pennsylvanian  limestone  overlying 
a  like  thickness  of  coal  are  reported  in  this  county.  The  exposures  are 
largely  concentrated  in  the  vicinity  of  Wesley  and  occur  in  the  bluffs  along 
Illinois  River  and  in  tributary  ravines. 

VERMILION  COUNTY 

The  rocks  exposed  at  the  surface  in  this  county  are  of  Pennsylvanian 
age,  and  consist  of  shales  and  sandstones,  with  thin  beds  of  limestone.  In 
only  one  place  is  the  limestone  sufficiently  thick  to  warrant  quarrying,  name- 
ly, at  Fairmount. 


7Bleininger,  A.  V.,  Lines,  E.  F.,  and  Layman,  F.  E.,  Portland  cement  resources  of 
Illinois:     111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.   17,   1912. 


VERMILION  COUNTY 


305 


pq 


306  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

L  No.  100 

The  Fair  mo  nut  quarry  of  the  Illinois  Steel  Company 
Sees.  16,  ij ,  20,  and  21,  T.  18  N.,  R.  13  W. 

This  quarry  (fig.  65)  is  roughly  oval  in  shape,  about  2  miles  long,  and 
134  miles  wide.  The  face  ranges  from  16  to  20  feet  in  height  and  the  rock 
is  capped  by  overburden  having  similar  thickness. 

The  limestone  is  hard,  dense,  in  thin  beds  from  1  to  20  inches  in  thick- 
ness, and  contains  numerous,  small  masses  of  crystalline  calcite.  The  stone 
is  blue-gray  in  color  on  a  fresh  surface,  but  buff  or  dirty-gray  along  the  joint 
planes  or  horizontal  cracks.  The  character  of  the  stone  varies  somewhat 
throughout  the  quarry.  That  at  the  east  end  is  the  thickest-bedded.  The 
limestone  is  underlaid  by  carbonaceous  shales. 

The  stripping  is  done  by  means  of  steam  shovels  which  overcast  the  till 
overburden  behind  the  working  face.  Three  pumps,  two  steam  and  one 
electric,  keep  the  quarry  dry  and  discharge  the  water  into  a  nearby  creek. 
The  blast  holes  are  drilled  by  three  Ingersoll-Rand  churn  drills  and  six  tripod 
drills  of  the  same  make.  The  entire  face  is  shot  down  at  one  time,  15  or  20 
holes  being  fired  simultaneously  with  35  per  cent  dynamite.  The  broken 
stone  is  loaded  by  steam  shovel  (fig.  QC))  into  6-,  8-  and  12-yard  quarry 
cars,  and  pulled  by  a  locomotive  to  the  crusher. 

The  crusher  is  a  36  by  60-inch  Allis-Chalmers  Fairmount  roll  which  re- 
duces the  rock  to  6-inch  size.  From  the  rolls  the  crushed  rock  runs  into 
skips  (fig.  67)  which  transfer  it  to  the  screens  where  it  is  sorted  into  over- 
size, 3  inches,  1*4  inches,  and  agricultural  size.  The  screens  are  four  in 
number  and  of  Allis-Chalmers  make,  size  18  by  4  feet  (fig.  68).  From  the 
screens,  the  stone  goes  to  the  bins  which  have  a  capacity  of  about  6  cars, 
(fig.  69).  The  plant  is  electrically  operated  by  current  from  two  Allis-Chal- 
mers generators,  driven  by  a  steam  engine.  A  rather  extensive  system  of 
water  softening  has  been  installed,  to  prevent  the  formation  of  scale  in 
the  boiler  of  the  engine. 

The  daily  production  of  the  quarry  is  about  5000  tons ;  the  yearly  pro- 
duction 1,250,000  tons. 

The  stone  is  used  by  the  Illinois  Steel  Company  as  a  flux  in  the  smelt- 
ing of  iron  ore.  Small  amounts  of  the  fine  stone  are  sold  for  agricultural 
limestone  but  most  of  it  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  cement.  The  com- 
pany has  a  switch  to  the  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern  Railroad,  and  is  ]/2  mile 

from  the  main  line. 

WABASH   COUNTY 

Three  feet  of  dark,  argillaceous  and  bituminous  limestone  is  reported 
to  outcrop  about  3  miles  northeast  of  Mt.  Carmel. , 


WABASH  COUNTY 


307 


Pig.  66.     Steam  shovel  loading  Pennsylvanian  limestone  at  the  Pairmount  quarry 
of  the  Illinois  Steel  Company. 


Pig.  67.     The  skips  which  take  the  broken  rock  from  the  primary  rolls  to  the 
screens  and  secondary  crushers  at  the  Fairmount  quarry. 


308 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


Fig.  68.     Cylindrical  screens  at  the  Fairmount  quarry. 


Fig.  69.     Crushing  plant  and  storage  bins  at  the  Fairmount  quarry. 


WARREN  — WILLIAMSON  COUNTIES  309 

WARREN    COUNTY 

The  Burlington  formation  is  the  most  important  limestone  outcropping 
in  this  county.  It  consists  of  a  light-gray  and  brown  limestone  with  some 
interbedded  sandstone,  shale  and  chert.  Its  outcrops  are  confined  to  the 
western  part  of  the  county  and  some  of  the  more  important  exposures  re- 
ported are  listed  below. 

1.  T.  12  N.,  R.  3  W— Along  the  small  streams  in  sees.  31,  32,  33  and  35. 
(Cedar  Creek.) 

2.  T.  12  N.,  R.  3  W. — Continuous  bluff  along  Cedar  Creek  from  Rockwell's 
mill  to  Olmstead's  mill,  T.  11  N.,  R.  2  W. 

3.  T.  12  N.,  R.  2  W—  Along  some  of  the  small  streams  in  sees.  19,  20,  29  and 
30.     Overlain  by  thin  Pennsylvanian  strata. 

4.  T.  11  N.,  R.  3  W. — Along  some  of  the  streams  in  sees.  1,  4,  5  and  8. 

5.  T.  11  X..  R.  2  W. — Extensive  outcrop  along  small  creek  near  middle  of 
sec.  7. 

6.  T.  11  N.,  R.  2  W. — Extensive  outcrops  along  small  creek  in  E.  y2  sec.  8. 

7.  T.  11  K..  R.  2  W. — Along  small  creek  in  sec.  16. 

8.  T.  9  N.,  R.  1  W. — Small  outcrop  in  sec.  24. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY 

In  Washington  County  about  5  feet  of  hard,  compact,  dark-gray  lime- 
stone is  exposed  along  several  of  the  creeks,  and  some  of  these  localities 
will  probably  furnish  more  than  500  tons.  A  partial  list  of  outcrops 
follows : 

1.  Along  the  creek  at  the  cen.  of  SE.  %  sec.  18,  T.  1  S.,  R.  2  W. 

2.  Along  the  creek  at  the  cen.  NE.  *4  sec.  21,  T.  3  S.,  R.  1  W. 

3.  On  Beaucoup  Creek  in  sees.  26,  34  and  35,  T.  2  S.,  R.  2  W. 

4.  At  the  head  of  Neaterling  Branch,  in  the  cen.  SE.  %  sec.  31,  T.  2  S., 
R.  2  W. 

5.  NE.  14  NE.  14  sec.  16,  T.  1  S.,  R.  3  W.(  along  a  small  branch. 

6.  Sec.  35  at  junction  of  two  creeks 

WAYNE   COUNTY 

Xo  outcrops  of  limestone  more  than  2  feet  thick  are  reported  from  this 
county. 

WHITE    COUNTY 

No  limestone  outcrops  are  reported  for  this  county. 

WILLIAMSON    COUNTY 

In  Williamson  County  a  bed  of  limestone  2  to  4  feet  thick  overlies  the 
coal  at  the  center  of  sec.  30,  T.  9  S.,  R.  -1  E.  It  is  reported  that  a  large 
company  contemplates  stripping  the  coal,  and  if  this  is  done  several  thou- 
sand tons  of  compact  gray  limestone  will  be  made  available. 


310  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

WOODFORD  COUNTY 

Limestone  of  Pennsylvanian  age  is  reported  to  outcrop  in  Woodford 
County  as  follows : 

Three  feet  of  compact  stone  occur  about  4  miles  northwest  of  Metamora  in 
sec.  1,  T.  27  N.,  R.  3  W.,  along  Partridge  Creek. 

Limestone  8  to  12  feet  thick,  bluish-gray  in  color  may  be  found  in  a  small 
quarry  southwest  of  Secor  in  sees.  23  and  24,  T.  26  N.,  R.  1  E. 

Stone  similar  to  preceding  is  found  in  a  small  quarry  in  sec.   33,  T.  26  N., 
R.  1  E. 


CHAPTER  XI.— CHEMICAL  ANALYSES  OF  ILLINOIS  LIME- 
STONES AND  DOLOMITES 

By  J.  E.  Lamar 
The  uses  of  limestones  and  dolomites  have  become  so  varied  that  much 
importance  attaches  to  their  chemical  composition.  The  accompanying 
tables  of  average  and  detailed  chemical  analyses  (Tables  1G  and  17)  of 
Illinois  limestones  have  been  compiled  from  various  publications,  with  the 
addition  of  new  analyses  made  by  the  Illinois  State  Highway  Testing  Labor- 
atory. The  samples  for  these  latter  analyses  were  collected  in  connection 
with  the  highway  material  samples. 

Table  16. — Average  chemical  analyses  of  Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites 


Formation 


Number 

of 
samples 


Calcium 

car- 
bonate 


Mag- 
nesium 

car- 
bonate   equivalent11 


Total 

calcium 

carbonate 


Pennsylvanian  system 

Clark    County    (Undifferentiated) .  . . 

LaSalle  County   (LaSalle  limestone), 

Peoria  County   (Lonsdale  limestone) 

Schuyler  County   (Undifferentiated) . 
McLeansboro  (General  average) . 
Mississippian  system 

Menard  limestone    

Okaw  limestone   

Golconda  limestone   

Renault    limestone    

Ste.   Genevieve   limestone 

St.    Louis   limestone 

Salem   limestone    

Keokuk  limestone    

Burlington  limestone    

Devonian  system 

Hamilton   limestone    

Silurian  system 

Niagaran  dolomite 

Cook  County   

Joliet    

Kankakee     

Ordovician  system 

Platteville   limestone    

Galena  dolomite   

Kimmswick  limestone    

Shakopee   dolomite    


6 

92.7 

1.84 

33 

80.4 

3.4 

6 

79.8 

1.49 

3 

86.8 

1.81 

18 

88.2 

2.55 

6 

92.2 

2.4 

11 

91.6 

3.2 

3 

90.5 

3.0 

2 

91.3 

1.4 

13 

90.6 

2.91 

24 

93.2 

2.41 

12 

76.65 

4.86 

8 

73.3 

3.7 

8 

96.4 

2.37 

6 

85.3 

4.21 

28 

53.3 

42.55 

9 

49.7 

38.6 

6 

48.7 

36.9 

16 

69.0 

21.1 

5 

51.7 

40.9 

3 

97.7 

2.08 

8 

55.78 

33.2 

94.9 
84.4 
81.6 
89.0 
91.2 

95.0 
95.4 
94.1 
93.0 
94.0 
96.1 
82.4 
77.7 
97.2 

90.3 


103.8 
95.5 
92.5 

94.0 

100.2 

100.2 

95.1 


aTotal  calcium  carbonate  equivalent  equals  the  amount  of  calcium  carbonate,  plus 
the  amount  of  calcium  carbonate  equivalent  in  neutralizing  power  to  the  amount  of 
magnesium  carbonate  shown  in  the  table. 


311 


312 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 

Sample 
Number 

Location 

Operator 
or  owner 

Authority 

Marblehead 

Marblehead  Lime  Co 

Marblehead  Lime  Co 

Marblehead  Lime  Co 

N.  Gray  Bartlett,  Chicago. 

C  15 
C  16 
C17 

W  side  sec.  11,  T.  2  S.,  R.  9  W. 

SW.  X,  sec.  26,  T.  1  S.,  R.  9  W. 

NW.  X.  sec.  11,  T.  1  N.,  R.  7  W. 

Marblehead 

Marblehead  Lime  Co 

Marblehead  Lime  Co 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey 

Atlas  Portland  Cement  Co. 

F.    W.    Menke    Stone    and 
Lime  Co 

D  42 

Sec.  17,  T.  15  S.,  R.  3  W 

C   G   Hopkins      

F.W.Pate 

W.  W.  Daniels,    University 

C  18 
C  19a 
C  19b 
C  19c 
C20 
C21b 

C22 

C23 
C24 
C25 

C26 
C27 

C28 
C  11a 

Cllb 

Belvidere 

SE.  cor.  sec.  6,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  W. 

W.  W.  Daniels,  University 

of  Wisconsin 

NW.  X.  sec.  18,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  W. 

NW.  X,  sec.  18,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  W. 
NW.  X,  sec.  18,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  W. 

NW.  X,  sec.  26,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  W 

NW.  X,  SE.  X,  sec.  20,  T.  2  S. 
R.  3  W 

Elijah  Surratt 

Sec.  17,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  W 

Sec.  18,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  W 

L.  M.  Surratt,  Surratt.  .  .  . 

NE.  X.  sec.  20,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  W. 

NE.  X,  SE.  X,  sec.  3,  T.  2  S., 
R.  2  W 

SE.  cor.  sec.  15,  T.  1  N.,  R  2W. 

SE.  X,  SE.  X,  sec.  15,  T.  1  N., 
R.  2  W 

SW.  X,  sec.  4,  T.  1  N.,  R.  2  W. 

SW.   X,  NE.   X,  sec.  33,  T.  16 
N.,  R.  11  E 

SW.  X,  NE.  X,  sec.  33,    T.  16 
N.,  RUE.    . 

Sec.  31,  T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E 

Carrolla 

Mount  Carroll 

NE.  X,  sec.  28,  T.  10  N.,   R.  14 
W 

Clarkb 

S     9 
S  51a 

S  52a 

NW.  X,  sec.  6,  T.  11  N.,  R.    11 
W 

NW.  X,  sec.  6,  T.  11  N.,  R.    11 
W 

NW.  X,  sec.  29,  T.  11  N.,R.    11 
W 

Frederick  Stump,  Marshall, 
111              

CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 


313 


Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites 


Geologic 
formation 


Burlington. 

Burlington. 
Burlington. 
Burlington. 
Keokuk 

Salem 

Burlington. 
Burlington. 
Burlington. 


Burlington. 


Burlington.  . 
Kimmswick . 
Kisimswick . 


Galena . 

Galena . 
Salem . 
Salem . 
Salem . 
Salem . 
Salem . 


Salem . 

Salem . 
Salem . 
Salem . 

Salem . 
Salem . 


Salem  and  St.  Louis 
St.  Louis 


LaSalle. 

LaSalle. 
LaSalle . 
Galena. 


Quarry  Creek. 
Quarry  Creek . 
Quarry  Creek . 

McLeansboro. 


95.62 

97.40 
97.51 
77.47 
86.32 
79.33 
98.45 
98.97 
94.68 

71.00 


92.77 
99.62 
98.01 


52.27 

54.59 
94.39 
43.36 
29.87 
89.39 
78.30 

80.86 

82.36 
86.82 
90.18 

69.59 
78.90 

87.43 

88.89 

51.42 

55.67 
60.42 
54.06 

91.46 

94.46 

95.00 

96.10 


.82 

1.40 
1.30 
1.76 
1.42 
1.96 
1.28 
Trace 
4.31 

24.00 


6.75 
1.18 
1.59 


44.67 

41.33 
1.34 

18.56 

1.42 

.79 

1.13 

1.05 

1.17 
1.25 
1.25 

20.07 

7.81 

3.01 

2.51 

11.16 

5.89 

6.19 

43.68 

1.38 

1.11 

1.44 


CaO 


43.42 
48.38 
44.46 


55.  S3 


52.90 
24.30 
16.74 
50.10 

43.88 

45.32 

46.16 
48.  66 
50.54 

39.00 
44.22 

49.00 
49.82 

28.82 

31.20 
33.86 


51 .  26 
52.94 
53.24 

53.86 


MgO 


.64 
8.88 
.68 
.38 
.54 

.50 

.56 
.60 
.60 

9.60 
3.74 

1.44 
1.20 

5.34 

2.82 
2.96 


CO2 


2.18 

12 

12 

1.94 
1.54 
3.92 

10I 

1.22 
0.20 

4.00 


0.27 
.32 
Trace 


.85 

1.46 

10.36 

10.80 

2.40 

3.06 

3.10 

3.10 
2.40 
1.90 

3.98 
3.92 

2.64 
2.42 

11.00 

11.10 
8.64 
1.12 

2.94 

2.26 

1.56 

1.62 


.  52 


01 


SiOa 


1.87 


15.40 


13. 


6.62 
5.86 

2.6. 


1.46 


Other 

mineral 

constituents 


Undetermined,. 
0.91  per  cent. 


Insoluble  mat- 
ter, 0.05  .  .  . 

Insoluble  mat- 
ter, 1.00.  .  . 


Insoluble  matter 
.06;  Moisture, 
1 .  07 


Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 


Loss 
on 
igni- 
tion 


35.  10 
39.90 
37.24 


42.70 
30.84 
14.76 
40.10 
35. 

36.40 

37.26 
39.62 
40.74 


42.20 
40.04 


40.82 
41.02 


29 .  56 


32.78 
32.38 


41.92 
43.18 
43.16 

43.16 


H2O 

at 
105°C 


314 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 


Sample 
Number 


Location 


Operator 
or  owner 


Authority 


Clark  b. 


Coles  b.. 


Cook  a. 


Cookd. 


Cooke, 


S  52b 


S    3 
B  10 


NW.  X,  sec.  29,  T.  11  N.,  R.   11 
W 


SE.  X.sec.  19.T.9N..R.  11  W 

NW.  K,  sec.  5,  T.  12  N.,  R.  10  E 
Charleston , 


Frederick  Stump,  Marshall 

111 

Illinois  Limestone  Co 


University  of  Illinois,   Ur- 

bana 

F.  W.  Pate 


Chicago. 

Chicago. 
Chicago. 

Chicago. 

Chicago. 


Artesian  Stone  &  Lime  Co 


Artesian  Stone  &  Lime  Co 

Chicago  Union  Lime  Works 
Co 


T.  C.  Hopkins,  State  Col- 
lege, Pa 


T.  C.  Hopkins,  State  Col- 
lege, Pa 


Chicago  Union  Lime  Works 
Co 


Gary. 
Gary. 


Average 

18  analy 

ses 


Hawthorne . 
McCook.  .  . 


McCook .  .  , 

McCook 

McCook 

McCook 

Summit 

Thornton 

Thornton 

1  mi.  southeast  of  Blue  Island 


I.  Blodget  Britton,  Warren- 
ton,  Va 


Stearns  Lime  &  Stone  Co 


Dolese  &  Shepard  Co. 
Dolese  &  Shepard  Co. 


Dolese  &  Shepard  Co.. 
U.  S.  Crushed  Stone  Co. 


U.S.  Crushed  Stone  Co.. 
U.S.  Crushed  Stone  Co.. 
U.  S.  Crushed  Stone  Co.. 
U  S.  Crushed  Stone  Co.. 
U.S.  Crushed  Stone  Co.. 
Brownell  Improvement  Co. 
Brownell  Improvement  Co, 


J.  Blodget  Britton,  Warren- 
ton,  Va 

T.  C.  Hopkins,  State  Col- 
lege, Pa 

Chemist,    Illinois  Steel  Co. 
Chemist,  Illinois  Steel  Co. 


Chemist,  Illinois  Steel  Co. 
Laboratory,     Inland    Steel 

Co 

Laboratory,     Inland     Steel 

Co 

Laboratory,     Inland    Steel 

Co 

Laboratory,     Inland    Steel 

Co 

Laboratory,     Inland     Steel 

Co 

Chemist,  Illinois   Steel    Co. 

Dickman  &  Mackenzie.  .  .  . 

Dickman  &  Mackenzie.  .  .  . 


Hawthorne. 
Thornton. . 


Dolese  &  Shepard  Co 

Brownell  Improvement  Co 


Illinois  Steel  Co. 


U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  struct- 
ural materials  laborator- 
ies  


CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 

Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Continued 


315 


Geologic 

formation 


McLeansboro. 

McLeansboro. 
McLeansboro. 
McLeansboro. 


Niagaran 


Niagaran . 


Niagaran . 


Niagaran . 

Niagaran . 
Niagaran . 
Niagaran . 


Niagaran. 

Niagaran . 

Niagaran . 

Niagaran . 

Niagaran . 

Niagaran . 
Niagaran . 

Niagaran . 

Niagaran . 

Niagaran . 


Niagaran 


Niagaran 54.73 


82.11 

97.22 
93.41 
59.95 


53.70 


52.07 


52.76 


54.21 


52.75 
53.09 


55.30 
55.12 
55.30 
55.65 
55.61 


52.44 
52.67 
31.60 


54.04 


4.10 


2.47 
10.05 


42.34 


42.18 


45.04 


44.65 


44.28 
43.82 


43.95 
44.27 
43.95 
43.61 
43.95 


43.66 
43.57 
22.24 


42.79 


42.96 


CaO 


46.02 


53.28 
52.35 


31.20 


30.74 


30.22 


MgO 


1.96 


Trace 
1.18 


20.46 


22.61 


19.70 


COs 


46.58 


44.54 


45.74 


5.50 

1.10 
1.56 
5.08 


1.04 


1.78 


1.48 


.55 
1.96 
..|        .43 


.351        .67 
0.20 

.36 

.30 

.30 

.36 
,36|     1.33 


85 


1.20 


0.83 


.3; 


0.91 


SiOs 


26 


1.59 
3.90 


1.28 


4.00 


.21 


.12 

.60 

1.42 

.94 


1.05 

0.36 

.30 

.28 

.26 

.24 
2.58 

2.35 

2.10 

.16 


1.12 


1.23 


Other 

mineral 

constituents 


Insoluble  matter 
24.48;  Phosphor- 
us,   0.45 


Average  of  quar- 
ry   


Lumpy  layer. 


Fe,     0.36; 

•JP,     0.004; 
Is,   0.031 
JSO3,  .036; 
\P2O5,  .004. 


/SO3,  0.059; 

\P2O5,  0.007.. 

Organic  matter, 
0.60 

Organic  matter, 
0.72 

Clay  &  insoluble 
matter,  43.56: 
Alkalinity,  loss, 
etc.,  1.30 


P.O.  005; 

S.0.04 

MnO,  0.03; 
Na20,  0.19; 
•ilOO,  0.14;. 
S03,Tr., 
H2O,  0.29 


Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 


316  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 

Sample 
Number 

Location 

Operator 
or  owner 

Authority 

Cooke 

Thornton 

Brownell  Improvement  Co. 

Average 
36  analy- 
ses.. .  . 
Average 
6    analy- 
ses.. .  . 

Average 
27  analy- 

Average 
analyses. 
Average 
analyses 

ural  materials  laborator- 

Chicago 

Featherstone  Foundry  Co., 
Chicago 

Illinois  Steel  Co,  Chicago.  . 

Illinois  Steel  Co.,   Indiana 
Harbor 

Dolese  &  Shepard  Co 

U.  S.  Crushed  Stone  Co..  .  . 

Dolese  &  Shepard  Co 

Western  Stone  Co 

McCook 

J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 

Cook1 

J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 

Cooku    . 

T.  C.  Hopkins 

Average 
of  quarry 

Lumpy 

layer 

Insoluble 
portion 
of  stone 

Top 

strata 

Bu2 

S  50a 
S  50c 

Stearns  Stone  &  Lime  Co. .  . 

Artesian  Stone  &  Lime  Co. 

Artesian  Stone  &  Lime  Co. 
Stony  Island  Ave.  quarry.  . 

Blue  Island  quarry 

Dolese  &  Shepard  Co 

David  Tucker  &  Geo.  Trip- 

T.  C.  Hopkins. 

T.  C.  Hopkins 

T.  C.  HoDkins!  . 

T.  C.  Hopkins 

T.  C.  Hopkins    

Cook1 

Cement,    Mill    &    Quarry, 

Edgarb 

NE.  J4,  sec.  3,  T.  15  N.,  R.  12  W 

SE  yi,  NE.  %,  sec.  10,  T.  14  N., 
R   11  W                         

May  5,  1922,  p.  20 

SE.  X.  NE.  X,  sec.  10,  T.  14  N., 
R   11  W 

4  mi  SE  of  Carrollton 

J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 

NE.  #,  sec.  10,  T.  11  N.,  R.  11 
W 

J.  V.  Z. Blaney.  . 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 

Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Continued 


317 


Geologic 
formation 

6 

o 

03 

o 

Q 

o 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

O 

O 

< 

Si02 

Other 

mineral 

constituents 

Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 

Loss 
on 
igni- 
tion 

H'O 

at 
105°C 

33.50 

59.40 
53.41 

54.82 

55.38 

54.68 
36.00 

53.73 

52.61 
31.60 

54.99 
52.75 

53.70 

52.07 
52.08 

27  95 

1.62]     5.63 
.40 

27.27 

.40 
.70 

1.04 

.28 

1.10 
17.30 

1.99 

1.90 

MnO,  .02; 
NaaO,  .02; 
-  K2O,  2.94; 
SO3,     Tr.,     H2O 
.26 

39.80 
45.22 

43.13 

43.93 

42.84 
41.00 

42.13 

41.84 
22.24 

44.04 
44.28 

42.34 

42.18 
37.54 

P.,     Tr.;     S.,    .04 

.90 
.80 

.86 

.31 

.86 
.96 

1.15 

2.08 
1.20 

.93 
1.33 

.63 

.64 

H20,  1.00 

P,  .014 

P,  .012;  S,  .054. . 

Clay    &   insoluble 
matter,      43.56 
Soluble  silica, 
.16 

1.30 

0.58 
0.55 

1.04 

1.78 

Insoluble  0.87:. .  . 

Insoluble,  0.60. .  . 

Insoluble,  1.  28. . . 

Insoluble,  4.00.    . 

1.03 

30.26 

51.90 
53.78 
46.30 

15.70 

0.261     0.61 

2.34 

1.74 

5.52 
5.21 

2.75 

75.35 

0.42 

2.66 
1.52 
8.02 

Organic  matter, 
moisture  and  al- 
kalies, 8. 55. . . . 

21.30 

1.42 

.58 

1.35 

47.11 

Phosphorus,  0.005 
sulphur,    0.026; 
moisture,  0.009 

92.62 

95.96 

82.61 
44.90 

30.70 

2.97 

1.21 

2.82 
25.44 

16.31 

42.00 
43.18 
38.98 

2? 

04 

.25 

Clay    &    insoluble 
matter,     23.49; 

96 

Clay  &  insoluble 
matter,      is  53 

.49 

318 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 


Hancock  °. 


W  SI 
W  322 

W  330 
K   x 

Hardin0. 

C39 

S    5 

Jackson 

S  57a 
L  80 

Jackson1 


Jersey  a. 
Jersey  J . 


Jersey! 

Jo  Daviess'. 


Johnson.  . 
Johnson0. 


Johnson P. 


Johnson. 


Sample 
Number 


C38 
C40 
C41 
C42 


LOO 


L91 


L92 


K  29 


D 

16 

D 

17 

W 

304 

W  308 

D 

16 

D 

17 

Location 


Sec.  30,  T.5N.,R.8W 

NW.  }i,  sec.  14,  T.  7  N.,  R.8W 
SE.  %,  sec.  16,  T.  7  N.,  R.  8W 
SE.  cor.  sec.  12,  T.  6  N.,  R.  8  W 
Niota 


Nauvoo . 


Warsaw 

SW.  X,  sec.  27,  T.  12  S.,  R.  8  E 
SW.  X,  sec.  5,  T.  13  S.,  R.  8  E 
Sec.  35,  T.12S..R.8E 


Rosiclare. 


Sec.  22,  T.  8  N.,  R.  6  W 

NE.  }i,  sec.  25,  T.  10  S.,  R.  4  W. 

NW.  yA,  sec.  25,  T.  10  S.,  R.  4  W 

NW.  y4,  NW.  K.  sec.  34,  T.  8  S., 

R.  4  W 


Cen.  sec.  24,  T  .10  S.,  R.  3  W. 


Cen.  sec.  24,  T.  10  S.,  R.  3  W. 


Cen.  sec.  24,  T.  10  S.,  R.  3  W. 


Bald  Rock. 


Grafton . 
Grafton . 


Grafton 

Cen.  S.  K,  sec.  34  T.  29  N  ,  R. 
IE 


S.  Cen.  sec.  16,  T.  12  S.,  R.  3  E 


Sec.  1,T.  14S..R.  2E 

Sec.  1,T.  14  S.,  R.  2E 

SW.  y4,  sec.  5,  T.  14  S.,  R.  2  E, 
Middle  W.  K.  sec.  16,  T.  13  S., 

R.  3.  E 

Belknap,  along  Big  Four  tracks. 


Belknap,  along  Big  Four  tracks 
Near  Joppa  Junction 


Operator 
or  owner 


Fort  Madison  &  Appanoose 
Stone  Co 


Mr.  Grover. 


C.  E.  Lowry. 


Mr.  Faulkner,  Grand 
Tower 


McCann   Bros.,    Murphys- 
boro 


McCann    Bros.,    Murphys- 
boro 


Grafton  Quarry  Co. 


Authority 


J.  C.  Cary.. 
Mr.  Pratten 


111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

Henry  Pratten 


111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 


111.  Geological  Survey. 
Henry  Pratten 


J.  V.  Z.  Blaney. 


111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   


F.  W.  Pate. 
F.  W.  Pate . 


CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 

Illinois  li  in '.stones  and  dolomites — Continued 


319 


Geologic 

formation 

c 

a 
O 

1-5 

c 
o 

be 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

O 

O 

< 

Si02 

Other 
mineral 

constituents 

Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 

Loss 
on 
igni- 
tion 

II2O 

at 
105°C 

69.16 
95.67 
86.08 
74.66 

53.93 

82.48 

92.89 

80.43 
85.82 

83.20 

96.71 
93.21 
93.93 

93.30 

96.48 

94.76 

94.66 
37.25 

47.79 
50.  15 

59.30 

85.  54 

91.45 
90.  17 
92.90 
94.07 

95.57 
90.31 

92.36 

94.96 

4.18 

.79 

1.21 

5.23 

36.59 

38.76 
53.62 
4S.24 
41.84 

2.00 
.38 
.58 

2.50 

3.34 
1.48 
2.36 
3.80 

2.65 

2.10 

0.93 
2.14 
4.10 

2.41 

1.12 

1.12 

.72 

1.73 

0.70 

1.34 

0.97 
.80 

1.40 
2.10 

1.00 

.95|      2.26 

0.74 

1.32 

.83 

1.22 

1.76 
1.315 

.892 

1  sn 

23.24 

2.62 

10.20 

16.24 

[4.69 

\l.61* 

4.18 
9.10 

7.78 

5.  54 

2.30 

3.08 

.86 

2.27 

0.98 

1.71 

1.34 

5.60 

6.16 

4.74 
6.00 
5.  32 
2.04 

.  96 

1   73 

33.40 
42.48 
38.94 
35.98 

.28 
.13 
24 

.28 

0  21 

Insoluble    matter, 
12.50 

1.92 

7.  56 
2.21 

8.31 

.71 
2.63 
4.89 

2.28 

1.83 

1.83 

2.60 
60.00 

42.86 
42.20 

16.08 

3.98 

3.10 
4.33 
2.38 
3.14 

l .  :,:> 
1.40 

52.07 
45.08 
48.10 

.92 
3.62 
1.06 

2  9";> 

40.  is 
39.72 

18 

33 

2.72;  Moisture, 
0.15 

54.20 
52.24 
52.64 

.34 
1.26 
2.34 



2  03 

Burlington  or  Keo- 
kuk   

43.06 
42.62 

43.92 

08 

14 

07 

Clay    &    soluble 

.39 

2  35 

Insoluble    matter. 

.40 
.49 

Clay   &   insoluble 
matter,  23.  13.. 

Decorah    shale    or 
Platteville  Is.  .  .  . 

P2OS,    055 

93 

59.87 
52.06 
52.72 

53.  56 

1.75 

1.14 
1.50 

.71 

Ste.  Genevieve .... 

13.34 

43.20 

.  12 

11 

Insoluble,  5.996;. 

Insoluble,     5.328; 

1 .  58 

320  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 

Sample 
Number 

Location 

Operator 
or  owner 

Authority 

Johnson 

L    157 

SE.  yA,  NE.  X  sec.  27,  T.  39  N., 
R.  8E 

John  Hendrickson,  Batavia 
Kankakee  Quarries  Co ...  . 

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 

Chemist,  111.  Steel  Co. 

4mi.N.  of  St.  Charles 

Pittsburgh  Testing  Labora- 
tory   

Robt  W  Hunt  &  Co 

Lehigh  Stone  Co 

L   107 

L    108 

C    2a 
C    2c 
C    2d 
C3a 
C3b 

C3d 

C    9 
C  10 
C  12a 
C12b 
C  13 
Cl4a 

C14b 

E  la 

E  lc 

Robt  W  Hunt  &  Co 

Robt  W  Hunt  &  Co. 

SE.  X,NE.  X,  sec.  20,  T.  32  N., 

tory 

Ill 

Sec.  15,  T.  33  N.,  R.  3E 

Sec.  15,  T.  33  N,R.3E 

Sec.  15,  T.  33  N.,  R.  3  E 

Sec.  6,  T.  32  N.f  R.  2  E 

Sec.  6,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E 

Sec.  6,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E 

NW.  X,  sec. 11,  T.  33  N.,  R.l  E. 

LaSalleb 

German  American  Portland 

German  American  Portland 

German  American  Portland 

Marquette     Portland     Ce- 

Marquette     Portland     Ce- 

Marquette  Portland  Ce- 

SE.  %,  sec.  34,  T.  34  N.,  R.  1  E. 

Near  cen.  sec.  6,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E 
Near  cen.  sec.  6,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E 
SW.  X,  sec.  30,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E. 

Bailey  Falls 

Bailey  Falls 

SW.  cor.  sec.  8,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E. 

SW.  cor.  sec.  8,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E. 

SE.  yi,  NW.  X,  sec.  14,  T.  33  N. 
R.  1  E 

Illinois  Hydraulic   Cement 
Mfg.  Co 

Illinois   Hydraulic   Cement 
Mfg.  Co 

State  Geol.  Survey 

German  American  Portland 

SE.  X,  NW.  X,  sec.  14,  T.  33  N. 
R.  IE 

German  American  Portland 

State  Geol.  Survey 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 

Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Continued 


321 


Geologic 
formation 


CaO 


MgO 


CO: 


Si02 


Other 

mineral 
constituent: 


Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 


Loss 
on 
igni- 
tion 


H2O 

at 
1().-)°C 


Ste.  Genevieve . 

Ste.  Genevieve . 
Ste.  Genevieve. 
Ste.  Genevieve . 
Ste.  Genevieve. 
Ste.  Genevieve . 


Niagaran . 
Niagaran . 

Xiagaran . 

Niagaran . 
Xiagaran . 
Xiagaran . 
Xiagaran . 


81.38 
95.70 

94.58 
93.82 
86.56 
94.00 


48.  28 
40.86 


1.74 
2.04 
2.73 
1.25 
3.99 
1.67 


38.00 
43.54 


30.4, 


20.50 


43.544 


Xiagaran . 
Xiagaran . 


La  Salle 

La  Salle 

La  Salle 

La  Salle  (roof  rock) 

La  Salle  (upper  part 
of  lower  bed). 

La  Salle  (lower  part 
of  lower  bed). 

La  Salle 

La  Salle 

La  Salle 

La  Salle 

La  Salle 


Shakopee (upper 
bed) 


Shakopee  (lower 
bed) 


La  Salle  (upper  bed) 


La  Salle  (upper  part 
of  lower  bed).  .  .  . 


46.18 
50.80 
47.73 
51.07 


44.50 
51.7 

92.39 
82.22 
81.33 
95.14 

85.68 


85.15 
85.36 
77.55 
93.36 
74.12 
44.64 


45.32 


46.61 


90.14 


65.34 


35.05 
40.40 
35.86 
40.62 


35.  13 

40.8 

1.44 
4.10 

2.88 
1.57 

1.42 


2.74 
1.38 
2.42 
1.21 
2.38 
13.1 


26.  13 


20.  53 


1.86 


3.99 


51.78 
46.08 
45.58 
53.32 

48.02 


47.72 
47.84 
43.46 
52.32 
41.54 
25.02 


25.40 


26.12 


50.52 


36.62 


1.96 
1.38 

.75 


.68 

1.31 

.66 

1.16 

.58 
1.14 
6.30 

L2.50 

9.82 

.89 

1.91 

4.05 
.80 
2.25 
2.60 
3.80 
1.45 


4.52 

1.40| 

2.50 


13.16 
1.28 
.28 
1 .  85 
4.66 
2.26 


6.34 


1.19 

3.00 
1.12 
1.64 


4.28 
5.50 
4.35 
1.48 


3.00 


10.78 


Clay    &    insoluble 
matter,   11.60;. 
P,  0.006 


P,  0.02;  S.  trace 
H2O  &  P,  0.30. 


6.10 
1.2 

2.24 
4.76 
4.40 
1.56 

4.80 


3.40 
5.92 

7.84 

1.90 

7.5S 

16.36 


8.20 


1 1 .  34 


3.08 


6.86 


10.30 

5.00 


11.36 


Soluble   matter, 
6.1 


2.88 

8.78 

10.34 

1.9S 


7 

.94 

8 

24 

6 

72 

11 

10 

2 

66 

15 

24 

21 

18 

15 

02 

14 

42 

4. 

92 

22. 

26 

2.60 


2.50 


42.06 
39.26 
37.88 
42.66 

39.48 


38.90 
40.  20 
37.38 
42.66 

35.5s 
32.14 


38.54 


38.80 


41.06         .17 


33.28 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17 — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 

Sample 
Number 

Location 

Operator 
or  owner 

Authority 

LaSalleb 

Eld 

E    3 
E  6a 

E6b 

L179 

L180 

SE.  X  NW.  X,  sec.  14,  T.  33  N. 
R.  1  E 

German  American  Portland 

111.  Hydraulic  Cement  Co. 
Chicago   Portland   Cement 
Co 

SE  .  X,  sec.  25,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E. 

SE.  yA,  sec.  25,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E. 

NW.  X,  NW.  X,  sec.  18,  T.  33 
N.,  R.  2  E 

Chicago   Portland   Cement 
Co 

LaSalle 

Utica  Portland  Cement  Co. 

NW.  K,  sec.  6,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E. 

tory 

LaSaller 

Chicago   Portland   Cement 
Co 

Marquette     Portland    Ce- 

Plasters" 

( }erman  American  Portland 

Plasters"  

German  American  Portland 

German  American  Portland 

Plasters"  

German  American  Portland 
Cement  Co 

Plasters" 

NW.  %,  sec.  11,  T.  33N..R.  IE 

SE.  %,  sec.  34,  T.  34  N.,  R.  1  E. 

Eckel:    "Cements,    Limes, 

111.  Hydraulic  Cement  Mfg. 
Co 

111.  State  Geol.  Survey 

C.  B.  Lihme,  Analyst 

111.  Hydraulic  Cement  Mfg. 
Co 

111.  Hydraulic  Cement  Mfg. 
Co • 

C.  B.  Lihme,  Analyst 

C.  B.  Lihme,  Analyst 

111.  Hydraulic  Cement  Mfg. 
Co 

Eckel:     "Cements,    Limes, 

111.  Hydraulic  Cement  Mfg. 
Co     

Plasters" 

Plasters" 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 

Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Continued 


323 


Geologic 

formation 

C 
U 

o 

O 
O 

bo 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

O 

O 

< 

SiOa 

Other 

mineral 
constituents 

Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 

Loss 
on 
igni- 
tion 

H2O 

at 
105CC 

La  Salle  (lower  part 

65.38 
50.60 

91.57 

82.  22 

81.50 
89.71 

5.06 
38.25 

1.23 

1.  55 

11.14 
1.13 

36.64 
28.36 

51.32 

46.08 

2.42 
18.30 

.59 

.74 

9.56 
3.72 

2.86 

5.56 

3.36 
4.44 

3.92 

1.30 

3.43 

2.52 

2.61 

1.43 
5.92 

7.84 

17.76 

4.58 

4.32 
9.62 

3.76 
4.14 

6.06 
8.20 
7.54 
5.06 
13.89 

5.43 

6.72 
11.10 

29.84 

27.70 

26.46 

11.89 

27.60 

34.36 
44.92 

41.92 

39.16 

.57 

Lower  Magnesian .  . 
La  Salle  (upper  bed) 

.  11 

.  16 

.38 

La  Salle 

La  Salle 

49.46 
49.37 
45.57 
48.29 
45.91 

52.02 

47.84 
43.46 

30   17 

.91 

.85 

4.36 

3.66 

1.00 

1.11 

.66 

1.16 

20.69 

20.01 

20.81 

20.38 
17.26 

Volatile  matter, 
39.06 

La  Salle 

Volatile  matter, 
39.72 

La  Salle      

Volatile  matter, 
39.57 

La  Salle          

Volatile  matter, 
41.05 

La  Salle              

Volatile  matter, 
36.82 

La  Salle 

Volatile  matter, 
40.24 

La  Salle 

Volatile  matter, 
40.20 

La  Salle    

Volatile  matter, 
37.38 

1.52 
1.41 
1.36 

1 .  35 
.80 

3.36 
2.33 
3.39 

11.61 
10.60 

Volatile  matter, 
10.24 

29.94 
30.30 

29.51 
33.04 

Volatile  matter, 
16.03 

Volatile  matter, 
13.38 

324 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 
Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Continued 


325 


Geologic 
formation 

<~0 

O 
O 

o 

O 
O 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

O 

O 

< 

Si02 

Other 

mineral 

constituents 

Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 

Loss 
on 
igni- 
tion 

H2O 

at 
105°C 

La  Salle  (upper  bed) 

52.32 
41.54 
51.78 

46.08 

45.58 

.58 

1.14 

.69 

1.96 

1.38 

1.96 
7.58 
2.24 

4.76 

4.40 

2.66 
15.24 

2.88 

8.78 
10.34 

Volatile  matter, 
33  51 

La  Salle  (lower  bed) 

Volatile  matter, 
38  80 

La  Salle  (upper  bed) 

Volatile  matter, 
42.06    

La  Salle  (upper  part 

Volatile  matter, 
39  26 

La  Salle  (lower  part 

Volatile  matter 
37.88   

43.50 

30.07 

Clay,   20.00;   Free 
silica,  1.00;  Iron 
carbonate,    2.QQ; 
Potash,  0  18 

3.00 

44.44 
42.03 

41.75 

49.62 
48.92 
36.98 

48.48 
45.84 
47.04 

1.12 
1.54 
1.21 

.68 

1.98 

11.22 

.60 
4.58 
2.40 

1.97 
3.91 
3.71 

3.66 

3.88 

4.60 

3.54 

2.58 
4.44 

2.10 

2.66 

4.92 
1fi 

17.11 
18.54 
19.49 

5.52 

3.44 

4.50 

7.56 
5.10 

4.78 

0.84 
4.70 

2.04 

.48 

.30 
6.52 
2.41 
1.00 
1.00 
.50 
.48 
2.01 

La  Salle 

Platteville . 

88.54 
87.29 
65.98 
86.50 
81.79 
83.93 

56.60 

90.28 

83.79 
97.53 

98.20 

92.35 

95.    8 

97.30 

97.81 

98.09 

95.53 

95.79 

1.42 
4.14 
23.45 
1.25 
9.57 
5.02 

42.18 

1.71 

8.95 
.44 

Trace 

1.00 

.75 

.21 

1.35 

.94 

.14 

.38 

40.  68 
41.70 
43.72 
40.54 
41.94 
41.92 

.20 

Platteville 

.16 

Platteville 

.11 

Platteville 

.09 

Platteville 

.25 

Platteville 

.14 

Platteville 

50.60 
46.96 

.82 

4.28 

41.86 
42.84 

.  11 

.16 

St   Louis  (?) 

1.48 

Trace 
Trace 
Trace 
Trace 
Trace 
Trace 
.16 
.41 

1.41 

0.14 

326 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 


Madisons  . 
Marshall13. 


Monroe . 


Monroe3, 

Montgomery0. 

Montgomery. . 
Ogleb 


Ogle. 


Peoria0. 


Pikeh. 
Pike1. 


Pulaski0. 
Popeb. . 


Randolph  P. 


Sample 
Number 


E20b 

E23 
L66 
L67 
L68 

L69 

L70 


694 

698 

L425 

C7a 

C    8 

L   190 


Location 


Alton, 


sec.  14,  T.  12 


Alton 

SW.  yi,  NW.  . 

N..R.9E 

SE.  K,  sec.  14,  T.  12  N.,  R.  9  E. 
S.  yi,  sec.  17,  T.  1  S.,  R.  10  W.. 
W  y2,  sec.  21,  T.  3  S.,  R.  8  W. 
SW.  yi,  sec.  3,  T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W 

Cen.  N.  line,  NE.  yi,  sec.  18,  T 
2S..R.10W 

NW.  yi,  SE.  X.sec.  15,  T 
R.  7E 

Millstadt 

Hillsboro 

Hillsboro 

Litchfield 

SE.  %,  sec.  27,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E. 

NW.  yi,  sec.  28,  T.  24  N.,  R.  10 


3S. 


Operator 
or  owner 


Reliance  Quarry  &  Con- 
struction Co 

J.  Armstrong 


Columbia  Quarry  Co. 
meyer,  111 


Val- 


Mr.  Wessel,  New  Hanover 


Columbia  Quarry  Co 

Josiah  Bixler 

Josiah  Bixler 

Kiggins  Crushed  Stone  Co 


Bu8 

Bu9 

E24a 

E24b 

E24c 

E26 


NW.  yi,  NW.  yi,  sec.  8,  T.  22  N. 
R.9E 


SE.  yi,  sec.  5,  T.  11  N.,  R.  7  E. 

SE.  cor.  sec.  10,  T.  8  N.,  R,  7  E 
SE.  yi,  sec.  10,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E 
SE.  yi,  sec.  10,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E 
SE.  yi,  sec.  10,  T.  8  N.,  R.  7  E 
SE.  yi,  sec.  5,  T.  11  N.,  R.  7  E 


D  47 
D  48 
W311 
W319 
W320 

W321 
Bu20 


B    2 
B    4 


Authority 


S.  E.  Swartz. 


Herman  Hughes,  Dixon  111 


Fred   Streitmatter,   Prince- 
ville 


George  Swords,  Maxwell. 

George  Swords 

Ge»rge  Swords 

George  Swords 


Above  village  of  Kinderhook 
Well's  quarry  near  mouth  of  Six 
Mile  Ck 


Mr.  Churchill. 


Sec.  14,  T.  14  S.,  R.  1  W 

NE.  yi,  sec.  31,  T.  13  S.,  R.  5  E. 

Sec.  31,  T.  13  S.,  R.  5E 

Sec.  19,  T.  13  S.,  R.  7  E 

SW.  yi,  SE.  %,  sec.  22,  T.  11  S., 

R.  7E 

Sec.  26,  T.  13  S.,  R.  6E 

Sec.  26,  T.  13  S.,  R.  6E 

Golconda 


Menard 
Menard , 


Whittenberg  Farm. 


Southern  111.  Penitentiary 
Southern  111.  Penitentiary 


Henry  Pratten . 
Henry  Pratten . 
F.  W.  Pate .  .  .  . 


CfTEMICAL  ANALYSES 
Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Continued 


327 


Geologic 
formation 


St.  Louis. 
St.  Louis. 


McLeansboro.  . 
MeLeansboro .  . 
Ste.  Genevieve . 
Okaw  limestone. 


Kimmswick 
St.  Louis.  .  . 
Salem 


MeLeansboro . 
McLeansboro. 
Shoal  Creek.  . 
Platteville.  .  . 


Platteville . 


Platteville . 


Galena . 


Maxwell  (probably 
Lonsdale 

Maxwell  (probably 
Lonsdale) 

Maxwell  (probably 
Lonsdale) 

Maxwell  (probably 
Lonsdale) 

Maxwell  (probably 
Lonsdale) 

Pennsylvan'n  (prob- 
ably Lonsdale) . . . 

Upper  Kinderhook. 

Xiagaran 


St.  Louis . 
Chester. . 
Chester. . 
Chester. . 


Ste.  Genevieve. 

Chester 

Chester 

Golconda 


Chester    (Okaw?).  . 
Chester  (Okaw?).. 


97.72 

55.78 
92.36 
91.60 
95.70 

95.70 

92.50 

95.20 
98.43 
94.84 
93.53 
96.40 
86.36 

51.25 

76.36 

44.67 

83.40 

80.93 

70.05 

73.83 

91.93 

78.83 
68.15 

61.60 

92.70 
87.32 
78.72 
86.43 

70.52 
89.82 
88.75 
91.52 

87.18 
91.67 
77.12 

CA.0U 


1.84 
1.50 
2.51 
2.50 

3.46 

2.97 

2.56 


1.78 

2.15 

.76 

11.41 

34.32 

19.16 

31.00 


.96 

1.00 

1.17 

3.89 

1.05 
18.55 

33.14 

2.26 
2.65 
2.47 
3.34 

1.76 
2.09 
3.68 
2.26 
2.70 
4.07 


CaO 


53.11 


31:26 

51.76 


53.15 
52.42 


48.40 
28.72 


46.74 


45.30 


39.26 


41.38 


51.52 


44.18 


MgO 


2.00 


.72 


.01 

.85 

1.03 


5.4 
16.42 


42 


46 


4  s 


50 


51.95 
48.88 
49.16 
48.44 

39.52 
50.34 
49.74 
51.42 
48.98 
51.50 


1.08 
1.28 
1.18 
1.60 

.84 
1.09 

.93 
1.08 
1.29 
1. 


CO2 


43.30 


I 


.68 
.20|      1.10 

8.92 
2.36 
1.28 
0.85 

0.74 

2.74 

0.62 
.44 
2.29 
3.45 
.431  -28 
1.56 

4.22 

2.30 

4.00 

3.24 


3.98 


3.70 

1.82 

3.30 

0.771  0.77 

1.60 

.49 
1.14 
2.74 
2.36 


2.90 
2.02 
1.92 
3.72 

2.84 
5.82 
2.72 


SiO; 


.30 
1.01 

31.74 
3.42 
4.33 
0.81 

0.08 

1.32 

1.30 
1.12 
1.41 
2.06 
1.76 
1.38 

5.62 

3.10 

21.20 

13.36 

14.24 
21.96 
21.04 

2.78 

16.46 
7.00 


6.38 
10.45 

7.90 
7.04 

18.06 
5.44 
7. 
6.32 
8.90 
4.76 


Other 
mineral 
constituents 


FeS,.30. 


MnO,  2.11 


Insoluble    matter 
3.35 


Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 


Insoluble,  8.98.. 
[nsoluble,  33.98. 
Phosphorus,  .05 .  . 


Loss 

on 
igni- 
tion 


27.74 
41.38 


42.98 
42.26 


43.98 
43.90 


37.94 


36.70 


32.88 


33.70 


42.70 


35.92 


40.08 
40.46 

33.72 
40.92 
39. 

39.42 
37.97 
38.  60 


H2O 

at 
105°C 


328 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 


Randolphb. 


Randolph 


Randolph  P.  . 
Rock  Island0. 
Rock  Islanda. 


Sangamon11. 
Schuyler".  . 


Sample 
Number 


B    6 

B    8 

U47 

W  208 

W  209 

W  253 

W  254 

K    8 

K  9 

K  12A 

K  13  A 

K  13B 

K  13C 

K  13D 

K  17B 

K22 

K  23 

K  24  A 

K26 

B    9 


Bu   15 
Bu   16 


C30 

C31 

C32 

C34 

C35a 

C35b 

C36 

C37 

C43 


Location 


Sec.  23,  T.  7  S.,  R.  7  W 

Sec.  23,  T.  7S.,  R.  7W 

Sec.  20,  T.  5S..R.  :W 

NW.  }i,  sec.  15,  T.  7  S.,  R.  7  W 
NW.  K.sec.  15,  T.  7S..R.7W 
SW.  H,  sec.  5,  T.  4S.,  R.8W... 

NW.  %,  sec.  4,  T.  4  S.,  R.  8  W 

NE.  %,  NW.  %,  se?.  23,  T.  7  S. 

R.  7  W 

K'mi.  N.  of  Prairie  du  Rocher.  . 
Cen.  NW.   %,  sec.  30,  T.  7  S. 

R.  7  W 

Cen.  NW.    %,  sec.  30,  T.  7  S. 

R.6  W 

Cen.  NW.   ^,'sec.  30,  T.  7  S. 

R.  6  W 

Cen.  NW.   X,  sec.  30,  T.  7  S. 

R.  6  W 

Cen.  NW.   X,  sec.  30,  T.  7  S. 

R.  6  W 

Near  Cen.  sec.  33,  T.  7  S.,  R.  6 

W 

Cen.  SE.   X.  sec.  24,  T.  38  N. 

R.8W 

NW.  %,  sec.  12,  T.  6  S.,  R.  8W 
SW.  %,  sec.  4,  T.  6  S.,  R.  8  W 
At  nose  of  hill  about  l/A  mi.  NE 

Prairie  du  Rocher 

Menard 


Sec.  25,  T.  17  N.,  R.  1  W. 
Sec.  25,  T.  17  N.,  R.  1  W. 

Moline 

Moline 

Moline 


State  House  quarry  on  Sugar  Ck 


SE.  K",  sec.  29,  T.  1  N.,  R.  2  W. 
NW.  cor.  sec.  19,  T.  1  N.,  R.  2  W 
NW.  X,  sec.  7,  T.  1  N.,  R.  2  W. 
SW.  cor.  sec.  34,  T.  2  N.,  R.  3  W. 
NW.  K,  sec.  17,  T.  2  N.,  R.  3  W. 
NW.  X,  sec.  17,  T.  2  N.,  R.  3  W. 
NW.  X,  sec.  11,  T.  2  N.,  R.  3  W. 
SW.  X,  sec.  27,  T.  3  N.,  R.  3  W. 
Near  cen.  NE.  yi,  ces.  28,  T.  2  N 
R.2W 


Operator 
or  owner 


F.  M.  Brickley. 


Red  Bud  city  quarry . 


William's  quarry,  Red  Bud 


Penitentiary  at  Chester. 


Southern  111.  Penitentiary. 


Cady  Stone  Co. .  . 
Cady  Stone  Co. .  . 
Moline  Stone  Co. 


Authority 


F.  W.  Pate. 
F.  W.  Pate . 


F.  W.  Pate. 


F.  A.  Genth,  Philadelphi 
Pa 


Henry  Pratten . 


CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 
Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Continued 


329 


Geologic 

formation 

O 

o 

o 

O 

O 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

O 

O 

< 

SiO* 

Other 

mineral 

constituents 

Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 

Loss 
on 
igni- 
tion 

H2O 

at 
105CC 

Chester  (Okaw). . . 

93.73 
95.54 
97.85 
95.37 
86.13 

81.76 

96.42 

93.45 
97.73 

86.05 

94.98 

93.27 

91.23 

95.09 

90.44 

94.48 
87. 6§ 
84.95 

95.89 
89.40 

82.04 
96.67 
79.34 
98.04 

3.84 
3.22 
1.38 
1.44 
1.42 

7.61 

1.09 

1.86 
1.37 

9.00 

2.12 

2.98 

2.71 

2.38 

2.38 

2.48 
5.00 

2.48 

2.12 
3.07 

5.52 

1.21 

1.93 

.44 

52.  53 
53.54 
54.84 

53.  45 

48.27 

45.82 
54.04 

1.84 

1.54 

.66 

.69 

.68 

3.64 

.52 

1.11 

.67 

.56 

1.28 

1.94 

5.12 

2.00 

1.00 
0.38 

3.07 

1.20 

2.84 

2.10 

1.16 

1.26 

1.43 

2.78 
1.54 

10.6 
1.40 

4.32 
1.16 
7.43 

2.47 

1.89 

.58 

1  85 

.11 

Chester  (Okaw)     . 

.07 

43.98 

43.08 
39.00 

41.26 

42.72 

.28 

22 

9.62 

4.54 

1.50 

3.62 
0.50 

1.74 

1.52 

1.04 

3.77 

1.42 

6.06 

1   75 

.16 

Chester  (probably 
Okaw) 

.69 

Chester  (probably 
Okaw) 

.13 

Okaw 

Okaw 

Menard 

Okaw 

Okaw.  . 

4.52 
10.84 

0.90 

6.98 

1.66 

11.00 

1.46 

.65 

4.14 
11.88 
15.04 

4.14 

9.30 
15.80 
11.30 

6.58 

18.62 

Okaw. . 

Okaw 

Insoluble,  4.92; 

45.  93 

54.  18 

2.64 

.58 

Hamilton 

40.00 
43.38 

Hamilton 

54.44 

.06 

42.02 

3.48 

70 

P2Os,  0.083; 
SO3,  1.806; 
organic  matter, 

68.73 

92.  53 
82.90 
75.76 
88.68 
85.  61 
64.23 
77.11 
90.29 

70.19 

5.07 

1.38 
1.00 
2.80 
4.68 

.88 

14.30 

5.68 

.88 

3.59 

.56 

McLeansboro 

Insoluble  matter, 
10.27;  Iron  car- 
bonate, 14.62. . 

51.86 
46.46 
42.46 
49.70 
47.98 
36.00 
43.22 
50.60 

39.34 

.66 

.48 
1.34 
2.24 

.42 
6.84 
2.72 

.42 

1.72 

.61 

St.  Louis 

1.88 
3.84 
6.44 
3.08 
4.54 
5.88 
6.16 
2.70 

7.24 

41.46 
37.76 
35.66 
42.04 
38.84 
36.92 
38.06 
40.66 

33.82 

.22 

St.  Louis 

.24 

Salem  or  St.  Louis. 

.18 

St.  Louis 

.14 

Keokuk 

.49 

Keokuk 

.30 

Salem  or  St.  Louis. 

.25 

St.  Louis 

.24 

Pennsylvanian 

.26 

330 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  analyses  of 


County 


Schuyler  b.  . 

Starkb 

St.  Clairb.  . 
St.  Claira.  . 
Stephenson . 

Union0.  .  . 


Uniona. 
Union  P. 
Will .  .  . 


Sample 
Number 


C45 

C46 

E27a 

E27b 

U49a 


Location 


NW.  yi,  NE.  %,  sec.  5,  T.  1  N., 

R.  IE 

NW.  }i,  SW.  %,  sec.  32,  T.  2  N., 

R.  1  E 

SW.  %,  SE.  }i,  sec.  21,  T.  14  N., 

R.  7E 

SW.  yA,  SE.  X,  sec.  21,  T.  14  N., 

R.  7E 

NW.  X,  NE.  X,  sec.  23,  T.  1  S., 

R.  10  W 

Columbia 


Operator 
or  owner 


Columbia  Quarry  Co. 


C  la 

Clb 
C  lc 
Cld 
C  le 
D    2 

U66 

W  285 


D    2 

D    8 

L  111A 


L  111B 
L  111C 
L   112 

L  113 
L  117B 

L   122 

L   125 

L  126B 


NW.  X,  SE.  X,  sec.  22,  T.  29  N. 

R.  6E 

Sec.  22,  T.  29  N.,  R.  6E 

Sec.  22,  T.  29  N.,  R.  6  E 

Sec.  22,  T.  29  N.,  R.     E 

Sec.  22,  T.  29  N.,  R.  6E 

SE.  X.  sec.  17,  T.  12  S.,  R.  1  W. 

Sec.  17,  T.  12  S.,  R.  1  W 


Winslow  City  quarry 

Quarry  1  mi.  N.  of  Winslow 
Quarry  1  mi.  N.  of  Winslow 
Quarry  1  mi.  N.  of  Winslow 
Quarry  1  mi.  N.  of  Winslow 
Union  Stone  &  Lime  Co 

Anna 

Union  Stone  &   Lime  Co., 

Anna 


NE.  X,  SE.  X,  sec.  1,  T.  13  S. 
R.  2  W 

Anna. 


2  mi.  S.  of  C 

SE.  X,  SE. 

R.  10  E.. 

SE.  yi,  SE. 
R.  10  E.. 

SE.  %,  SE. 
R.  10.E. 

SW.  X.  SE 
R.  10  E.. 

obden 
}i,  sec. 

17, 

T. 

35  N., 

* 

sec. 

17, 

T. 

35  N., 

X", 

sec. 

17, 

T. 

35  N., 

K 

sec 

.20 

T 

35  N., 

NE.  yi,  SE.  yi,  sec.  21,  T.  35  N. 

R.  10  E 

Cen.  N.  line  NE.  yi,  sec.  31,  T 

33  N.,  R.  10  E 


SE.  yi,  NE.  yi,  sec.  14,  T.  34  N. 
R.  10  E 


SE.  yi,  SE.  yi,  sec.  20,  T.  33  N. 
R.  11  E 


NE.  yi,  SW.  yi,  sec.  26,  T.  32  N 
R.  10  E 


Authority 


Pittsburgh    Reduction   Co. 
Pittsburgh,    Pa 


Fruit  Growers  Refining  & 

Power  Co 

Swan  Creek  Phosphate  Co. 


Markgraf  Stone  Co,  Joliet. 


Markgraf  Stone  Co.,  Joliet 


Markgraf  Stone  Co.,  Joliet 


Lincoln  Crushed  Stone  Co. 
Joliet 


National  Stone  Co.,  Joliet. 
Mr.  Barr,  Wilmington,  111 

Mr.  McFarland,  Elma,  111 


R.  W.  Hunt  &  Co.,  Chicago 
F.  W.  Pate 


111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   


111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   


111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 
tory   


CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 
Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Continued 


331 


Geologic 

formation 


Pennsylvanian. 

Pennsylvanian. 
McLeansboro . . 
McLeansboro . . 
St.  Louis 


Platteville . 
Platteville . 
Platteville . 
Platteville . 
Platteville . 


Ste.  Genevieve .  . 
Ste.  Genevieve .  . 
Warsaw-Spergen . 


Ste.  Genevieve, 


Xiagaran . 
Niagaran . 
Niagaran . 

Niagaran 
Xiagaran 


Edgewood , 


Cincinnatian? 


Xiagaran . 


Xiagaran  (?) , 


95.32 

94.78 

62.95 

79.44 

89.79 

97.30 

46.71 
54.99 
54.60 
53.35 
44.57 

91.38 

95.64 

92.46 


91.41 

77.87 


47.76 
49.81 
53.23 

52.76 
54.67 

51.20 

91.98 

54.15 


.92 

.92 

2.05 

1.50 

2.63 

.48 

33.90 
39.05 
41.18 
38.59 
30.14 

7.82 

2.13 

2.97 


4.40 
9.96 


39.0 
39.46 
41.45 

42.78 
42.9 

5.33 


4.36 


39.69 


76.58    19.: 


CaO 


53.42 
53.12 
35.28 
44.52 
50.32 


26.18 
30.82 
30.60 
29.90 
24.98 

51.21 

53.60 

51.82 

52.15 


MgO 


.44 
.44 

.98 

.72 

1.26 


CO2 


16.22 
18.68 
19.70 
18.46 
14.42 

3.74 

1.02 

1.42 

1.57 


43.62 


2.18 

2.14 

7.58 

2.80 

2.24 

1.40 

3.52 
1.54 
1.70 
2.76 
7.04 

.36 

.92 

1.48 

.66 
3.61 


3.90 


3.52 


20.3 


1.74 


.1       .12 


1.02 


1.00 


2.70 


1 .  75 


SiOa 


2.66 

3.10 

27.24 

15.40 

5.42 

.SO 

14.02 
1.68 
2.12 
3.22 

12.56 

1.99 
1.76 
3.30 
1. 


1.89 


1.46 


6.57 


3.41 


3.08 


2.62 


2.76 


3.80 


2.12 


Other 

mineral 

constituents 


Insoluble,  1.993. 
Insoluble,  8.56.. 


Iron  and  silica, 
1.40;  Oxides,  .78 


Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 


Loss 
on 
igni- 
tion 


42.48 
42.22 
29.66 
36.38 
41.16 


40.78 
47.00 
46.44 
45.68 
40.02 


43.28 
42.32 


H2O 

at 
105°C 


332  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Table  17. — Detailed  chemical  ana 


of 


County 

Sample 
Number 

Location 

Operator 
or  owner 

Authority 

Will 

L   132 
L   133 
L   134 

NW.  X,  SE.  X,  sec.  25,  T 
R.  10  E.... 

37  N. 

SW.  K",  NW.  X,  sec.  26,  T 
R.  10  E 

36  N. 

tory 

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 

SE. %,  SE.  X,  sec.  27,  T. 
R.  10  E 

36  N., 

tory  

111.  State  Highway  Labora- 

Wilis  

tory  

Mr.  Pratten 

Barr's  Quarry,  Wilmington, 
111 

J.  M.  Lindgren 

Winnebago3, 

Rockton  Lime  &  Quarry  Co 

Rockton  Li  me  &  Quarry  Co. 
Rockton  Lime  &  Quarry  Co 

Rockton  Lime  &  Quarry  Co 

Rockton  Lime  &  Quarry  Co 

Rockton  Lime  &  Quarry  Co 

Hart  &  Page 

E.  C.Eckel 

E.  G.  Smith,  Beloit  College, 

Wisconsin 

E.  G.  Smith,  Beloit  College, 

Wisconsin 

E.  G.  Smith,  Beloit  College, 

Wisconsin 

E.  G.  Smith,  Beloit  College, 

Wisconsin . ... 

a  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Mineral  Resources,  Part  II,  1911,  p  663,  1912. 

b  Bleininger,  A.  V.,  Lines,  E.  F.,  and  Layman,  F.  E.,  111.  State  Geological  Survey  Bull.  17,  p.  97. 

c  Emley,  W.  E.,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards,  Technologic  Paper  16. 

d  Geologic  Folio  No.  81  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

e  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  p.  355 

f  Geol.  of  Wisconsin,  E.  T.  Sweet,  Vol.  2,  p.  681,  1S77. 

g  Geol.  Survey  of  111.  Vol.  I,  pp.  99,  134. 

h  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  40. 

i  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  I,  p.  135. 

j  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  117. 


CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 

Illinois  limestones  and  dolomites — Concluded 


333 


Geologic 

formation 

O 

U 

o 

O 

u 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

O 

O 

< 

SiOf 

Other 

mineral 
constituents 

Vola- 
tile 

mat- 
ter 

Loss 
on 

igni- 
tion 

H2O 

at 
105°C 

Niagaras 

46.01 

45.30 

47.44 

41.92 

86.3 

76.9 

51.03 

51.33 

36.15 
31.73 

36.81 

40.51 

4.6 

9.7 

33.31 

37.33 

3. 

S2 

14.20 
14.40 
11.66 

6.79 
3.84 

Niagaran  (Athens 

1.77 

Insoluble  matter, 
14.73 

48.32 
43.05 

2.19 
2.51 

38.54 
36.99 



8.11 

13.58 

3.14 

6.39 

1.96 

2.31 

3.90 

9.08 
2.00 

1  07 

Edgewood 

Maquoketa 

3.51 
2.38 
3.29 

.79,      1.05 

.44 

.46 

.56 

1.73 

38  54 

36.99 

CO2  and  H2O, 
6.28;  Fe,  1.25;  S, 
1 .  26 

1.93 
46.42 
44.90 
46.77 

1  01 

29.72 
30.71 

28.82 

21.74 

21.78 
20.04 

47.77 
53.00 

40.95 
43.00 

Other  ingredients, 
2.00 

k  Geological  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  I,  p.  108,  1868. 

1  Geol.  Survey  of  111.  Vol.  Ill,  p.  573. 

m  Geol.  Survey  of  111.  Vol.  I,  p.  148,  1866. 

n  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  I,  p.  61. 

o  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  I,  p.  374. 

p*  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  I,  p.  256. 

p  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  4,  p.  183. 

q  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Bull.  522,  p.  144. 

r  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  p.  133,  1907 

s  Twentieth  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Pt.  6,  p.  378. 

u  Twentieth  Ann.  Rept,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Part  6,  p.  377,  1899. 

*  Insoluble  in  acid. 


CHAPTER  XII.— USES  OF  LIMESTONE1 

By  J.  E.  Lamar 

Introduction 

Not  over  a  half  century  ago  the  uses  of  limestone  were  few  and  simple. 
It  was  burned  for  lime  and  cement,  used  in  the  construction  of  roads,  build- 
ings, and  as  a  flux.  At  the  present  time  its  uses  are  many,  and  it  now  ranks 
among  the  foremost  of  non-metallic  mineral  products.  In  1920  the  total 
limestone  used  for  all  purposes  in  the  United  States  was  91,305,600  short 
tons  (fig.  74)  and  its  value  was  probably  over  $100,000,0002.  This  repre- 
sents a  value  more  than  that  of  the  lead,  zinc,  silver,  gold  or  aluminum  pro- 
duced in  the  United  States  for  the  same  period  of  time. 

In  the  following  pages  the  uses  of  limestone  are  described  briefly  with 
the  specifications  for  each  and  general  recommendations  regarding  the 
suitability  of  the  Illinois  limestones  for  the  use  under  discussion.  The  use 
of  limestone  as  a  road  material  has  been  omitted,  as  it  has  been  discussed 
in  a  preceding  chapter. 

Cements 

The  general  term  cement  is  applied  to  all  natural  or  artificial  bonding 
materials  including  hydraulic  limes  and  the  various  specific  types  of  ce- 
ment which  have  the  property  of  forming  a  mortar  that  hardens  under 
water.     The  various  types  of  cement  are  as  follows : 

Portland  cement 

Natural  cement 

Hydraulic  limes 

Puzzolan  cements 

PORTLAND  CEMENT 

Portland  cement  is  by  far  the  most  extensively  used  and  best  known 
of  the  various  kinds  of  cement.  Its  uses  are  varied  and  numerous,  but  in 
general  are  associated  with  the  manufacture  of  some  form  of  concrete. 

MANUFACTURE    OF    PORTLAND    CEMENT 

Essentially,  Portland  cement  is  a  mixture  of  lime-alumina  and  lime- 
silica  compounds,  artificially  produced  by  heating  an  intimate  mixture  of 
limestone  and  clay  or  their  equivalents.  When  ground  and  wetted  this 
mixture  forms  a  coherent  mass. 


^n  the  literature  pertaining-  to  limestone  and  its  products,  the  terms  "limestone" 
and  "lime"  are  commonly  used  interchangeably  for  limestone.  Thus  lime  dust  and  agri- 
cultural lime  may  be  used  to  designate  limestone  dust  and  agricultural  limestone.  To 
insure  clarity  and  definiteness,  the  term  "lime"  in  this  report  is  restricted  to  calcined 
limestone  and  "limestone"  to  the  stone  as  found  in  nature. 

2Loughlin,  G.  F.  and  Coons,  A.  T.,  Stone :  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Mineral  Resources, 
1920,   Pt.   II,   p.   250,   1923. 

334 


USES  OP  LIMESTONE 


335 


In  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  finely  pulverized  limestone  and 
clay,  or  their  equivalents,  are  fed  as  a  dry  powder  or  as  a  slurry  into  the 
upper  end  of  a  rotating,  inclined  steel  cylinder,  lined  with  fire  brick  and 
fired  by  gas,  oil,  or  pulverized  coal  from  the  lower  end.  As  the  cylinder 
rotates,  the  mix  moves  slowly  toward  the   lower  end,  and   finally  emerges 


Riprap 

Agriculture 

Alkali  works 

Lime 

Flux 

Portland   cement 

Crushed  stone 


10 


15  20 

Millions  of  short  tons 


25 


30 


33 


Magnesia    works 

Stucco 

Whiting   substitute 

Asphalt   filler 
Refractories 
Natural  cement 
Paper  mills 

Glass  works 

Calcium  carbide  works 

Rubble 

Sugar  factories 

Building  stone 


100 


200 


300 


400    500    600 

Thousands  of  short  tons 


700 


800        900 


1000 


Fig. 


70.     Graphs  showing  the  1920  production  of  limestone  in  the  United  States 
according  to  the  major    (A)   and  minor   (B)    uses. 


at  a  temperature  near  its  vitrification  point  as  a  red  hot  clinker.  The  hot 
clinker  is  heaped  into  piles  and  is  allowed  to  season  for  a  time  under  the 
influence  of  the  weather.  Subsequently,  it  is  ground  to  a  fine  powder  with 
the  addition  commonly  of  2  or  3  per  cent  of  gypsum  or  some  other  sub- 
stance which  prevents  too  quick  setting. 


336  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION   OF  PORTLAND   CEMENT 

In  all  probability  no  two  plants  operating  in  separated  localities  have 
raw  materials  identical  in  chemical  composition.  It  is  obvious,  therefore, 
that  the  chemical  composition  of  their  respective  cements  will  vary  in  like 
manner.  Meade3  gives  the  following  table  showing  the  permissible  vari- 
ations :  Per  cent 

Silica    19-25 

Alumina    5-9 

Iron   oxide    2-4 

Lime    60-64 

Magnesia     14 

Sulphur   trioxide    1-1.75 

At  the  present  time,  however,  the  specifications  of  the  United  States 
Government  for  Portland  cement4  have  increased  the  permissible  amount 
of  magnesia  to  5  per  cent  and  the  amount  of  sulphur  trioxide  to  2  per  cent. 
The  permissible  amount  of  iron,  if  present  as  the  oxide,  silicate,  or  carbon- 
ate, is  a  valuable  ingredient  as  it  aids  in  the  formation  of  the  lime-alumina 
and  lime-silica  compounds  by  acting  as  a  flux.  Iron,  as  a  sulphide  (pyrite) 
is  undesirable  because  of  its  sulphur  content. 

RAW    MATERIALS    OF    PORTLAND    CEMENT 

The  alumina  and  silica  in  cement  are  introduced  in  the  raw  state  as 
aluminum  silicate,  which  may  be  in  the  form  of  clay,  shale,  or  slate,  if  nat- 
ural products,  or  as  coal  ashes  or  blast  furnace  slag,  if  artificial. 

The  lime  content  of  the  cement  is  derived  primarily  from  limestone. 
Secondary  sources  are  marble,  chalk,  marl,  oyster  shells,  and  the  waste  left 
in  the  carbonate  form  in  the  manufacture  of  caustic  soda  from  common 
salt. 

EXPLOITATION    AND    DEVELOPMENT    CONSIDERATIONS 

In  Illinois,  limestone  or  argillaceous  limestone  and  shale  or  clay,  in 
greater  or  less  quantities,  are  the  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
Portland  cement.  In  considering  the  possible  use  of  any  deposit  of  lime- 
stone in  the  State,  therefore,  three  primary  considerations  should  be  taken 
into  account : — namely,  the  commercial  availability  of  the  limestone  deposit, 
the  magnesia  and  silica  content  of  the  limestone,  and  the  availability  of  the 
necessary  clay  or  shale  of  satisfactory  chemical  composition. 

The  accessibility  of  a  deposit  is  probably  the  most  important  consider- 
ation in  its  commercial  availability.  A  deposit  located  far  from  a  railroad 
and  overlain  by  a  heavy  overburden  is  not  commercially  available.  Neither 
is  a  thin  bed  of  limestone,  one  about  six  feet  thick  covered  by  40  feet  of 
overburden,  even  though  it  may  be  near  a  railroad.     However,  despite  the 

3Meade,   R.   K.,  Portland  Cement,   2d  edition,   p.   28,   1911. 
4Bureau  of  Standards  Circular  33,  3rd  edition,  p.  27,  1917. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  337 

fact  that  a  deposit  of  workable  thickness  has  a  heavy  overburden,  it  may  be 
worthy  of  commercial  exploitation  by  mining,  if  it  is  situated  on  a  railroad. 
In  Illinois  it  is  the  general,  though  not  extensive  practice  to  mine  the  lime- 
stone where  the  average  overburden  exceeds  the  thickness  of  the  stone  to 
be  quarried. 

The  magnesia  content  of  a  limestone  is  of  major  importance.  As  pre- 
viously stated  the  maximum  permissible  amount  of  magnesia  in  cement  is 
5  per  cent.  It  is  therefore  necessary  that  the  total  amount  of  magnesia  in 
•the  limestone  and  clay  or  shale  used  to  make  the  cement  should  not  exceed 
3  or  4  per  cent.  This  factor  of  magnesia  content  is  the  handicap  which 
prevents  the  use  of  the  dolomitic  limestones  of  northern  Illinois  for  cement 
manufacture. 

Sand  and  chert,  "except  in  very  small  amounts,  are  undesirable  in  a 
cement  mix,  whether  they  come  from  the  limestone  or  clay,  because  they 
are  difficult  to  grind  fine.  Unless  in  this  condition  a  rise  in  the  fusion  point 
of  the  cement  mix  is  effected,  thereby  necessitating  more  intense  heating 
in  order  to  form  the  desired  clinker. 

The  clay  or  shale  added  to  the  limestone  to  give  the  desired  mix  should 
be  obtained  preferably  from  the  overburden  removed  in  quarrying  the 
limestone,  but  may  be  secured  from  the  formation  underlying  the  limestone 
or  be  brought  to  the  plant  from  a  nearby  deposit.  The  clay  or  shale  should 
have  a  low  magnesia  content  in  order  that  the  quantity  of  magnesia  con- 
tained in  the  finished  cement  is  less  than  5  per  cent.  It  is  the  high  magnesia 
content  of  many  of  the  Illinois  shales  and  clays  that  prevents  their  use  for 
cement  manufacturing  purposes. 

Practically  any  Illinois  limestone  which  does  not  contain  an  excess  of 
magnesia,  chert,  pyrite  or  sand  is  suitable  for  cement  manufacture  and  the 
same  may  be  said  for  most  of  the  clays  and  shales.  Future  development 
is  to  be  looked  for  in  deposits  combining  the  desirable  limestone  and  shale 
at  the  same  location. 

REFERENCES    ON   PORTLAND   CEMENT 

1.  Beyer,  S.  W.,  and  Williams,  I.  A.,  The  materials  and  manufacture  of  Portland 

cement:      Iowa  Geol.  Sur.  vol.  XVII.  pp.  33-89,  1906. 

2.  Blatchley,  W.  S.,  Portland  cement:     25  Ann.  Rept.  Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Res. 

Indiana,  1900. 

3.  Bleininger,  A.  V.,  Lines,  E.  F.,  and  Layman,  F.  E.,  Portland  cement  resources 

of  Illinois:      111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  17,  1912. 

4.  Bowles,  O.,  Rock  quarrying  for  cement  manufacture:       U.  S.  Bur.  of  Mines 

Bull.  160,  1918. 

5.  Burchard,  E.  P.,  Portland  cement:     U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  666-S,  1919. 

6.  Eckel,  E.  C,  Cements,  limes  and  plasters,  1905. 

7.  Eckel,  E.  C,  Cement  materials  of  Iowa:      Iowa  Geol.  Surv.  vol.  XV,  1904 

8.  Eckel,   E.    C,    and   others,    Portland    cement   materials   and    industry    in    the 

United  States:     U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  522,  1913. 

9.  Grimsley,  G.  P.,  Clays,  limestones  and  cements:     W.  Va.  Geol.  Survey  vol.  Ill, 

1905. 


338  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

10.  Mathews,  E.  B.,  and  Grasty,  J.   S.,  The  limestones   of  Maryland:     Maryland 

Geol.  Sur.  vol.  VIII,  part  III,  p.  227,  1909. 

11.  Maynard,  T.  P.,  Limestone  and  cement  materials  of  North  Georgia:        Geol. 

Survey  of  Georgia  Bull.  27,  1912. 

12.  Mead,  R.  K.,  Portland  cement:      2nd  edition,  1911. 

13.  The  mineral  industry,  vol.  I,  p.  49,  1892. 

The  mineral  industry,  vol.  XVII,  p.  117,  1908. 
The  mineral  industry,  vol.  XVIII,  p.  86,  1909. 

14.  Ries,  H.,  and  Eckel,  E.  C,  Lime  and  cement  industries  of  New  York:     New 

York  State  Museum  Bull.  44,  1901. 

15.  United  States  government  specifications  for  Portland  cement:     Bur.  of  Stand- 

ards Circular  33,  3rd  edition,  1917. 

NATURAL  CEMENT 

The  raw  material  from  which  natural  cement  is  produced  is  an  impure 
limestone  containing  from  10  to  22  per  cent  silica,  and  4  to  16  per  cent 
alumina  and  iron  oxide.5  Many  cement  rocks  carry  a  considerable  percent- 
age of  magnesium  carbonate  which,  for  natural  cement  unlike  Portland 
cement,  has  no  harmful  effects  and  may  be  considered  as  practically  the 
equivalent  of  a  similar  per  cent  of  calcium  carbonate. 

The  process  of  manufacture  of  natural  cement  consists  of  burning  the 
fragments  of  stone  as  they  come  from  the  quarry  to  a  temperature  slightly 
above  that  required  in  making  lime  from  limestone  after  which  the  burned 
limestone  is  cooled  and  finally  pulverized. 

In  order  to  be  a  commercially  available  deposit  of  natural  cement  rock 
it  should  be  located  on  a  railroad  and  near  a  good  market  and  coal  supply. 
The  limestone  exposed  in  the  quarry  should  have  a  fairly  constant  chemical 
composition  both  laterally  and  vertically  and  should  be  so  situated  as  to  per- 
mit cheap  quarrying  or  mining. 

In  Illinois,  the  Shakopee  dolomite  in  the  bluff  along  Illinois  River  east 
of  LaSalle,  has  been  used  extensively  for  the  manufacture  of  natural 
cements.  Elsewhere  in  the  State,  the  argillaceous  members  of  various  lime- 
stone formations  particularly  the  basal  Salem  limestone  have  been  the  sources 
of  cement  rock  for  the  manufacture  of  locally  consumed  cement. 

REFERENCES  ON  NATURAL  CEMENT 

Bleininger,  A.  V.,  The  manufacture  of  hydraulic  cement:  Ohio  Geol.  Survey 
Bull.  3,  1904. 

Bowles,  O.,  Rock  quarrying  for  cement  manufacture:  U.  S.  Bur.  of  Mines  Bull.  160, 
p.  2,  1918. 

Eckel,  E.  C,  Cements,  limes  and  plasters,  1st  edition,  p.  200,  1905. 

Eckel,  E.  C,  Cement  materials  and  the  cement  industry  of  the  United  States: 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  243,  1905. 

Freeman,  H.  C,  The  hydraulic  cement  works  of  the  Utica  Cement  Company,  La- 
Salle, 111.:      Trans.  A.  1.  M.  E.,  vol.  13,  pp.  172-181,  1885. 

See  also  references  1,  5,  7,  9,  10  and  11  under  Portland  cement. 


5Eckel,  E.   C,  Cements,  limes  and  plasters,  p.   200,   1905. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  339 

HYDRAULIC  LIMES 

Hydraulic  limes  are  those  cementing  materials  which  contain  sufficient 
calcium  silicate,  aluminate  or  ferrate,  to  give  them  the  property  of  setting 
or  hardening  under  water  and  also  sufficient  lime  (CaO)  so  that  the  clinker 
after  burning  will  slake  upon  the  addition  of  water.  They  are  manufac- 
tured by  burning  siliceous  or  argillaceous  limestones  containing  from  11  to 
IT  per  cent  silica  and  TO  to  80  per  cent  calcium  carbonate.  The  actual 
mechanics  of  burning  is  very  similar  to  that  of  ordinary  lime.  The  result- 
ing product  commonly  contains  between  18  and  25  per  cent  of  silica  and 
alumina  with  or  without  magnesia  or  iron  oxide. 

Modified  forms  of  hydraulic  lime  are  on  the  market  as  Grappier  ce- 
ments, and  Selenitic  lime  (Scott's  cement).  Grappier  cements  are  made  by 
grinding  the  under-  and  over-burned  lumps  residual  from  the  process  of 
slaking  hydraulic  lime.  Selenitic  lime  is  made  by  adding  Plaster  of  Paris 
(CaS04)  or  sulphuric  acid  to  a  hydraulic  lime.  This  treatment  is  reported 
to  increase  the  strength  of  the  resulting  cement  over  that  of  the  original 
lime. 

Hydraulic  limes  are  almost  entirely  a  European  product  and  the  rather 
limited  consumption  in  the  United  States  is  supplied  mainly  by  imports. 

REFERENCES    ON    HYDRAULIC    LIMES 

Eckel,  E.  C,  Cements,  limes  and  plasters,  1911. 

Eckel,  E.  C,  and  Ries,  H.,  Lime  and  cement  industries  of  New  York:     New  York 

State  Museum  Bull.  44,  1901. 
Heath,  A.  H.,  A  manual  of  lime  and  cement,  London,  1893. 
Lazell,  E.  W.,  Hydrated  lime,  pp.  22,  23,  1915. 

Spalding,  P.  P.,  Hydraulic  cement,  its  properties,  testing  and  use,  N.  Y.,  1897. 
Wilkinson,  P.,  Technology  of  cement  plaster:      Trans.  A.  I.  M.  E.  vol.  27,  p.  508, 

1898. 
See  also  references  1,  7,  9,  10  and  11  under  Portland  cement. 

PUZZOLAN    CEMENTS 

Puzzolan  cements  include  all  types  of  cement  which  can  be  manufac- 
tured by  the  mixing  of  ingredients  without  burning.  Volcanic  ashes  of 
various  kinds  have  been  found  to  be  puzzolanic  materials,  but  in  the  United 
States,  the  slag  from  the  limestone  used  as  a  flux  in  blast  furnaces,  is  the 
chief  source  of  material  for  this  cement.  The  slag  is  ground  with  slaked 
lime  to  a  fine  powder,  but  is  not  burned.  The  addition  of  water  causes  the 
cement  to  set. 

REFERENCES  OX  PUZZOLAN   CEMENTS 

Blast  furnace  slag  cement:      Trans.  A.  I.  M.  E.  vol.  2,  pp.  83-84. 

Bowles,  O.,  U.  S.  Bur.  of  Mines  Bull.  160,  p.  2,  1918. 

Eckel,  E.  C,  Cements,  limes  and  plasters,  p.  632,  1905. 

See  also  references  1,  7,  9,  10  and  11  under  Portland  cement. 


340  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Limestone  as  Concrete  Aggregate 

The  most  important  materials  used  as  aggregate  in  concrete  are  crushed 
limestone  and  gravel.  The  former  is  particularly  suited  for  this  purpose 
because  it  is  composed  of  fragments  of  the  same  sort  of  material.  The 
fragments  are  angular  and  consequently  are  held  firmly  by  the  binding  ce- 
ment, and,  because  the  surfaces  of  the  fragments  are  rough  and  unweathered, 
a  close  bond  between  the  crystals  of  the  cement  and  the  aggregate  is  effected. 

REQUIREMENTS  OF  LIMESTONE  AS  AGGREGATE 

The  requirements  of  limestone  used  as  aggregate  in  concrete  roads  are 
specified  in  the  preceding  chapter  on  road  materials.  Generally,  there  are 
no  standard  specifications  made  for  limestone  aggregate  for  other  purposes 
unless  they  are  made  for  specific  contracts.  The  stone  should,  however,  be 
clean  and  free  from  dirt,  relatively  hard,  and  resist  frost  and  weathering 
without  cracking,  scaling,  or  .discoloring.  Most  quarries  producing  stone  for 
aggregate  also  produce  stone  suitable  for  road  material.  As  the  latter  meets 
all  the  requirements  of  a  stone  for  aggregate  the  product  from  such  quarries 
is  therefore  generally  of  good  quality. 

SIZES   OF   LIMESTONE  AGGREGATE 

Limestone  aggregate  is  produced  in  a  variety  of  sizes.  Some  of  the 
most  common  are  ]/A-y  %-,  y4-,  1-,  lJ/4-,  1J4-,  2-,  2^-,  3-,  3^-inch.  The 
stone  over  2  inches  is  most  commonly  used  for  railroad  ballast  and  bottom 
courses  of  roads ;  the  other  sizes  are  used  for  concrete  and  various  kinds  of 
highway  work. 

Recently  there  has  been  an  endeavor  to  standardize  the  sizes  of  crushed 
stone,  and  recommendations  have  been  made  as  follows  :8 

Pine  screenings — product  of  crusher  passing  i/i-inch  laboratory  screen. 

Chips  or  dustless  screenings — product  of  crusher  passing  "between  1/4-  and 
%-inch  size. 

One-inch  stone — product  of  crusher  passing  between  %-  and  l^-inch  size. 

Two-inch  stone — product  of  crusher  passing  between  l1^-  and  21/4-inch  size. 

Three-inch  stone— product  of  crusher  passing  between  2y2-  and  3-inch  size. 
Eighty-five  per  cent  of  each  size  to  lie  between  limits  specified. 

ILLINOIS   LIMESTONES   SUITABLE   FOR  AGGREGATE 

Practically  all  Illinois  limestones  make  suitable  aggregate  for  general 
concrete  purposes,  except  those  which  are  shaly  or  occur  in  thin  beds  and 
are  therefore  likely  to  split  and  disintegrate  rapidly  under  the  influence  of 
weathering. 


"Jackson,    F.   H.,    Standard   commercial   sizes    of   crushed    stone:     Pit    and    Quarry, 
vol.   4,  No.   6,  p.   90,  March  20,   1920. 


USES  OP  LIMESTONE  341 

Fluxes 
Limestone  as  Blast  Furnace  Flux  in  the  Iron  Industry 

A  flux  is  any  substance  added  to  a  furnace  charge  which  either  dis- 
solves or  combines  with  the  infusible  impurities  of  the  ore  to  make  a  fusible 
product  known  as  slag.  The  use  of  limestone  as  a  flux  in  the  blast  furnace 
is  an  ancient  one.  Limestone  (CaC03),  dolomite  (Ca  COs,  Mg  C03),  and 
lime  (CaO)  have  all  been  used  as  fluxes,  but  at  the  present  time  the  first 
two  are  used  most  extensively.  Some  lime  is  still  used,  but  in  general  it 
has  been  proved  uneconomical  both  experimentally7  and  practically. 

Some  iron  ores  contain  sufficient  carbonates  to  be  self  fluxing.  In  gen- 
eral, however,  it  is  necessary  to  add  some  flux  even  to  this  type  of  ore. 
Depending  on  whether  the  ore  is  high  or  low  in  carbonate  content  the  flux 
added  is  either  argillaceous  (clay  ironstone)   or  calcareous   (limestone). 

THE  EFFECT  OF   LIMESTONE  FLUX   ON   IRON   ORES 

In  smelting  iron  ores  with  a  siliceous  gangue,  the  limestone  flux  is  added 
at  the  top  of  the  furnace  where  it  is  first  converted  by  the  heat  of  the  fur- 
nace into  lime  (CaO).  The  lime  reacts  with  the  siliceous  and  aluminous 
materials  of  the  ore  to  form  a  double  silicate  of  lime  and  alumina  which 
contains  practically  no  iron,  and  which  is  fusible  at  the  temperature  ordi- 
narily employed  in  blast  furnaces. 

When  iron  ores  with  a  practically  infusible  argillaceous  gangue  are 
heated  the  argillaceous  materials  combine  with  the  ferrous  oxides  to  pro- 
duce a  fusible  double  silicate  of  iron  and  alumina.  As  this  involves  the 
loss  of  a  certain  amount  of  iron,  limestone  is  added  to  form  a  double  silicate 
of  lime  and  alumina  resulting  in  practically  complete  exclusion  of  iron  from 
the  slag. 

CHEMICAL  REQUIREMENTS   FOR   LIMESTONE   AND  DOLOMITE   AS   A   FLUX 

There  has  been  considerable  controversy  regarding  the  suitability  of 
dolomite  as  a  flux.  The  earlier  writers  condemned  it,  but  at  present  the 
status  of  limestone  and  dolomite  as  fluxes  is  about  on  a  par.  The  chief 
distinction  between  the  two  is  that  the  magnesia  in  the  dolomite  is  more 
difficultly  fusible  than  lime  and  therefore  requires  a  higher  temperature  to 
produce  a  slag.  It  has,  on  the  other  hand  a  decided  advantage  in  producing 
a  pig  iron  of  low  sulphur  content8,  due  to  its  greater  affinity  for  the  deleter- 
ious sulphur  in  the  furnace  charge.  The  satisfactory  use  of  either  lime- 
stone or  dolomite  doubtless  depends  in  a  great  measure  on  the  character 
of  the  ore  being  smelted. 


^Turner,  T.,   The  Metallurgy  of  Iron. 

"Phillips,  W.  B.,  Iron  making  in  Alabama:     Geol.  Survey  of  Alabama,  p.  116,  1912. 


342  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

SILICA    CONTENT 

In  order  that  the  flux  combine  with  the  siliceous  material  of  the  ore, 
it  is  desirable  that  the  limestone  be  as  free  as  possible  from  silica.  Figures 
on  exact  limits  as  to  permissible  amounts  of  silica  in  a  flux  vary  considerably, 
but  in  general  it  is  required  that  the  silica  should  not  greatly  exceed  5  per 
cent.     Most  fluxes  in  common  use  contain  less  than  3  per  cent  of  silica. 

CARBONATE  CONTENT 

In  general,  the  calcareous  fluxes  in  use  contain  over  90  per  cent  of 
either  calcium  or  calcium  and  magnesium  carbonates.  Other  things  being 
equal,  the  best  fluxes  are  those  with  the  greatest  content  of  these  basic 
carbonates. 

BITUMINOUS    OR    ORGANIC    IMPURITIES 

Highly  fossiliferous  bituminous  limestone,  or  limestones  containing 
much  organic  material  are  unsuited  for  use  as  fluxes,  because  the  carbon- 
aceous material  which  they  contain  usually  is  in  a  form  which  does  not 
permit  ready  combustion  and  therefore  renders  the  stone  refractory  in  the 
blast  furnace. 

OTHER    IMPURITIES 

Pyrite,  alumina,  phosphorus,  and  earthy  impurities  should  be  avoided 
in  fluxing  stone  because  they  add  to  the  furnace  charge  undesirable  sub- 
stances, some  of  which  are  not  entirely  removed  with  the  slag  and  remain 
in  the  iron.  Their  effect  is  in  general  to  produce  properties  in  the  iron 
which  are  undesirable. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS  OF   LIMESTONE  AND  DOLOMITE  AS   FLUX 

Flux  stone  should  be  screened  to  remove  dirt  and  fine  dust,  and  washed 
before  shipment  if  it  is  particularly  dirty,  or  if  an  especially  high  grade 
product  is  desired. 

The  specifications  relative  to  the  size  of  flux  stone  vary  widely  accord- 
ing to  the  rapidity  with  which  the  stone  decomposes  in  the  furnace.  The 
common  requirements  are  that  the  stone  should  pass  a  4 y2 -inch  ring  and 
be  retained  on  a  y2 -inch  ring.  Regarding  this  matter  Sweetser  states  that, 
"It  is,  however,  generally  conceded  that  a  closer  sizing  of  flux  stone  is  bene- 
ficial ;  and  where  a  'ballast  size'  stone  has  been  used  there  has  been  some 
improvement  in  the  working  of  the  furnace".9 

Limestone  as  a  Basic  Open  Hearth  Furnace  Flux 

The  function  of  a  limestone  flux  in  an  open  hearth  furnace  is  the  same 
as  in  a  blast  furnace,  namely  to  form  a  slag  containing  the  silica,  alumina, 
phosphorus,  and  sulphur  from  the  furnace  charge.     In  addition  it  helps  to 


9Sweetser,    R.    H.,    Present    day    blast-furnace    practice  :      Mining-    and    Metallurgy, 
No.    183,  p.    43,   March,  1922. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  343 

insure  a  thorough  mixing-  of  the  charge.  The  general  requirements  as  to 
the  chemical  and  physical  composition  of  the  limestone  are  identical  with 
those  for  blast  furnace  flux. 

ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  SUITABLE  FOR  BLAST  AND  OPEN   HEARTH   FURNACE  FLUX 

The  Pennsylvanian  limestone  at  Fairmount  and  the  Niagaran  dolomite 
are  utilized  extensively  as  flux  stone.  However,  any  Illinois  limestone 
which  is  sufficiently  pure  may  be  used  as  a  flux.  The  Kimmswick,  parts 
of  the  Burlington,  Ste.  Genevieve,  Salem  and  Okaw  limestones,  would  make 
good  flux  stone. 

REFERENCES  ON  LIMESTONE  AS  A  FLUX  IN   IRON   MAKING 

Campbell,  H.  H.,  Manufacture  and  properties  of  iron  and  steel,  New  York,  p.  52, 

1903. 
Feild,  A.  L.,  and  Royster,  P.  H.,  Slag  viscosity  tables  for  blast-furnace  work;  U.  S. 

Bur.  of  Mines  Tech.  Paper  187,  1917. 
Greenwood,  W.  H.,  Iron  and  steel,  London,  p.  104,  1884. 
Grimsley,   G-.   P.,   Clays,  limestones   and   cements:     W.   Va.   Geol.   Survey  vol.   Ill, 

pp.  387  and  388,  1905. 
Johnson,  J.  E.,  Jr.,  Principles,  operation,  and  products  of  the  blast-furnace,  New 

York,  p.  27,  1918. 
Keep,  W.  J.,  Limestone  for  cupola  flux:     Foundry,  vol.  45,  No.  118,  p.  19,  March, 

1917. 
Mathews,  E.  B.,  and  Grasty,  J.  S.,  The  limestones  of  Maryland:     Maryland  Geol. 

Survey  vol.  VIII,  pp.  239-249,  1909. 
Maynard,   T.   P.,   Limestone  and   cement  materials   of  Georgia:     Geol.    Survey   of 

Georgia  Bull.  27,  pp.  3-6,  1912. 
Phillips,  W.  B.,  Iron  making  in  Alabama:     Geol.  Surv.  of  Alabama,  1912. 
Producing  limestone   for   blast-furnace   flux:     Rock  products,   vol.   XXIV,   No.    21, 

p.  23,  October  8,  1921. 
Rhead,  E.  L.,  Metallurgy,  London,  p.  20,  1904. 
Schinz,  C,  The  blast  furnace,  London,  p.  151,  1870. 

Shedd,  S.,  Jenkins,  O.  P.,  and  Cooper,  H.  H.,  Iron  ores,  fuels  and  fluxes  of  Wash- 
ington:    Washington  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  27,  1922. 
Sweetser,  R.  H.,  Present  day  blast-furnace  practice:     Mining  and  Metallurgy,  No. 

183,  p.  43,  March  1922. 
Turner,  T.,  The  metallurgy  of  iron,  London,  p.  236,  1908. 
Weddnig,  H.,  Basic  Bessemer  process,  New  York,  p.  47,  1891. 

Limestone  as  a  Flux  in  Copper  Smelting1"'  " 

A  large  per  cent  of  the  copper  ores  under  exploitation  occurs  in  a  silice- 
ous gangue.  It  is  necessary  therefore  to  add  to  the  furnace  charge  some 
basic  substance  or  substances  which  will  form  a  slag  with  the  silica  of  the 


10Peters,  E.  D.,  The  principles  of  copper  smelting,  Hill  Publishing  Company,  p.  120, 
1907. 

"Maynard,  T.  P.,  Limestone  and  cement  materials  of  North  Georgia:  Geol.  Sur- 
vey of  Georgia  Bull.  27,  pp.  6-8,   1912. 


344  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

ore  and  thus  render  it  removable.     For  this  purpose  limestone  and  dolomite 
are  used,  although  limestone  is  commonly  preferred. 

The  primary  requirements  for  flux  stone  for  this  purpose  are  that  it 
have  a  high  carbonate  content  and  be  free  from  silica,  organic  and  other 
impurities.     Small  amounts  of  iron  are  not  generally  considered  harmful. 

Limestone  in  the  Metallurgy  of  Sulphide  Lead  Ores12"15 

In  the  "lime  roasting"  or  "pot  roasting"  process  of  desulphurization  of 
sulphide  lead  ores,  limestone,  dolomite  or  lime  are  mixed  with  the  ore  and 
subjected  to  a  stream  of  hot  air  in  a  reverberatory  furnace.  Under  these 
conditions  oxidization  is  favored  and  when  once  started  continues  without 
further  addition  of  heat.  Subsequent  to  the  roasting  the  ore  is  heated  in 
a  converter.  The  final  products  are  lead  oxide,  lead  silicate,  and  calcium 
sulphate. 

"Lime  roasting"  has  been  largely  replaced  by  "blast  roasting"  which  is 
essentially  roasting  by  means  of  a  forced  draft  of  hot  air.  There  are 
several  processes  of  blast  roasting,  but  the  Savelsberg  process  principally 
involves  the  use  of  limestone  as  a  flux.  The  stone  is  used  in  a  finely  crushed 
condition  and  is  fed  into  the  converter  together  with  the  lead  ore. 

REQUIREMENTS    FOR    THE    LIMESTONE    FLUX 

The  essential  requirement  for  limestone  to  be  used  in  the  roasting  of 
sulphide  lead  ores  is  that  it  be  as  pure  as  possible.  As  the  limestone  is  con- 
verted into  lime  by  the  heat  of  the  roasting  and  reacts  with  the  lead  ore  as 
lime,  the  smaller  the  impurities  in  the  original  stone,  the  greater  is  the  yield 
of  lime  per  unit  of  stone.  Siliceous  and  argillaceous  impurities  not  only 
decrease  the  lime  yield  but  also  form  an  unnecessary  and  undesirable  amount 
of  slag.  Magnesia  raises  the  formation  temperature  of  the  slag: — that  is, 
it  requires  a  higher  temperature  than  lime  to  form  a  slag  of  equal  fluidity. 
As  much  as  5  per  cent  of  magnesia  is  said  to  be  permissible  in  slag,  and  a 
like  amount  is  probably  permissible  in  the  limestone  flux. 

SUITABILITY   OF   ILLINOIS   LIMESTONE   FOR   FLUX 

From  the  table  of  chemical  analyses  (Table  17)  it  will  be  seen  that 
many  of  the  Illinois  limestones  are  of  sufficient  purity  to  be  used  as  a  flux 
in  the  metallurgy  of  sulphide  lead  ores. 


13Maynard,  T.  P.,  Limestones  and  cement  materials  of  northern  Georgia:  Geol. 
Survey   of  Georgia  Bull.    27,   p.    8,    1912. 

13Ingalls,  W.  R.,  Lead  and  zinc  in  the  United  States,  Hill  Publishing  Company, 
New  York,  1908. 

"Collins,  H.   F.,   The  metallurgy  of  lead,  Griffin  and  Company,   London,   1910. 

lvHofman,  PI.  O.,  The  metallurgy  of  lead,   McGraw-Hill   Company,   New  York,   1918. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  345 

Lime 
Lime  may  be  defined  as  the  product  obtained  by  calcining  essentially 

pure  limestone  or  dolomite  and  possessing  the  property  of  slaking  with  water. 

Calcining  is  essentially  the  process  by  which  carbon  dioxide  and  water  are 

removed  from  a  limestone  or  dolomite  by  heating  it  to  a  high  temperature. 

The  burned  product  is  calcium  oxide  or  calcium  and  magnesium  oxides. 
CaCOs  (limestone)  +  heat  =  CaO  +  C02 
CaCOs,  MgCOs  (dolomite)   +  heat  =  CaO  +  MgO  +  2  C02 

The  process  of  calcining,  or  burning  as  it  is  more  commonly  called,  is 
carried  out  commercially  in  kilns  of  various  types,  but  the  most  common  are 
the  continuous  or  intermittent  vertical  kilns,  into  which  the  limestone  is  fed 
from  the  top  and  withdrawn  from  the  bottom.  The  kilns  are  fired  by  coal, 
oil,  or  gas  in  such  a  manner  that  the  hottest  part  of  the  kiln  is  at  the  lower 
end  where  the  calcined  limestone  is  withdrawn. 

LIMESTONE  BURNED  FOR  LIME 

To  the  lime  manufacturer  the  word  limestone  is  used  "as  a  general 
term  referring  to  that  class  of  rocks  containing  at  least  80  per  cent  of  the 
carbonates  of  calcium  or  magnesium,  which,  when  calcined  give  products 
that  slake  upon  the  addition  of  water".10 

Generally  the  purer  the  limestone,   the  better  the  yield  of   quicklime 
under    similar   burning   conditions.     The   relations   of   purity   and   yield    as 
stated  by  Frasch17  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 
Purity  of  Calcium  oxide 

limestone  in  the 

(carbonates)  Yield  of  burnt  lime  burnt  lime 

Per  cent  Per  cent  Per  cent 

95  59  90 

90  60  80 

85  65.5  72 

80  70  64 

A  comparison  of  limestone  of  high  and  of  comparatively  low  carbonate 
content  shows  that  the  former  yields  a  smaller  amount  of  burnt  lime  than 
does  the  latter,  but  that  the  quality  of  the  product  measured  by  the  calcium 
oxide  it  contains  compensates  for  the  difference  in  quantity. 

EFFECTS  OF  IMPURITIES   IN   RAW    STONE  ON   LIME  OBTAINED 

The  limestone  or  dolomites  generally  burned  for  lime  do  not  have 
much  less  than  97  per  cent  of  combined  carbonates  of  calcium  and  mag- 
nesium. The  remaining  3  per  cent  of  the  limestone  is  impurities  which  are 
most  commonly  silica,  alumina,  iron  oxide  and  iron  sulphide.  It  is  recom- 
mended, however,  that  the  total  impurities   in  unburned   limestone  should 


i6Lazell,  E.  W.,  Hydrated  lime,   p.   21,   1915. 
1TMineral  Industries,  vol.   7,  p.   483. 


346  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

not  exceed  %y2  per  cent  (about  5  per  cent  in  the  finished  lime)  because  any 
in  excess  of  this  amount  decreases  the  rapidity  of  slaking  and  sand  carry- 
ing capacity  of  a  lime  and  makes  its  working  qualities  less  smooth. 

In  some  limestones,  a  silica  content  exceeding  2  per  cent  has  been  found 
to  have  no  detrimental  effect  on  certain  limes,  but  generally  the  presence  of 
silica  even  in  small  amounts  has  a  tendency  to  "decrease  the  plasticity,  sand 
carrying  capacity  and  yield  of  lime,  but  has  no  apparent  effect  on  its  hard- 
ness or  strength18.  More  than  10  per  cent  of  silica  in  a  lime  is  reported 
to  give  it  hydraulic  properties. 

Iron  oxide  and  alumina  have  the  same  general  effects  as  silica  except 
that  the  iron  oxide  colors  the  lime  red  or  yellow  unless  it  occurs  in  small 
amounts.  If  contained  in  large  amounts,  the  iron  gives  the  lime  additional 
hardness  and  strength,  but  the  increase  in  these  properties  is  usually  less 
desired  than  the  white  color  which  must  be  sacrificed  to  gain  them. 

The  presence  of  a  limited  amount  of  alumina  in  the  raw  stone  is  desir- 
able because  it  increases  the  hardness  and  strength  of  a  lime,  and  also  gives 
it  a  better  color.  However,  the  presence  of  both  silica  and  alumina  produces 
a  sintering  on  the  outside  of  the  limestone  lumps  if  the  temperature  of  the 
kiln  becomes  too  high  in  burning.  The  resultant  impervious  coating  over 
the  outer  surface  of  the  lumps  prevents  the  escape  of  carbon  dioxide  from 
the  interior,  thereby  defeating  a  perfect  burn. 

Gypsum  and  iron  sulphide  even  in  small  amounts  are  undesirable  in  a 
limestone  for  lime. 

Water  in  a  limestone,  whether  free  in  the  pores  or  in  chemical  combina- 
tion is  undesirable,  because  it  necessitates  additional  heating  of  the  rock  for 
its  removal  and  thereby  lowers  kiln  efficiency. 

It  seems  patent  therefore  that  though  lime  of  good  quality  can  be  made 
from  a  limestone  relatively  high  in  impurities,  the  undesirable  properties 
imparted  by  the  impurities  condemn  the  lime  containing  them  to  a  somewhat 
limited  use  and  field  of  application,  particularly  in  view  of  the  present  ex- 
tensive use  of  white  lime  for  interior  finishing  and  as  a  chemical  reagent. 

HYDRATED    LIME 

Hydrated  lime  is  quicklime  which  has  been  mechanically  slaked  with  an 
amount  of  water  not  greatly  in  excess  of  the  quantity  necessary  to  fill  the 
requirements  in  the  following  chemical  equations  : 
(High  calcium  quicklime)  CaO  +  ILO  ->  Ca  (OH)2 
(Dolomitic  quicklime)  CaO  +  MgO  +  2H,-0  ->  Ca(OH)2  +Mg(OH)2 

The  advantage  claimed  for  this  type  of  lime  is  that  it  is  uniformly 
slaked  under  specific  chemical  control.  This  obviates  hand  slaking  and  pro- 
duces a  smoother  and  stronger  mortar  or  plaster. 


18Bmley,   W.   E.,   Manufacture   of  lime:     U.   S.    Bur.   of   Standards   Tech.    Paper   16, 
1913. 


USES  OP  LIMESTONE  347 

SUITABILITY    OF    ILLINOIS    LIMESTONES    FOR    LIME 

The  present  lime  producing  centers  of  Illinois  are  Quincy,  Alton,  and 
Chicago,  where  the  Burlington  limestone,  St.  Louis  limestone,  and  Niagaran 
dolomite  respectively  furnish  the  raw  material  for  lime  manufacture.  Else- 
where in  the  State,  particularly  where  limestones  or  dolomites  outcrop  in 
abundance,  the  ruins  of  old  lime  kilns  are  a  common  occurrence.  That  the 
limes  produced  were  of  good  quality  is  evidenced  by  the  manner  in  which 
the  plasters  made  from  them  have  withstood  weathering.  A  study  of  the 
chemical  analyses  (Table  IT)  shows  numerous  limestones  and  dolomites 
with  less  than  the  allowable  maximum  oi  2J/2  per  cent  of  impurities.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  many  of  the  Chester  formations  and  also  portions 
of  the  Ste.  Genevieve,  St.  Louis,  Salem,  Keokuk-Burlington  and  Trenton 
limestones  offer  stone  of  a  high  degree  of  purity  for  the  manufacture  of 
lime ;  in  the  western  portion  of  the  State,  parts  of  the  St.  Louis,  Burlington, 
and  Hamilton  limestones ;  and  in  the  northern  part,  certain  phases  of  the 
Niagaran,  Galena-Trenton,  and  Platteville  dolomites  are  suitable  for  lime 
burning. 

THE    USES    OF    LIME 

Lime  has  varied  and  extensive  uses  in  many  different  industries  and 
processes.   It  is  a  strong  base  and  is  therefore   used  extensively  where  a 

strongly  caustic  substance  is  desired.     Some  of  the  uses  of  lime  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

Agriculture  Glue  manufacture 

As  a  corrective  of  acid  soil  Gold  refining 

Construction  Graphite 

Plaster  Greases,  butter,  etc. 
Stucco  Guncotton  and  gelatine 
Miscellaneous  Insecticide 
Acids  Kalsomine 
Alcohol  Medicines 
Alkali  works  Metallurgy 
Ammonia  Nitrates  and  glycerine 
Barium  products  Paper  mills 
Bleaching  works  Phenol 
Candles  Platinum  refining 
Copper  works  Polishing  and  buffing  corn- 
Corn  products  pounds 
Cyaniding  Potash  salts 
Disinfectant  and  deodorizer                          Pottery  and  porcelain 
Dyes  Print  works 
Explosives  Refractories 
File  works  Rubber 
Flour  mills  Salt  refining 
Gas  purification  Sand  lime  brick 
Gas  plant  by-products  Sewage  and  acid  waters 
Glass  works  Sheep  dip 


348  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

THE   USES  OF  LIME— Concluded 
Silica  brick  Tanneries 

Slag  cement  Textiles 

Soap  Varnish 

Sugar  refining  Water  treatment 

Tobacco  Wood  distillation 

Lime  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  following  chemicals : 

Aluminum  hydrate  Calcium  cyanamide 

Acetic  acid  Calcium  sulphate 

Ammonium  hydroxide  Calcium  chloride 

Ammonium  sulphate  Calcium  carbonate    (precipitated) 

Bleaching  powder  Calcium  hydroxide   (milk  of  lime) 

Bone  ash  Carbon  dioxide 

Calcium  acetate  Potassium  dichromate 

Calcium  carbide  Sodium  dichromate 

REFERENCES   ON   LIME 

Beyer,  S.  W.,  Physical  tests  of  Iowa  lime:     Iowa  Geol.  Survey  vol.  XVII,  pp.  95-147, 

1906. 
Cement,  Mill  and  Quarry,  vol.  17,  no.  6,  p.  19,  Sept.  20,  1920. 
Cement,  Mill  and  Quarry,  vol.  19,  No.  8,  p.  17,  Oct.  20,  1921. 
Eckel,  E.  C,  Cements,  limes  and  plasters,  1905. 
Emley,  E.   M.,   Manufacture   of  lime:      U.   S.   Bur.   of   Standards   Tech.   Paper  16, 

1913. 
Grimsley,    G.    P.,    Clays,    limestones   and    cement:      West    Virginia    Geol.    Survey 

vol.  3,  p.  326,  1905. 
Heath,  A.  EL,  A  manual  of  lime  and  cement,  London,  1893. 
Lazell,  E.  W.,  Hydrated  lime,  1915. 

Lime  and  its  use:     Rock  Products,  vol.  19,  No.  6,  Sept.  10,  1921. 
Loughlin,  G.   P.,   and   Coons,  A.   T.,   Stone  in   1920:     U.    S.   Geol.    Survey   Mineral 

resources,  1920,  p.  250,  1923. 
Mathews,  E.  B.,  and  Grasty,  J.  S.,  The  Limestones  of  Maryland:     Maryland  Geol. 

Survey  vol.  VIII,  pt.  Ill,  p.  248,  1909. 
Maynard,  T.  P.,  Limestone  and  cement  materials  of  northern  Georgia:     Geol.  Sur- 
vey of  Georgia  Bull.  27,  p.  19,  1912. 
Orton,  E.,  and  Peppel,  S.  V.,  Limestone  resources  and  the  lime  industry  in  Ohio: 

Geol.  Survey  of  Ohio  Bull.  4,  1906. 
Peppel,  S.  V.,  Manufacture  of  artificial  sandstone  or  sand-lime  brick:      Geol.  Survey 

of  Ohio  Bull.  5,  1905. 
Ries,  H.,  and  Eckel,  E.  C,  Lime  and  cement  industries  of  New  York:     New  York 

State  Museum  Bulletin  44,  1901. 
Rock  Products,  vol.  XXIV,  No.  19,  p.  18,  Sept.  10,  1921. 

Agricultural  Limestone 
Agricultural  limestone  is  finely  crushed  or  pulverized  limestone  of  high 
carbonate  content.  The  pulverized  stone  is  generally  a  product  especially 
prepared  for  agricultural  use.  The  crushed  rock,  however,  that  is  sold  by 
many  of  the  large  quarries  for  agricultural  purposes  is  commonly  the  "fines" 
or  screenings  which  pass  a  ^-inch  mesh,  resultant  from  the  crushing  of  rock 
for  some  other  purpose. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  349 

EFFECT  OF  SIZE  OF  LIMESTONE  FRAGMENTS 

In  order  to  be  an  effective  agent  in  the  correction  of  soil  deficiencies  the 
limestone  used  must  first  dissolve  in  the  water  contained  in  the  soil.  The 
rate  of  solubility  of  a  stone  depends  on  the  size  of  the  particles  to  be  dis- 
solved. The  finer  a  given  quantity  of  stone  is  ground  the  more  surface  it 
exposes  to  the  solvent  action  of  ground  water,  and  the  more  rapidly  it  will 
dissolve.  It  is  obvious  that  the  product  passing  a  J^-inch  screen  is  a  hetero- 
geneous mixture  of  very  fine  and  relatively  large  particles  of  limestone.  The 
finer  material  being  the  more  rapidly  soluble  has  the  greatest  immediate  re- 
sults, and  in  general  the  immediate  results  of  "liming"  will  vary  with  the 
fineness  of  stone  used.  Although  some  authorities  specify  that  the  limestone 
should  -pass  a  50-mesh  sieve,  others  an  80-  and  still  others  a  100-mesh,  the 
fineness  of  limestone  to  be  used  probably  depends  more  on  whether  the 
reaction  desired  from  the  "liming"'  is  an  immediate  and  marked  or.e,  or  one 
which  is  more  gradual  and  less  pronounced,  but  extended  over  a  longer 
period  of  time.  For  any  given  purity  of  limestone,  therefore,  the  finer  it 
is  ground  the  more  active,  but  shorter,  is  its  period  of  effectiveness. 

THE   EFFECT   OF   LIMESTONE   ON    SOIL 

Soil  waters  in  general  contain  small  amounts  of  carbonic  acid,  and 
when  limestone  is  introduced  into  a  soil,  this  acid  reacts  with  a  part  of  the 
limestone  to  form  calcium  bicarbonate.  Since  the  amount  of  carbonic  acid 
in  the  soil  at  any  time  is  small,  the  conversion  of  the  limestone  to  the  bi- 
carbonate is  not  completed  at  once,  but  is  extended  over  a  period  of  some 
time.  As  a  result  a  soil  may  contain  calcium  carbonate  (limestone)  and 
calcium  bicarbonate  from  an  application  of  limestone. 

EFFECT   OX   ACID    SOILS 

Some  soils  contain  organic  acids  which  commonly  have  accumulated 
as  a  result  of  stagnated  drainage.  Such  soils  are  known  as  acid  soils.  The 
effect  of  limestone  on  such  soils  is  to  neutralize  the  acids  present. 

EFFECT  OX    HUMUS 

Limestone  is  said  to  increase  the  rate  of  decomposition  of  humus.  Thus 
the  limestone  aids  in  making  the  humus  materials  available  for  plant  con- 
sumption. The  limestone  does  not,  however,  replenish  the  humus.  This 
must  be  refurnished  to  the  soil  in  some  other  manner  by  the  application  of 
organic  fertilizers. 

EFFECT  OX   BACTERIA 

The  decay  of  organic  soil  matter  involves  certain  bacteria  which  pro- 
duce ammonia  from  the  nitrogenous  portion  of  the  organic  material.  The 
soil  contains  still  other  bacteria  which  in  their  life  processes  convert  this 
ammonia  into  nitrates.  In  this  form  the  nitrogen  from  the  organic  ma- 
terial is  available  to  the  plants  for  consumption. 


350  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

Another  type  of  bacteria  are  those  which  obtain  nitrogen  from  the  air 
and  fix  it  in  the  tubercles  of  legume  roots.  In  general,  experiments  have 
shown  that  the  application  of  limestone  to  a  soil  in  quantities  up  to  a  cer- 
tain amount  has  resulted  in  an  increased  number  of  bacteria  of  the  above 
types  present. 

OTHER   MINOR  EFFECTS 

Lime  or  limestone  is  said  to  produce  a  flocculation  of  clay  particles 
thereby  improving  the  textures  of  clays,  fine  loams,  and  silts  which  would 
otherwise  be  too  sticky  or  cohesive  to  be  satisfactorily  cultivated.  It  is  also 
said  to  increase  the  porosity  of  heavy  soils  and  the  firmness  of  a  light  sandy 
soil. 

For  some  time,  it  was  thought  that  lime  or  limestone  reacted  with  min- 
erals in  the  soil  containing  potash  and  made  available  some  of  this  potash  for 
plants.  As  a  result  of  recent  investigations,  however,  it  has  been  shown 
"that  the  effect  of  lime  and  gypsum  in  bringing  into  solution  potash  from 
the  mineral  portion  of  the  soil  is  practically  nil."19 

THE  EFFECT  OF  DOLOMITE  ON   SOILS 

There  was  at  one  time,  a  feeling  that  the  effect  of  dolomites  on  soils 
was  inferior  to  that  of  limestone.  At  present,  however,  these  two  materials 
are  considered  to  be  on  a  par.  The  reaction  of  dolomite  when  added  to 
the  soil  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  of  limestone. 

AGRICULTURAL    LIMESTONE    IN    ILLINOIS 

The  accompanying  table  of  chemical  analyses  (Table  17)  of  the  various 
limestones  and  dolomites  of  Illinois  shows  a  great  variety  of  stone  suitable 
for  use  as  agricultural  limestone.  A  great  many  of  the  deposits  of  these 
limestones  and  dolomites  are  however  so  located  as  to  be  of  local  value  only, 
being  either  of  too  limited  extent,  or  too  far  from  transportation  to  be  avail- 
able commercially  on  a  large  scale.  Such  deposits  are,  therefore,  of  par- 
ticular interest  only  in  the  vicinity  in  which  they  are  located.  They  do,  how- 
ever, afford  a  local  supply  of  agricultural  limestone  which  can  often  be  profit- 
ably exploited  to  save  freight  and  long  haulage  cost.  In  the  northern  part  of 
Illinois  particularly,  the  quarrying  of  local  deposits  of  limestone  and  dolomite 
as  sources  of  agricultural  limestone  is  being  actively  prosecuted,  and  it  would 
seem  that  an  adequate  statewide  appreciation  of  the  real  value  of  agricultural 
limestone  and  a  development  of  local  deposits  is  doubtless  a  thing  of  the  not 
far  distant  future. 


19U.  S.  Dept.  Ag\  Research,  Jour.  Ag.  Research,  vol.  XIV,  p.  297. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  351 

REFERENCES   ON    AGRICULTURAL  LIMESTONES 

Frear,  W.,  Sour  soils  and  liming:     Pa.  Dept.  Agr.  Bull.  261,  1915. 

Lipman,  J.  G.,  McLean,  H.  C,  Blair,  A.  W.,  and  Merrill,  L.  F.,  Comparison  of  mag- 

nesian  and  non-magnesian  limestones  in  rotation  experiments:     New  Jersey 

Agr.  Exp.  Station  Bull.  267,  March  31,  1914. 
Mather,  Wm.,  Effect  of  limes  on  the  composition  of  soils:      Soil  Science,  vol.   13, 

p.  34,  1922. 
E.  Shorey,  Liming  Soils:     U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  Farmers  Bull.  921,  1918. 
Storer,  F.  H.,  Agriculture,  vol.  II,  1887. 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  Farmers  Bull.  77,  p.  921. 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  Jour.  Agri.  Research,  vol.  XVI,  No.  10,  p.  259,  1919. 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  Jour.  Agri.  Research,  vol.  XIV,  p.  297. 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Bull.  1. 

Limestone  Ballast 

specifications  for  limestone  ballast 

Limestone  and  dolomite  are  used  very  extensively  for  ballast  and  should 

fulfill  the  following  specifications  for   ballast 20'  21,   adopted   at   the    March, 

1921,  meeting  of  the  American  Railway  Engineering  Association  in  Chicago. 

PHYSICAL  QUALITIES 

General. — Stone  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  ballast  shall  break  into  angular 
fragments  which  range  with  fair  uniformity  between  the  maximum  and  minimum 
size  specified  herein;  it  shall  test  high  in  weight,  hardness,  strength  and  dura- 
bility, but  low  in  absorption,  solubility,  and  cementing  qualities. 

Tests. — Tests  shall  be  made  as  follows: 

Weight. — Not  less  than  one-half  cubic  foot  of  the  stone  accurately  measured, 
and  dried  for  not  less  than  twelve  hours  in  dry  air  at  a  temperature  of  between 
125  and  140  degrees  Fahrenheit  shall  be  weighed.  The  weight  shall  be  not  less 
than lb.  per  cubic  foot. 

(Note. — Of  the  stone  available,  that  having  the  maximum  weight  should  be  used; 
a  high  quality  stone  for  ballast  will  weigh  168  pounds  per  cubic  foot.) 

Strength. — Two-inch  cubes  of  the  stone  shall  be  sawed  to  reasonable  accurate 
dimensions  and  the  top  and  bottom  faces  made  accurately  parallel.  For  primary 
tests,  the  test  specimens  shall  be  dried  for  two  hours  in  dry  air  at  a  temperature 
of  between  120  and  140  degrees  Fahrenheit  end  at  the  time  of  test  the  temperature 
of  the  specimen  shall  be  not  less  than  50  degrees.  Tests  shall  be  made  in  a  testing 
machine  of  standard  form  and  the  stone  shall  have  a  compressive  strength  of 
lb.  per  square  inch. 

(Note. — Of  the  stone  available,  that  having  the  maximum  compressive  strength 
should  be  used;  a  high  quality  stone  for  ballast  will  have  a  strength  of  10,000  pounds 
per  square  inch.) 

A  secondary  test  shall  be  made  on  specimens  the  same  in  all  respects  as  for 
the  primary  test  except  that  the  blocks  shall  have  been  completely  immersed  in 
clean  water,  of  a  temperature  between  35  and  90  degrees,  for  96  hours,  the  test  to 
be  made  within  30  minutes  of  removal  from  the  water. 


»Pit  and   Quarry,   vol.    5,   No.    7,   p.    60,   April,   1921. 

"Cement,  Mill  and  Quarry,  vol.   18,  No.   7,  p.   31,  April    5,   1921. 


352  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

If  the  compressive  strength  shall  have  decreased  more  than per  cent 

from  the  primary  tests,  the  rock  shall  be  deemed  unsuitable  for  ballast  purposes. 
(Note. — Of  the  stone  available,   that  showing-  the  least  difference  between  the  re- 
sults of  the  primary  and  secondary  test  should  be  used  ;   a  high  quality  stone  for  ballast 
should  show   not  over   1   per   cent  difference.) 

Solubility. — One-fourth  cubic  foot  of  the  rock  shall  be  crushed  and  thoroughly 
washed.  The  particles  shall  then  be  placed  in  a  glass  vessel  and  covered  with 
clear  water.  The  vessel  shall  be  thoroughly  shaken  for  five-minute  periods  at  12- 
hour  intervals  for  48  hours.  If  any  discoloration  of  the  water  occurs,  the  rock 
shall  be  deemed  soluble  and  undesirable  for  use  as  ballast. 

Wear  or  Durability  (Teat  No.  1). — One-half  cubic  yard  of  washed  stone,  which 
will  pass  through  the  maximum  and  be  retained  on  the  minimum  screen,  shall  be 
spread  over  a  wire  mesh  or  iron  surface  to  a  depth  of  not  more  than  3  inches,  and 
exposed  to  a  dry  heat  of  from  125  to  140  degrees  Fahrenheit  for  a  period  of  two 
hours.  After  the  dried  stone  is  carefully  weighed  it  shall  be  given  10,000  revolu- 
tions in  a  tumbler  "approximately  four  feet  in  diameter,  of  not  less  than  two  cubic 
yards  capacity,  and  operating  at  25  revolutions  per  minute. 

The  sample  shall  then  be  passed  over  a  screen  of  the  minimum  dimension 
provided  for  sizing  the  ballast,  again  washed  and  dried  in  the  same  manner  as 
before  the  test,  and  again  carefully  weighed. 

If  the  decrease  in  weight  shall  be  more  than per  cent  of  the  original 

weight  of  the  sample,  the  stone  shall  be  deemed  unfit  for  use  as  ballast. 

Outside  of  the  breakage,  which  is  exhibited  by  the  small  particles  which  will 
pass  through  a  minimum  screen  but  will  not  pass  a  sieve  of  20  meshes  to  the 
inch,  the  wear  should  not  exceed per  cent. 

(Note. — Of  the  stone  available,  that  showing  the  smallest  loss  in  weight  should 
be  used  ;  a  high  quality  stone  for  ballast  will  show  a  loss  of  not  more  than  1  per  cent 
in  fragments  which  will  pass  a  screen  of  20  meshes  to  the  inch,  and  not  more  than  3 
per  cent  in  those  passing  the  minimum  sizing  screen.) 

Quick  Weathering  Test  (Test  No.  2). — One-half  cubic  yard  of  stone  shall  be 
dried  and  weighed  as  for  Test  No.  1.  It  shall  then  be  immersed  in  water  for  six 
hours  and  then  while  still  wet,  be  placed  in  a  refrigerating  plant  and  subjected  to 
a  temperature  of  approximately  0  degrees  Fahrenheit  for  two  hours.  It  shall  then 
be  removed  and  the  temperature  gradually  raised  in  two  hours  to  100  degrees  and 
that  heat  continued  for  two  hours,  when  it  shall  be  immersed  as  before  and  again 
subjected  to  approximately  zero  temperature. 

The  freezing  and  thawing  shall  be  repeated  to  a  total  of  ten  exposures.  If 
any  tendency  to  disintegrate  is  observable,  the  stone  should  be  considered  unsuit- 
able for  ballast.  Otherwise  the  material  shall  again  be  subjected  to  a  wear  test  as 
provided  under  Test  No.  1.     If  in  this  wear  test  the  maximum  decrease  in  weight 

shall  be  in  excess  of... per  cent,   it  shall  be  deemed  unsuitable  for  use  as 

ballast. 

(Note. — Of  the  stone  available,  that  showing  the  minimum  average  decrease  in 
weight  should  be  used  ;  a  high  quality  stone  for  ballast  will  not  show  a  decrease  in  frag- 
ments which  will  pass  the  minimum  sizing  screen  of  more  than  4  per  cent.) 

Absorirtion. — One-half  cubic  yard  of  washed  stone,  which  will  pass  through 
the  maximum  and  be  retained  on  the  minimum  screen,  shall  be  spread  over  a  wire 
mesh  or  iron  surface  to  a  depth  of  not  more  than  3  inches,  and  exposed  to  a  dry 
heat  of  from  125  to  140  degrees  Fahrenheit  for  a  period  of  6  hours.  After  the 
dried  stone  is  carefully  weighed  it  shall  be  submerged  in  clean  water  for  a  period 


USES  OP  LIMESTONE  353 

of  96  hours.  It  shall  then  be  removed  from  water  and  exposed  to  a  normal  air 
in  the  shade  and  at  a  temperature  between  40  and  80  degrees,  and  allowed  to  drip 
for  30  minutes,  when  it  shall  again  be  weighed  and  the  difference  in  weight  shall 
be  used  to  determine  the  rate  of  absorption.  Stone  showing  an  absorption  of  more 
than  lb.  per  cubic  foot  is  unsuitable  for  ballast. 

(Note. — Of  the  stone  available,  that  showing-  the  minimum  absorption  should  be 
used;  a  high  quality  stone  for  ballast  will  have  an  absorption  of  not  more  than  0.50 
pound  per  cubic  foot. 

Cementing  Quality. — A  five-pound  sample  of  the  rock  thoroughly  washed  and 
dried  shall  be  crushed  until  it  will  pass  through  a  screen  of  one-fourth  inch  mesh. 
This  material  shall  be  placed  in  a  ball  mill  which  contains  two  steel  shot  weighing 
20  pounds  each,  and  the  mill  revolved  at  the  rate  of  30  revolutions  per  minute, 
until  it  has  made  2,000  revolutions  for  each  pound  of  sample  in  the  mill. 

Sufficient  clean  water  shall  be  added  to  make  a  consistent  mortar,  which  shall 
then  be  moulded  into  one-inch  cubical  briquettes  formed  under  10-pound  pressure. 
All  of  the  briquettes  shall  then  be  allowed  to  dry  20  hours  in  air,  when  one-third 
of  them  shall  be  tested  for  compressive  strength. 

One-third  shall  be  kept  for  four  hours  in  a  steam  bath,  and  the  remainder 
shall  be  immersed  for  four  hours  in  clean  water  at  a  temperature  between  50  and 
60  degrees  Fahrenheit  and  then  tested  for  compressive  strength. 

If  in  any  of  these  tests  a  compressive  strength  greater  than lb.  per 

square  inch  is  developed,  the  material  shall  be  deemed  unsuitable  for  ballast. 

(Note. — Of  the  stone  available,  that  from  which  the  briquettes  show  the  mini- 
mum strength  should  be  used  ;  a  high  quality  stone  will  show  not  to  exceed  4  pounds 
per  square  inch.) 

OTHER  REQUIREMENTS 

Breaking. — Stone  for  ballast  shall  be  broken  into  fragments  which  range  with 
fair  uniformity  between  the  size  which  will  in  any  position  pass  through  a  2i4-inch 
ring  and  the  size  which  will  not  pass  through  a  ^-inch  ring. 

Test  for  Size  (Maximum) . — A  sample  weighing  not  less  than  150  pounds  shall 
be  taken  from  the  ballast  as  loaded  in  the  cars  and  placed  in  or  on  a  screen  having 
round  holes  2%  inches  in  diameter.  If  a  thorough  agitation  of  the  screen  fails  to 
pass  through  the  screen,  95  per  cent  of  the  fragments,  as  determined  by  weight, 
the  output  from  the  plant  shall  be  rejected  until  the  fault  has  been  corrected. 

Test  for  Size  (Minimum). — A  sample  weighing  not  less  than  150  pounds  shall 
be  taken  from  the  ballast  as  loaded  in  the  cars;  weighed  carefully  and  placed  in 
or  on  a  suitable  screen  having  round  holes  %-inch  in  diameter.  The  screen  shall 
then  be  agitated  until  all  fragments  which  will  pass  through  the  screen  have  been 
eliminated.  The  fragments  retained  in  the  screen  shall  then  be  weighed  and  if 
the  weight  is  less  than  95  per  cent  of  the  original  weight  of  the  sample  the  output 
of  the  plant  shall  be  rejected  until  the  fault  is  corrected. 

Handling. — Broken  stone  for  ballast  must  be  delivered  from  the  screens 
directly  to  the  cars  or  to  clean  bins  provided  for  the  storage  of  the  output  of  the 
crusher.  Ballast  must  be  loaded  into  cars  which  are  in  good  order  and  tight 
enough  to  prevent  leakage  and  waste  of  material  and  are  clean  and  free  from 
sand,  dirt,  rubbish  or  any  other  substance  which  would  foul  or  damage  the  ballast 
material. 


ft 
354  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

ILLINOIS   LIMESTONES    SUITABLE   FOR  BALLAST 

Table  5  which  contains  the  results  of  the  physical  tests  on  Illinois  lime- 
stones and  dolomites  for  road  material  shows  numerous  stones  suitable  for 
ballast.  The  manner  of  testing  is  not  identical  with  that  specified  above,  but 
the  results  give  a  general  basis  for  determining  the  value  of  the  stone.  Illi- 
nois is  well  supplied  with  stone  for  ballast,  and  development  of  quarries  for 
such  a  product  depends  rather  on  commercial  conditions  of  supply  and 
demand  than  on  the  availability  of  stone. 

Riprap  and  Rubble 

Riprap  is  any  stone  used  for  filling  in  around  the  base  of  piers,  dams, 
trestles,  abutments,  and  similar  structures  to  prevent  erosion  and  scour  by 
moving  water.  For  the  same  purpose  it  may  be  placed  promiscuously  or 
laid  in  a  revetment  along  the  banks  of  rivers  or  canals. 

Rubble  is  any  uncut  stone  of  varying  size  used  for  rough  masonry  pur- 
poses. 

REQUIREMENTS  FOR  LIMESTONE  FOR  RIPRAP  AND  RUBBLE 

Limestone  is  used  extensively  for  riprap  and  rubble.  The  specifications 
which  it  must  meet  depend  largely  on  the  engineer  in  charge  and  the  charac- 
ter of  the  work  for  which  it  is  to  be  used.  Especially  is  this  true  in  the  case 
of  riprap  which  may  be  used  in  relatively  large  or  small  pieces  depending  on 
whether  the  structure  which  is  to  be  protected,  is  in  rapidly  moving  or  rela- 
tively still  water.  The  limestone  should,  however,  be  in  solid  pieces  without 
incipient  fractures  or  clay  laminae  which  may  constitute  planes  of  failure 
later  and  cause  a  spawling  or  breaking  of  the  stone ;  it  should  be  hard  and 
dense  so  as  to  withstand  freezing  and  thawing  conditions ;  and  should  be 
fresh  and  clean  especially  if  it  is  to  be  used  for  rubble. 

RIPRAP  AND   RUBBLE  IN   ILLINOIS 

The  demand  for  riprap  and  rubble  in  Illinois  is  not  large  and  the  supply 
is  copious.  Practically  all  of  the  large  Illinois  quarries  can  produce  this  sort 
of  stone  if  it  is  desired.  It  is  also  noteworthy  that  there  is  a  great  quantity 
of  stone  in  the  spoil  or  waste  heaps  along  the  Chicago  drainage  canal.  This 
supply  of  riprap  and  rubble  has  scarcely  been  touched.  Elsewhere  in  the 
State  there  are  numerous  outcrops  close  to  transportation  where  riprap  and 
rubble  might  be  secured  if  the  demand  warranted  quarrying  it. 

Limestone  and  Dolomite  for  Building  Stone 
Limestone  and  dolomite  have  been  and  still  are  extensively  used  for 
ornamental  and  building  purposes.  They  have  been  replaced  largely  by 
concrete  for  some  kinds  of  construction  work  but  are  still  much  used  for  the 
erection  of  public  edifices  and  large  buildings.  Recently  there  has  been  an 
increased  interest  in  the  use  of  the  much  stained  and  weather  worn  slabs  of 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  355 

thin-bedded  limestone  which  have  been  used  very  artistically  in  building  and 
wall  construction. 

The  life  of  a  building  stone  depends  on  a  number  of  variable  factors. 
However,  under  ordinary  conditions  a  coarse-grained,  fossiliferous  limestone 
will  last  from  20  to  40  years  before  it  begins  to  show  notable  signs  of  dis- 
integration or  decay.  It  is  obvious  also  that  the  position  of  the  stone  in  the 
building,  the  climatic  conditions  and  the  chemical  content  of  the  atmosphere 
to  which  it  is  subjected  may  greatly  shorten  or  extend  the  length  of  life 
of  the  stone. 

REQUIREMENTS   FOR   LIMESTONE   AND   DOLOMITE    BUILDING    STONES 

The  following  requirements  for  and  tests  made  on  building  stones  indi- 
cate which  are  the  best  stones  for  a  given  purpose  and  set  of  conditions. 
However  the  specifications  for  stone  are  so  variable  that  no  definite  limits 
can  be  set. 

COLOR 

An  even  color  is  one  of  the  most  desired  characteristics  of  a  building 
stone.  It  is  not  necessary  that  the  color  of  the  limestone  be  white,  if  only 
its  color,  whatever  it  may  be,  is  uniform  and  permanent.  The  permanence 
of  color  depends  largely  on  the  absence  of  impurities  and  the  care  which  is 
exercised  in  storing  and  setting  the  stone.  It  has  been  demonstrated22  that 
the  staining  of  building  stones  is  due  largely  to  careless  handling,  frequent 
wetting,  and  to  the  use  of  stain-producing  cements,  mortars,  or  improperly 
applied  supposedly  stain-preventive  backings.  The  most  common  impurities 
in  limestone  which  have  a  discoloring  effect  are  pyrite  and  marcasite  (iron 
sulphide),  sphalerite  (zinc  sulphide),  and  clay  as  seams,  reeds  or  dissemin- 
ated masses.  The  sulphides,  particularly  the  iron,  when  exposed  to  the  at- 
mosphere for  a  time,  are  converted  to  the  yellow  hydroxide  and  produce 
thereby  a  disagreeable  spotting  of  the  stone.  Clay  seams  and  reeds  offer 
sites  of  accumulation  for  the  yellow  iron  hydroxide  from  iron  bearing 
water,  and  may  therefore  result  in  disfiguring  stains. 

HARDNESS 

The  hardness  of  limestone  for  building  purposes  is  commonly  deter- 
mined by  an  abrasion  test,  of  which  a  number  are  in  use.  Compared  with 
granite,  limestone  is  a  soft  rock,  but  varies  greatly  in  the  degree  of  softness 
with  the  state  of  aggregation  and  the  amount  and  character  of  impurities. 
The  dense,  fine  grained  stones  are  generally  harder  than  the  coarse  porous 
ones,  and  those  containing  siliceous  impurities  are  harder  than  those  con- 
taining argillaceous  or  no  impurities. 


22McGrath,  G.   B.,  Stone  staining,   its  causes  and  prevention,   Stone,  Vol.   XLII,   No. 
12,  p.  629,  December,  1921. 


356  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

TEXTURE 

The  texture  of  a  limestone  depends  on  its  grain — that  is,  the  coarseness 
or  fineness  of  the  mineral  particles  comprising  the  limestone  and  their  dispo- 
sition with  reference  to  one  another.  An  even-textured  limestone  is  one  in 
which  the  mineral  particles  are  all  roughly  of  the  same  size  or  are  of  varying 
sizes  homogeneously  mixed,  while  an  uneven-textured  stone  has  a  variation 
in  the  size  of  particles  with  some  rough  sort  of  segregation.  Since  good 
working  properties  depend  greatly  upon  a  uniform  or  at  least  persistent  tex- 
ture of  a  limestone  throughout  a  given  bed  this  is  an  important  factor  in 
judging  the  suitability  of  a  stone  for  building  purposes. 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 

The  specific  gravity  of  a  limestone  is  the  weight  of  a  unit  of  dry  stone 
in  air  as  compared  with  the  weight  of  an  equal  volume  of  water.  The  aver- 
age specific  gravity  for  20-±  samples  of  Illinois  limestone  and  dolomite  is 
2.658. 

POROSITY   AND   ABSORPTIVE    POWER 

Porosity  is  defined  as  the  percentage  of  pore  space  in  a  stone ;  absorp- 
tive power  is  the  ability  of  a  stone  to  take  up  water  and  is  measured  by  the 
weight  of  water  which  a  stone  will  contain  when  saturated.  The  latter  is 
commonly  known  as  the  ratio  of  absorption  which  is  described  by  Buckley23 
as  percentage  of  the  weight  of  absorbed  water  to  the  average  wTeight  of  the 
dry  sample. 

CRUSHING    STRENGTH    AND    TRANSVERSE    STRENGTH 

Tests  for  crushing  and  transverse  strength  are  made  to  determine  the 
ability  of  a  stone  to  withstand  a  load  without  deformation.  The  former  test 
is  commonly  made  by  subjecting  a  2-inch  cube  of  stone  to  pressure  until  it 
breaks.  The  amount  of  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  necessary  to 
produce  a  failure  of  the  stone  is  the  measure  of  the  crushing  strength.  The 
transverse  strength  is  the  measure  of  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch 
necessary  to  break  a  bar  of  stone  one  inch  in  cross  section  supported  J^  inch 
on  both  sides  of  the  point  where  the  pressure  is  applied.  The  transverse 
strength  is  usually  expressed  as  the  modulus  of  rupture  which  is  calculated 
according  to  the  following  formula24 : 

3  X  weight  required  to  break  stone  X  distance  between  supports 


Modulus  of  rupture: 


2  X  width  of  the  stone  X  (thickness  of  stone)  2 


ABRASIVE  STRENGTH 

The  abrasive  strength  of  a  stone  is  a  measure  of  its  resistance  to  abras- 
ion and  is  usually  determined  by  subjecting  a  sample  of  stone  to  certain  con- 
ditions of  wear  for  a  specified  time. 


23Buckley,   E.   R.,   Building  and   ornamental   stones   of  Wisconsin :     Wis.    Geol.    and 
Nat.  Hist.   Survey  Bull.   IV,   Econ.   Series  No.    2,   p.    372,   1898. 

24Ries,  H.,  Building  stones  and  clay  products,  New  York,   1912. 


USES  OP  LIMESTONE  357 


EFFECTS    OF    TEMPERATURE    CHANCES 


The  effects  of  temperature  changes  on  a  stone  are  determined  by  sub- 
jecting it  repeatedly  to  alternate  freezing  and  thawing.  Some  stones  may 
withstand  the  test  and  not  be  markedly  damaged.  Others,  however,  are 
cracked  or  partially  disintegrated.  Results  similar  to  those  which  might  be 
expected  in  the  conflagration  of  a  building  are  obtained  if  the  sample  is  sub- 
jected to  a  high  temperature. 

EFFECTS  OF  CHEMICAL  AGENTS 

To  determine  the  effects  of  the  active  chemical  agents  in  the  atmosphere, 
samples  of  stone  are  subjected  to  various  chemical  reagents  such  as  carbonic 
and  sulphurous  acid  gases  and  dilute  sulphuric  acid. 

SUMMARY    OF   REQUIREMENTS 

A  good  stone  should  possess  the  following  characteristics : 

a.  Be  free  from  cracks,  reeds,  and  fractures. 

b.  Have  a  moderately  fine  grain  and  even  texture. 

c.  Be  free  from  deleterious  mineral  impurities  such  as  pyrite  and  clay. 

d.  Be  sufficiently  hard  to  stand  fairly  rough  usage  but  soft  enough  to  work 
readily. 

e.  Have  a  uniform  color  or  variation  in  color. 

f.  Have  a  low  porosity  and  ratio  of  absorption. 

g.  Be  uniformly  fresh  throughout. 

h.  Have  a  high  resistance  to  abrasion  if  it  is  to  be  used  for  floor  tile,  steps, 
flagging,  etc. 

i.  Have  at  least  a  moderately  high,  crushing  strength  and  modulus  of 
rupture. 

j.  Withstand  well  the  effects  of  marked  temperature  changes  and  the  cor- 
rosive effects  of  the  chemical  constituents  of  the  atmosphere. 

ILLINOIS    BUILDING    STONES 

Before  the  advent  of  concrete  for  general  construction  work,  Illinois 
was  the  largest  or  one  of  the  largest  producers  of  cut  stone.  In  the  years 
1895  to  1900,  the  building  stone  produced  in  this  State  was  valued  at  consid- 
erably over  $1,000,000.  In  1910,  the  value  of  the  stone  produced  had 
dropped  off  to  about  $100,000,  and  in  1920,  has  decreased  still  further  to  a 
little  over  $15,000.  Stone  has  been  quarried  for  local  use  at  many  outcrops 
throughout  the  State.  The  largest  quarries,  however,  were  located  at  and 
around  Chicago,  Joliet,  Quincy,  Kankakee  and  Grafton.  At  the  present  time 
there  are  no  quarries  that  make  a  business  of  shipping  dimension  stone.  The 
consumption  is  local  and  small.  At  intervals  stone  is  produced  at  Joliet, 
Quincy,  Grafton  and  in  Stephenson  and  Winnebago  counties  to  supply  a 
local  demand.  The  physical  properties  of  Illinois  building  stone  are  sum- 
marized in  Table  18,  and  absorption  tests  are  given  in  Table  19. 


358  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

The  Niagaran  dolomite  was  quarried  at  Joliet  and  Chicago,  and  made  a 
good  building  stone,  except  that  the  Joliet  stone,  known  as  "Athens  marble" 
colored  buff  on  exposure  to  the  weather.  At  Quincy,  the  Burlington  lime- 
stone was  worked  and  it  retained  its  white  color  for  a  long  time.  At  Grafton, 
the  Niagaran  dolomite  was  quarried.  It  had  a  decided  buff  color  when  fresh 
and  consequently  did  not  discolor  much  on  exposure. 

It  is  obvious  from  the  amount  of  building  stone  once  produced  that  Illi- 
nois has  a  copious  supply  of  this  material.  Illinois,  also,  is  not  without  de- 
posits of  stone  of  a  generally  similar  nature  to  the  Bedford  stone.  The 
Okaw  and  Burlington  limestones,  and  the  oolitic  beds  of  the  Ste.  Genevieve 
and  Salem,  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  the  State  would  supply  a 
stone  of  excellent  quality  should  the  demand  warrant  its  production. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE 


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Table  19. — Table  showing  the  absorption  of  Illinois  building  stone 


Kinds  of  stone 


No.  of 

Weight 

Weight 

Increase 

speci- 

before 

after 

in 

mens 

steeping 

steeping 

weight 

Grains 

Grains 

Grains 

1 

5554 

5755.5 

201.5 

2 

5421 

5593.5 

172.5 

1 

5020 

5184 

164 

2 

5140 

5309 

169 

3 

5230 

5400 

171 

1 

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101.8 

2 

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5432.5 

126.2 

1 

6211.8 

6382 

170.2 

2 

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5800 

159.5 

1 

5498 

5513.5 

15.5 

2 

5578.7 

5599.5 

20.8 

1 

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5361.2 

361.5 

2 

4333 

4674 

341 

1 

4611 

4874 

263 

2 

4902 

5181 

279 

1 

4798 

4924 

126 

2 

4425 

4701 

276 

Per  cent 
increase 


Athens   (Illinois  Stone  Company). 
Athens   (Illinois  Stone  Company). 

Athens  (Walker)  

Athens  (Walker)  

Athens  (Walker)  

Joliet    (State   Prison) 

Joliet    (State   Prison) 

Joliet   ( Sanger)    

Joliet    ( Sanger )    

Nauvoo    

Nauvoo    

LeClaire,   new   quarry 

LeClaire,   old   quarry 

Andalusia   

Andalusia    

Wills  quarry,  from  top 

Wills  quarry,  from  bottom 


3.6 
3.1 

3.26 

3.26 

3.26 

1.8 

2.3 

2.73 

2.8 
.33 
.39 

7.23 

7.8 

5.7 

5.68 

2.5 


REFERENCES   ON   BUILDING   STONE 
Buckley,  E.  R.,  Building  and  ornamental  stones:     Wisconsin  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist. 

Survey  Bull.  IV,  Econ.  Ser.  No.  2,  1898. 
Howe,  J.  A.,  The  geology  of  building  stones,  London,  1910. 
Merrill,  G.  P.,  Stones  for  building  and  decoration. 

Richardson,  C.  H.,  Building  stones  and  clays,  Syracuse,  New  York,  1917. 
Ries,  H.,  Building  stones  and  clay  products,  New  York,  1912. 
Stone  staining,  its  causes  and  prevention:    Stone,  vol.  XLIl,no.  12,  p.  629,  Dec.  1921. 

Limestone  in  the  Manufacture  of  Alkalies27 
In  the  manufacture  of  alkalies,  particularly  sodium  hydroxide  and 
sodium  carbonate,  limestone  as  such  or  as  lime  is  used  as  a  chemical  reagent. 
As  the  carbonate,  it  is  used  in  the  Leblanc  process  for  the  manufacture  of 
sodium  carbonate,  and  dissociated  as  lime  and  carbon  dioxide  in  the  common 
Solvay  or  ammonia-soda  process  for  making  the  same  alkali.  For  either  of 
the  above  processes,  it  is  necessary  that  the  stone  be  pure  and  as  free  as 
possible  from  iron  oxide,  alumina  and  silica. 

ILLINOIS   LIMESTONE   FOR   ALKALI    WORKS 

Parts  of  the  purer  Illinois  limestones  such  as  the  St.  Louis,  Burlington, 
and  Kimmswick  would  be  suitable  for  use  in  the  preparation  of  alkalies,  as 
indicated  by  the  table  of  chemical  anaylses  (Table  17). 


26Shaw,  James,  Geology  of  Whiteside  County :  Geol.  Survey  of  Illinois,  Vol.  V, 
p.   158,   1873. 

27Mount,  W.  D.,  Lime  in  the  manufacture  of  alkalies:  Rock  Products,  Vol.  XXIV, 
No.  19,  p.   31,  September  10,  1921. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  363 

Limestone  in  the  Refining  of  Sugar 
Limestone  is  used  as  lime  in  the  refining  of  white  sugar  from  the  juice 
of  cane  or  beets  by  the  carbonation  process.  The  stone  is  burned  at  the  re- 
finery in  specially  constructed  kilns  and  both  the  lime  and  carbon  dioxide 
produced  are  utilized.  In  other  processes  for  the  manufacture  of  raw,  yel- 
low or  white  sugar,  the  carbon  dioxide  is  not  used  and  the  lime  is  generally 
not  burned  at  the  refinery.  In  both  cases  the  lime  is  used  as  a  purifying 
agent. 

requirements  for  the  limestone 
The  limestone  burned  for  lime  "should  contain  at  least  95  per  cent  of 
the  pure  substance,  calcium  carbonate,  and  not  more  than  1  per  cent  of  any 
one  of  the  following  impurities : — magnesia,  iron  oxide,  alumina,  silica,  sul- 
phur trioxide,  and  matters  insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid"28.  The  lime 
burned  from  the  limestone  "should  not  contain  more  than  2  per  cent  of  any 
one  of  the  above  mentioned  impurities  and  of  carbon  dioxide  and  moisture 
and  not  more  than  0.5  per  cent  of  sulphur  trioxide."28 

ILLINOIS  LIMESTONES  SUITABLE  FOR  SUGAR  REFINING 

Table  17  containing  chemical  analyses  shows  that  parts  of  the  St.  Louis, 
Burlington  and  Kimmswick  limestones  are  of  a  sufficiently  high  degree  of 
purity  to  furnish  a  stone  suitable  for  use  in  the  sugar  refining  industry. 

Limestone  and  Dolomite  in  the  Manufacture  of  Refractories  29 
Limestone  in  the  form  of  lime  is  used  as  a  bond  for  the  silica  in  silica 
brick,  and  under  the  influence  of  heat  reacts  with  the  silica  to  form  calcium 
silicate.     A  high  grade  lime  is  desirable  for  this  purpose. 

Calcined  dolomite  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  brick  used  in  place 
of  magnesia  brick  as  a  basic  lining  for  furnaces.  The  bricks  are  made  by 
grinding  calcined  dolomite  to  a  fine  powder,  mixing  the  powder  with  water 
and  molding  them  to  the  desired  shape,  or,  by  dead  burning  dolomite  and 
binding  the  resulting  product  with  tar  or  pitch. 

REQUIREMENTS    FOR   DOLOMITE    IN    MAKING   BRICK 

Dolomite  used  for  making  brick  should  contain  about  33  per  cent  cal- 
cium oxide,  18  to  20  per  cent  magnesium  oxide,  42  to  46  per  cent  carbon  di- 
oxide, and  not  more  than  7  per  cent  silica,  or  5  per  cent  iron  oxide  and  alum- 
ina. The  burned  dolomite  should  contain  about  56  or  57  per  cent  of  calcium 
oxide,  about  35  per  cent  magnesium  oxide,  less  than  4  per  cent  of  iron  oxide 
and  alumina,  and  2  per  cent  or  less  of  silica.30 


^Heroit,  T.  H.  P.,  The  manufacture  of  sugar  from  cane  and  beet,  London,  p.  161, 
1920. 

29Parr,  S.  W.,  and  Ernest,  T.  R.,  Sand-lime  brick :  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 
18,   1912. 

30Searle,  A.  B.,  Refractory  materials,   pp.   121,   250,   London,   1917. 


364  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

ILLINOIS   LIMESTONES   FOR   REFRACTORIES  31 

An  examination  of  the  table  of  chemical  analyses  (Table  17)  shows 
that  the  dolomites  of  northern  Illinois,  particularly  parts  of  the  Niagaran, 
Galena,  and  Platteville  are  well  suited  for  use  in  making  dolomite  brick. 

Limestone  in  the  Manufacture  of  Paper 

There  are  at  present  four  principal  methods  of  preparing  paper  pulp 
from  woods  of  various  sorts,  which  involve  the  use  of  chemicals  in  the  pro- 
cess. These  are  the  sulphite,  soda,  sulphate  and  Kraft  processes.  The  end 
in  view  of  all  these  processes  is  to  remove  all  materials  from  the  raw  wood 
except  the  cellulose. 

The  sulphite  process  is  used  principally  in  making  pulp  from  resinous 
wood  such  as  spruce  and  hemlock.  The  wood  as  chips  is  digested  under  con- 
ditions of  high  temperature  and  pressure  with  bisulphite  of  lime  solution, 
commonly  known  as  the  acid  liquor.  The  sulphite  liquor  may  be  prepared 
by  either  of  two  methods,  the  milk  of  lime  or  the  tower  system.  In  the 
former,  the  stone,  commonly  dolomite  is  first  burned  to  lime.  It  is  then  sus- 
pended in  water  (milk  of  lime)  and  allowed  to  react  with  sulphur  dioxide 
gas,  which  in  the  presence  of  water  forms  sulphurous  acid.  The  product 
resulting  from  this  reaction  is  calcium  and  magnesium  sulphite.  The 
chemical  equations  for  these  reactions  are  as  follows : 

S02  +  H20  =  H2S03 

Ca(OH)2  +  Mg(OH)2  +  2  H2SOs  =  Ca  S03  +  Mg  S03  +  4  H20 

In  this  system  a  highly  dolomitic  lime  is  preferred. 

In  the  tower  system,  a  cylindrical  or  conical  tower  is  filled  with  lumps 
of  limestone  or  dolomite,  which  are  kept  moist  by  a  spray  of  water  from 
above.  Sulphur  dioxide  gas  enters  the  tower  at  its  base  and  passes  upward. 
With  the  water  it  forms  sulphurous  acid  which  reacts  with  the  stone  in  the 
tower  to  form  calcium  sulphite  if  a  limestone  is  used,  or  calcium  and  mag- 
nesium sulphites  if  a  dolomite  is  used.  The  chemical  equations  for  the 
reactions  which  take  place  are  as  follows : 
S02  +  H20  =  H2SOs 
CaCCX  4-  H2SOs  =  CaSOs  +  C02  +  H20 

After  either  of  the  two  above  mentioned  systems  has  been  in  operation 
for  a  time,  an  excess  of  sulphurous  acid  is  formed,  and  the  final  product  of 
the  reactions  is  a  solution  of  calcium  bisulphite  if  limestone  or  lime  made 
from  it  are  used,  or  calcium  and  magnesium  bisulphite  if  a  dolomite  or  dolo- 
mitic lime  has  been  used. 

The  soda  process  of  making  paper  pulp  is  commonly  used  on  poplar, 
basswood,  cottonwood,  and  similar  woods.     The  wood  in  the  form  of  small 


31Havard,  Refractories  and  furnaces,  p.   96. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  365 

chips  is  digested  with  sodium  hydroxide.  This  material  is  prepared  at  the 
mill  by  treating  sodium  carbonate  with  lime.  The  reaction  which  takes  place 
is  as  follows : 

NaXO,  +  CaO  +  H2  O  =  2Na  OH  +  CaC03 

The  calcium  carbonate  produced  in  this  process  is  generally  a  waste 
product,  although  in  places  it  is  sold  for  agricultural  purposes.  At  some 
plants  it  is  reburned  and  the  resulting  lime  used  again  in  the  making  of 
sodium  hydroxide. 

The  sulphate  and  Kraft  processes  are  modifications  of  the  soda  process. 
Limestone  or  dolomite  is  used  in  making  the  digesting  liquor  as  in  the  soda 
process. 

REQUIREMENTS   FOR  STONE  IN   PAPER    MANUFACTURING 

Stone  burned  for  lime  to  be  used  in  the  milk  of  lime  system  should  be 
as  high  in  magnesia  as  possible  and  essentially  free  from  iron  and  silica. 
The  lime  burned  from  it  should  slake  easily. 

Either  limestone  or  dolomite  is  used  in  the  tower  system.  The  dolomite 
produces  a  tougher  paper  than  the  limestone,  but  limestone  is  generally  pre- 
ferred to  dolomite  if  it  is  obtainable.  In  either  case,  the  stone  should  be  as 
free  as  possible  from  silica,  iron  and  dirt,  and  in  the  case  of  a  limestone, 
be  low  in  magnesia.    A  porous  stone  is  generally  preferable. 

ILLINOIS  LIMESTONES  IN  PAPER  MANUFACTURE32'  33 

The  dolomites  of  northern  Illinois  that  are  low  in  silica  when  burned 
would  make  suitable  highly  magnesium  lime  for  use  in  the  milk  of  lime 
system.  Some  of  the  Pennsylvanian  limestones,  and  parts  of  the  Okaw,  Ste. 
Genevieve,  St.  Louis,  Salem,  Burlington,  Hamilton  and  Kimmswick  lime- 
stones wTould  furnish  a  pure  stone  suitable  for  use  in  the  tower  process. 

Limestone  in  the  Manufacture  of  Glass34"37 
Common  glass  is  a  silicate  of  calcium  and  sodium  made  by  melting  to- 
gether sand  (Si02),  sodium  carbonate,  and  limestone  or  lime.  Formerly 
lime  was  used  almost  exclusively  in  glass  making,  but  recently  it  has  been 
supplanted  very  largely  by  crushed  limestone.  The  amount  of  stone  used 
constitutes  about  a  fifth  of  the  Hass  batch. 


32Sutermeister,  E,  Chemistry  of  pulp  and  paper  making-,  New  York,   1920. 

33Witham,  G.  S.,  Sr.,   Modern  pulp  and  paper  making-,   New  York,   1920. 

34\Veeks,  J.  D.,  Glass  materials:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Mineral  Resources  18S3-1884, 
pp.   958-977,   1885;   1885,  p.   548,   1886. 

teBurchard,  E.  P.,  Glass  sand,  other  sand  and  gravel:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Min- 
eral Resources  1911,  p.  595,  1912. 

36Pettke,  G  R.,  Glass  manufacture  and  the  glass  sand  industry  of  Pennsylvania: 
Topog.   and   Geol.   Survey    Pennsylvania,  Report  No.   XII. 

"Mathews,  E.  B.,  and  Grasty,  J.  S.,  The  limestones  of  Maryland:  Maryland  Geo]. 
Survey  Vol.  VIII,  pt.  Ill,  p.  234. 


366  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

REQUIREMENTS  OF   LIMESTONE  FOR  GLASS   MAKING 

It  is  desirable  primarily,  that  a  limestone  used  in  glass  making  be  as 
pure  as  possible  and  that  it  occurs  in  beds  of  fairly  uniform  composition. 
According  to  Shively38  the  total  calcium  and  magnesium  carbonate  content 
should  not  be  less  than  93  per  cent.  The  effects  of  common  impurities  in 
limestone  on  glass  are  as  follows : 

Alumina. — If  present  in  glass  in  comparatively  large  quantities,  alumina 
gives  to  it  certain  desirable  and  certain  undesirable  properties  with  the  latter 
dominant.  In  ordinary  glasses,  however,  small  amounts  of  this  compound 
(less  than  about  3  or  5  per  cent)  are  not  commonly  considered  harmful. 
The  amount  of  alumina  permissible  in  a  limestone  to  be  used  in  glass  making 
varies  according  to  the  amount  of  that  compound  in  the  glass  sand,  and  the 
character  of  the  glass  being  made. 

Silica. — If  disseminated  in  fine  particles  throughout  a  limestone,  silica 
is  commonly  not  harmful.  Care  should  be  exercised  however,  that  there  are 
no  small  fragments  of  chert  or  other  forms  of  silica  present  in  the  limestone 
except  in  a  finely  divided  condition,  or  opaque  spots  will  be  formed  in  the 
finished  glass. 

Iron. — This  element  occurs  in  limestones  most  commonly  as  the  hydrox- 
ide or  sulphide.  If  present  in  the  ferric  condition,  iron  gives  the  glass  a 
yellow  color,  and  if  present  in  the  ferrous  condition,  a  bluish  green  or  green 
color.  It  is  the  substance  most  to  be  avoided  in  limestones  for  use  in  glass 
making.  Shively39  specifies  that  in  general  the  iron  content  of  limestones 
should  not  be  over  0.1  per  cent  ferric  oxide  (Fe20.,).  Rosenhain  is  quoted40 
as  stating  that  for  the  better  grades  of  glass  the  iron  should  not  exceed  0.3 
per  cent. 

Magnesia. — Magnesia  is  generally  avoided  in  limestones  to  be  used  for 
glass  making.  It  is  commonly  specified  that  such  limestones  should  contain 
less  than  5  per  cent  of  magnesia. 

Other  impurities. — Silicates  of  calcium,  magnesium  and  aluminum,  and 
amorphous  calcium  phosphate  from  fossil  remains,  are  sometimes  found  in 
limestones.  These  tend  to  form  small  white  masses  in  the  glass  and  there- 
fore are  undesirable  in  limestones.  Organic  material  is  reported  to  give 
glass  a  dark  color  and  should  also  be  avoided. 

ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  IN  GLASS   MANUFACTURE 

It  is  obvious  that  the  magnesium  limestones  and  the  dolomites  of  north- 
ern Illinois  may  be  eliminated  as  possible  sources  of  limestone  for  use  in 


3SShively,  R.  R.,  Lime  in  glass  making-:  Rock  Products,  vol.  XXVII,  No.  18,  p.  32, 
Sept.   8,   1923. 

s9Idem. 

40Pettke,  C.  R.,  Glass  manufacture  and  the  glass  sand  industry  of  Pennsylvania: 
Topog.  and  Geol.   Survey  of  Pennsylvania,   Report  No.   XII,  p.    74. 


USES  OP  LIMESTONE  367 

glass  manufacture  because  of  their  high  magnesia  content.  In  the  southern 
and  southwestern  parts  of  the  State,  however,  some  of  the  Pennsylvania*! 
limestones  and  parts  of  the  Menard,  Okaw,  Ste.  Genevieve,  St.  Louis,  and 
Kimmswick  limestones  are  suitable  for  this  purpose  because  of  their  purity. 
The  table  of  chemical  analyses  (Table  17)  of  Illinois  limestones  gives  an- 
alyses of  these  limestones. 

Whiting41 
Whiting  is  very  finely  pulverized  chalk,  marble,  or  limestone.  Good 
whiting  has  a  specific  gravity  of  2.8.  It  is  used  in  paints  because  of  its 
neutralizing  effect  on  the  free  acid  in  the  linseed  oil  and  its  even  spreading 
qualities.  Whiting  is  also  used  in  the  ceramic  industry,  "to  furnish  the  cal- 
cium oxide  component  of  glazes,  enamels  and  fluxed  ceramic  bodies".42  Other 
uses  of  whiting  are  for  shoe  whiting,  silver  polish,  putty,  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  rubber  and  linoleum,  and,  when  mixed  with  a  little  bonding  clay,  for 
blackboard  crayon.  If  it  is  extremely  pure,  it  is  known  as  "gilders  or  Paris 
white". 

REQUIREMENTS  EOR  LIMESTONE  IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  WHITING 

A  limestone  which  is  to  be  ground  for  whiting  should  be  very  pure,  and 
particularly  should  be  free  from  silica  or  grit.  It  is  also  desirable  that  it  be 
relatively  soft  so  as  to  be  easily  ground  or  pulverized.  For  ceramic  whiting- 
it  is  recommended  that  the  rock  from  which  the  whiting  is  made  be  prac- 
tically free  from  pyrite,  iron  bearing  silicates,  metallic  iron  and  gypsum ; 
also  that  the  total  carbonates  in  the  whiting  should  not  vary  more  than  1 
per  cent  from  97  per  cent  and  the  silica  not  more  than  0.5  per  cent  from  2 
per  cent.42 

ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE   FOR  WHITING 

Whiting  is  manufactured  at  Elsah  in  Jersey  County  at  Quincy  in  Adams 
County,  and  at  Alton  in  Madison  County.  At  Elsah,  the  Burlington  lime- 
stone is  used  and  at  Alton  the  St.  Louis  or  Ste.  Genevieve.  The  product 
from  both  places  is  reported  to  be  of  high  quality.  Elsewhere  in  the  State, 
particularly  in  the  southwestern  and  southern  portions,  parts  of  the  Okaw, 
Ste.  Genevieve,  St.  Louis,  Burlington,  and  Kimmswick  limestones  would 
furnish  a  high  quality  stone  for  the  manufacture  of  whiting. 

Magnesian  Limestone  as  a  Source  of  Magnesia43 
Dolomites  which  contain  from  15  to  22  per  cent  of  magnesia  are  used 
in  some  places  as  a  source  of   magnesia.     The  process  of   separating  the 
magnesia  from  the  other  constituents  of  the  stone  is  a  chemical  one  and  in- 


"Cement,  mill  and  quarry,  Vol.   XX,  No.   8,   p.    38,   April   20,    1922. 
42Recommended  specifications  for  ceramic  whiting-:      U.   S.   Bur.   Standards   Circu- 
lar No.    152,   p.    2,   D'ec.    8,    19  23. 

43Eckel,  E.  C,  Cements,  limes  and  plasters,  p.   156,   1905. 


368  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

volves  the  precipitation  of  the  magnesia  as  such  or  as  the  hydroxide  which 
is  easily  convertible  into  the  oxide. 

This  product  finds  its  most  extensive  use  in  the  manufacture  of  mag- 
nesia or  magnesite  brick. 

ILLINOIS  DOLOMITES   AS   A   SOURCE  OF   MAGNESIA 

The  Niagaran  and  Galena  dolomites  show  a  high  magnesia  content  and 
could  be  used  as  a  source  thereof. 

Limestone  in  Aluminum  Refining 
In  extracting  aluminum  from  the  ore  bauxite,  sodium  hydroxide  is  used 
as  a  solvent  for  the  metal.     The  sodium  hydroxide  is  made  from  lime  and 
sodium  carbonate.     As  aluminum  in  the  metallic  state  must  be  99.3  per  cent 
pure,  it  is  necessary  that  the  lime  used  in  the  process  also  be  very  pure. 

REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  LIMESTONE  IN   ALUMINUM   REFINING 

The  limestone  to  be  burned  for  lime  for  use  in  aluminum  refining  should 
contain  at  least  97  per  cent  calcium  carbonate  and  not  over  1  per  cent  silica 
and  should  retain  its  form  during  burning. 

ILLINOIS    LIMESTONES    FOR    ALUMINUM    REFINING 

The  Kimmswick  and  Salem  limestones  are  used  at  the  present  time  as 
a  source  of  lime  in  the  refining  of  bauxite.  In  addition,  the  non-cherty  part 
of  the  Burlington  limestone,  and  parts  of  the  St.  Louis  and  Hamilton  lime- 
stones would  be  suitable  for  this  purpose  as  indicated  by  the  table  of  chemi- 
cal analyses  (Table  17). 

Limestone  in  Filter  Beds 

Limestone  or  dolomite  is  used  in  the  construction  of  sprinkling  or  trick- 
ling filters  for  sewage  purification.  The  stone  constitutes  the  bed  of  the 
filter  and  serves  as  a  place  of  lodgment  and  of  development  for  the  bac- 
teria which  purify  the  sewage.  The  stone  is  commonly  used  in  1J/2-  to 
2-inch  fragments  and  in  some  cases  in  smaller  sizes. 

Experience  has  demonstrated  that  some  limestones  and  dolomites  give 
longer  service  in  a  filter  bed  than  others.  Detailed  data  on  this  phenomenon 
are  not  available  so  that  its  causes  can  only  be  surmised.  It  does  seem 
probable,  however,  that  solution  by  the  sewage  water  is  the  most  important 
agent  in  the  destruction  of  the  filter  stone.  Under  a  given  set  of  conditions 
the  rate  of  solution  of  a  stone  in  a  filter  bed  depends  on  its  surface  exposed 
to  the  solvent  and  on  its  mineralogical  composition.  The  more  surface  ex- 
posed to  the  solvent  the  more  rapid  is  the  solution.  Therefore  a  dense  stone 
would  be  preferable  to  a  porous  one. 


44Aluminum   Ore  Company,   East  St.   Louis,   111.   Personal   communication. 


USES  OF  LIMESTONE  369 

Limestone  is  composed  essentially  of  calcium  carbonate,  and  dolomite, 
of  calcium  and  magnesium  carbonates  in  varying  proportions  up  to  about  55 
and  45  per  cent  respectively.  Magnesium  carbonate  is  more  slowly  soluble 
than  is  calcium  carbonate.  The  advantage  of  the  slower  solubility  of  the 
dolomite  is  offset,  however,  by  the  fact  that  many  dolomites  develop  a  very 
porous  exterior  when  they  dissolve,  thereby  affording  more  surface  on  which 
the  solvent  may  act  than  would  a  similarly  sized  fragment  of  limestone. 

Filter  stone  should  be  free  from  clay  partings  and  pyrite  in  order  that 
a  possible  disruption  of  the  stone  into  smaller  fragments  should  not  be  facili- 
tated when  the  stone  is  exposed  to  the  processes  of  mechanical  weathering. 

Because  so  little  is  known  about  desirable  properties  in  filter  stone, 
recommendations  of  specific  Illinois  limestones  or  dolomites  for  such  a  pur- 
pose are  not  made.  It  may  be  suggested  however  that  some  of  the  highly 
siliceous  limestones  of  the  State,  which  contain  the  silica  interspersed  with 
the  calcite  crystals,  rather  than  as  chert  nodules  or  segregations  of  silica, 
might  give  very  good  service  in  filter  beds. 

Use  of  Limestone  and  Dolomite  for  Rock  Dusting  Mines45'  4(i 

It  has  been  found  that  by  spreading  incombustible  rock  dust  in  coal 
mines  in  such  a  manner  and  in  such  quantities  that  it  constitutes  over  50 
per  cent  of  the  dust  in  the  mine,  explosions  from  the  combustion  of  coal- 
dust  are  minimized,  and  in  fact  practically  obviated.  As  some  of  the  stone 
dust  becomes  mixed  with  the  air  in  the  mine  and  is  breathed  by  the  miners, 
it  is  essential  that  the  dust  should  not  be  injurious  to  the  lungs.  It  is  of 
prime  importance,  therefore,  that  none  of  the  rock  powders  used  in  stone 
dusting  contain  sharp,  angular  siliceous  particles,  for  these  are  harmful  to 
the  lungs.  Limestone,  dolomite,  shale  and  gypsum  have  been  used  satis- 
factorily. 

Limestone  and  dolomite  powders  are  very  suitable  for  dusting  mines 
because  in  general  they  contain  a  very  small  per  cent  of  siliceous  materials ; 
they  are  not  carbonaceous ;  and  because  they  are  white  or  light  colored  and 
therefore  increase  the  effectiveness  of  the  illumination  when  adhering  to 
the  roof  and  walls  of  a  mine.  The  light  color  of  the  powder  in  contrast 
with  the  black  of  the  coal-dust  makes  the  quantity  of  powder  mixed  with 
the  coal-dust  easily  estimated. 

There  is  some  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  most  effective  size  of 
rock  dust  particles.  The  British  government  requires  that  50  per  cent 
of  the  dust  pass  a  screen  of  200  linear  mesh  to  the  inch  and  assumes 
that  all  of  it  will  pass  a  20-mesh  screen.     The  requirements  stated  by  the 


45Stone  dusting  or  rock  dusting  to  prevent  coal-dust  explosions  as  practiced  in 
Great  Britaiji   and  France,  U.   S.   Bur.  Mines  Bull.   225. 

46Tentative  specifications  for  rock  dusting  to  prevent  coal  dust  explosions  in  mines: 
U.  S.  Bur.  of  Mines  Serial  No.  2606,  May,  1924. 


370  ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 

United  States  Bureau  of  Mines  as  the  result  of  their  investigations  are  in 
general  agreement  with  those  of  the  British  government. 

ILLINOIS   LIMESTONE  AND   DOLOMITE   FOR   STONE   DUSTING   OF    MINES 

Any  of  the  quarried  limestones  and  dolomites  of  the  State,  except  those 
which  are  sandy  or  cherty  and  therefore  might  contain  angular  particles  of 
silica,  can  be  used  for  rock  dusting.  Some  of  the  Pennsylvanian  limestones 
may  furnish  supplies  for  some  mines.  There  are  also  shaly  limestones,  in 
western  Illinois  particularly,  which  might  lend  themselves  to  the  production 
of  rock  dust.  The  argillaceous  material  in  them  would  be  no  hindrance  to 
their  use  and  the  comparative  ease  of  pulverizing  is  a  considerable  advantage. 

Limestone  or  Dolomite  in  Stucco  and  Terrazzo  Work 
Crushed  limestone  or  dolomite  is  used  for  stucco  and  terrazzo  work. 
The  most  important  requirements  are  that  the  stone  chips  be  of  uniform 
size  and  of  pleasing  color.  The  chips  are  used  commonly  in  small  sizes,  and 
certain  oxidized  colors,  particularly  those  resulting  from  the  weathering  of 
iron  minerals  within  the  stones,  are  favored.  In  addition,  it  is  desirable 
that  the  stone  retain  its  color,  and,  if  used  for  stucco,  have  good  frost-resist- 
ing qualities. 

Limestone  for  the  Manufacture  of  Carbon  Dioxide 
Carbon  dioxide  is  commonly  made  by  treating  limestone  or  marble  with 
dilute  hydrochloric  acid.  The  gas  is  used  extensively  for  charging  mineral 
waters  and  carbonated  beverages.  Limestone  for  this  purpose  should  con- 
tain a  minimum  of  impurities  in  order  that  its  carbonate  content  may  be  as 
large  as  possible. 

Lithographic  Limestone 

Small  quantities  of  limestone  are  used  in  lithography.  Stone  for  this 
purpose  should  be  very  fine  and  evenly  grained,  and  be  free  from  gritty 
impurities  such  as  sand  grains.  It  is  relatively  rare  and  because  the  demand 
is  small  and  for  a  long  time  has  been  supplied  by  imports  from  Germany, 
no  great  endeavor  has  been  made  to  develop  existing  deposits  in  this  coun- 
try. Some  of  the  Illinois  limestones,  particularly  parts  of  the  St.  Louis, 
Ste.  Genevieve,  and  Hamilton,  are  semi-lithographic  in  part,  but  none  ex- 
hibit consistently  the  true  lithographic  character. 

Chemical  Uses  of  Limestone 
Limestone  has  numerous  applications  in  the  manufacture  of  various 
chemicals,  but  it  is  commonly  employed  as  lime.  The  primary  requirements 
of  a  limestone  for  use  in  the  chemical  industry  either  as  ground  limestone 
or  lime  are  that  it  be  as  free  from  impurities  as  possible,  that  is,  be  nearly 
100  per  cent  calcium  carbonate. 


USES  OP  LIMESTONE 


371 


Other  Uses  of  Limestone  and  Dolomite47"49 
In  addition  to  the  uses  mentioned  above,  limestone  and  dolomite  are 
employed  for  the  following  purposes : 


Asphalt    filler    (ground    to    pass 

200-mesh) 
Roofing  gravel 
Mineral  wool 
Poultry  grit 
Manufacture  of  powder 


Rubber   filler    (limestone   ground 

to  pass  300-mesh) 
Clay  filler 
Fertilizer  filler 

Manufacture  of  artificial  stone 
Plaster  finish  (finely  crushed) 


4TCement,  Mill  and  Quarry,  Vol.   17,  No.   6,  p.  19,  Sept.   20,   1920. 
4SChemical  Age,  p.  377-380,  Oct.,  1920. 
49Loughlin,  G.  P.  and  Coons,  A.  T.,  Stone:      U.    S.    Geol.    Survey   Mineral    Resources 
1920,  p.  250,  1923. 


INDEX 


PAGE 
A 

Absorption  test  on  limestone..   31,362 

Acknowledgments   19-20 

Adams    County,    Burlington 

limestone  in    25,  205 

chemical    analyses    of    lime- 
stones in    312-313 

Keokuk-Burlington  limestone 

in    205 

limestone  resources  of  74,  84,  205-210 
physical  test  on  limestone  in  47 

whiting  manufacture  in 367 

Adeline,  quarry  site  near 88 

limestone  near 161 

Agricultural  limestone,  descrip- 
tion of 348-351 

Aiken,  quarry  sites  near 122 

Albany,    Niagaran    dolomite 

near 183 

Alexander  County,  Alexandrian 

formations  in   27 

chemical    analyses    of    lime- 
stones in    312-313 

Clear  Creek  formations  in.  . .  26 

Devonian  chert  in 257 

Grand   Tower  limestone  in..  26 

Hamilton   limestone  in 26 

Kimmswick  limestone  in  ...  .         258 
limestone  resources  of ..  .84,  257-258 

Mountain  Glen  shale  in 26 

Osage  group  in 25 

physical  tests  on  limestones 

in    47 

Silurian   limestone   in 258 

Thebes  sandstone  in 27,257 

Alexandrian  formations   in: 

Alexander    County    27 

McHenry  County 27 

See  also  Niagaran  and  Silur- 
ian  formations 
Alkalies,    limestone    for   manu- 
facture  of    362 

Alpha    Portland    Cement    Com- 
pany,  quarry  of 138-139 

Alton,     chemical     analyses     of 

limestones  near 324-327 

lime  production  at 347 


PAGE 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

near    56-57 

quarries     and     quarry     sites 

near 78,  88,  222-225 

St.  Louis  limestone  near....  24 

whiting  manufacture  at 367 

Alton   Lime  and   Cement   Com- 
pany,   quarry    of 224 

Aluminum    refining,    limestone 

for    368 

Analyses,     See     chemical     and 
physical  tests 

Andalusia,  limestone  near 361,  362 

Anna,     chemical     analyses     of 

limestone  near 330-331 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

near  60-61 

quarries     and     quarry     sites 

near   80,279-280 

Anna    Stone    Company,    quarry 

of 277-279 

Argo  Stone  Company,  quarry  of         102 
Armstrong    Lime    and    Quarry 

Company,    quarry   of 224 

Aroma    Park,    quarries   and 

quarry  site  near 86,  129-130 

Athens,   physical  test  on   lime- 
stone near  57 

Athens    marble,    description    of 

358-359,362 

B 

Bailey      limestone      in      Union 

County    280 

Bailey  Falls,  chemical  analyses 

of  limestone  near 324-325 

Baileyville,  quarry  site  near.  .  .    90,  172 
Bald   Rock,   chemical   analyses 

of  limestone  near 318-319 

Ballast,  limestone  for 351-354 

Barry,  quarry  sites  near.  .  .88,  238,  239 
Batavia,    chemical   analyses    of 

limestone  near 320-321 

quarry  near 127 

Belknap,  chemical  analyses  of 

limestone  near 318-319 

quarries  and  quarry  site  near 

86.269-271 


372 


INDEX 


373 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Belleville,  city  quarry  of 

255 

Brown  County,  chemical  analy- 

Bellewood,    physical    tests    on 

ses  of  limestone   in 312-313 

stone  near 48 

,49,50 

Keokuk  formation  in 283 

quarry  near    

76,110 

limestone    resources    of 283 

Belvidere,     chemical     analyses 

Mississippian  limestone  in..         283 

of  limestone  near 312-313 

Brownell     Improvement     Com- 

outcrops near  

92-93 

pany,  quarry  of 99 

Building   stone,   limestone   and 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

near 

47 

74 

dolomite  for   354-362 

quarry  near    

Buena   Vista,    Galena    dolomite 

Belvidere  Crushed  Stone  Com- 

92-93 

near     174 

pany,  quarry  of 

Bernadotte,  limestone  outcrops 

quarry  sites  near 90 

Buncombe,    Kinkaid    limestone 

near   

298 

near    271,  272 

Bettendorf    Stone    Company, 

quarry  site  near 86 

quarry  of   

247 

Bureau  County,  chemical  analy- 

Biggsville,    physical     test     on 

ses  of  limestone  in 312-313 

limestone    near    

51 

limestone  resources  of 283 

Birmingham,  Keokuk  limestone 

Burlington-Keokuk,     Sec     Keo- 

near  . , 

304 

kuk-Burlington 

Bituminous  roads,  limestone 

Burlington     limestone,     chemi- 

for     

40-41 

cal   analyses   of 311,  313,  319 

Black    White    Lime    Company, 

distribution  of   25 

quarry  of 

207 

in: 

Blanding,  quarry  sites  near.  .  .122,  123 

Adams  County  205 

Blasting,  method  of 

68-69 

Calhoun   County    211 

Block-holing,    description   of .  .  . 

69 

Greene    County    213-215 

Bloomfield,    Chester    limestone 

Henderson  County   218-219 

near    270,  271 

Jersey  County   219,220,222 

quarry   site   in.. 

86 

Pike  County   236 

Blue  Island,  chemical  analyses 

Scott  County    248 

of  limestone  near 314-317 

Warren  County   309 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

physical   tests   on 

near   

49 

33,  44-45,  47,  51,  52,  59,  63 

Bond     County,     limestone     re- 

use of  for: 

sources  of   

282 

alkali  manufacture  362 

Bonfield,  physical  test  on  lime- 

53 

12-313 

92,93 

92 

, 92-93 

47 

aluminum  refining 368 

building  stone    358 

Boone  County,  chemical  analy- 
ses of  limestone  in 3 

Edgewood  limestone   in 

Galena  dolomite  in 

limestone  resources  of 74 

physical  test  on  limestone  in 
Brooks     Landing,    quarry    site 

flux    343 

lime  manufacture   347 

paper  manufacture   365 

sugar   refining    363 

whiting  manufacture   367 

Byron,  quarry  and  quarry  site 

near   88,161-162 

near    

210 

C 

Brookville,    physical    tests    on 

Cache  River,  Ripley  formations 

limestone  near 

58 

near   23 

374 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

Calhoun    County,    Alexandrian 

series  in 27 

Burlington  limestone  in 25,211 

Devonian  limestone  in 211 

Joachim  limestone  in 211 

Kimmswick-Plattin  limestone 

in    28, 211 

Kinderhook  formation  in ... .  25 

limestone  resources  of 210-212 

Maquoketa    formation    in....  27 

Niagaran  series  in 27 

Ordovician   limestone    in....         211 
physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    47 

Plattin   limestone   in 211 

Silurian   limestone   in 211 

St.  Louis  limestone  in. .  .24,  210,  211 

St.  Peter  sandstone  in 28 

Calumet    Feeder    Canal,    lime- 
stone along  112-113 

Canton,   limestone   near 298 

Carbon     dioxide     manufacture, 

limestone  for   370 

Carbondale    formations,    distri- 
bution of   23 

Carroll  County,  chemical  anal- 
ysis of  limestone  in 312-313 

Galena   dolomite   in 93,97 

limestone  resources  of 84,93-97 

Maquoketa    shale    in 93,95 

Niagaran  dolomite  in 94,95 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    47 

Carrollton,    chemical    analyses 

of  limestone  near 316-317 

Casey,  physical   tests  on  lime- 
stone in   48 

Casey   Stone   Company,  quarry 

of    286-287 

Casper  Stolle  Quarry  Construc- 
tion Company,  quarry  of.. 250-251 
Cass  County,  limestone  resourc- 
es of   283 

Cave  in  Rock,  limestone  near.  .  262 
Cave  Spring,  limestone  near..  262 
Cement,  limestone  used  for. .  .334-339 
Cementing  value,  tests  for. .  .33,  38-39 
Chalfin  Bridge,  limestone  near         232 


PAGE 

Champaign    County,    limestone 

resources  of    283 

Charles  Stone  Company,  quarry 

of    268 

Charleston,    chemical    analyses 

of  limestone  near 314-315 

Chasco,   quarry  near 78,  268 

Chemical    analyses    of    Illinois 

limestones  and  dolomites. 311-333 
Chemical  uses  of  limestone. .  .370-371 
Cherrypoint,    physical    test    on 

limestone  near 51 

Chester,  physical  tests  on  lime- 
stone near 59 

Chester      limestone,      chemical 

analyses  of   327-329 

distribution    of    23 

in: 

Gallatin   County    258 

Hardin   County    260,263 

Johnson   County    269-273 

Pope    County    274-275 

Saline  County    277 

Union   County    277,  280 

physical    tests    on 51,52,57,  59 

use  of  for  lime  manufacture         347 
Chicago     and     Alton     Railroad 

quarry  of    236-238 

Chicago,    chemical    analyses   of 

limestone   in    314-315 

lime  production  at 347 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    48 

quarries     and     quarry     sites 

near    76,  84,  357 

Chicago     Union     Lime    Works, 

quarry  of   109 

Christian  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   283 

Cincinnatian   limestone,  chemi- 
cal analyses  of   331,  333 

See    also    Maquoketa    forma- 
tions 
Clark  County,   chemical   analy- 
ses of  limestone  in.  .  .311,  312-315 

limestone  resources  of 

74,  84,284-292 

Pennsylvanian  formations  in 

284,286,289 


INDEX 


175 


PAGE 

PAGE 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    47-48,  63 

in     48-50 

,  63 

Clay      County,      limestone      re- 

topography of    

97 

sources  of   292 

Copper   smelting,   limestone   as 

Clear  Creek  chert,  distribution 

a  flux  in    343- 

-344 

of    26 

Cordova,      limestone      outcrops 

in   Union    County 280 

near     245 

248 

Cleveland,    limestone    near 298-299 

Crawford      County,      limestone 

Clinton    County,    limestone    re- 

resources of   

294 

sources    of    292-293 

Cretaceous    formations,    distri- 

Cobden,   chemical    analyses    of 

bution   of    23, 

275 

limestone  near   330-331 

Crushing     limestone,     methods 

Coefficient    of    hardness,    deter- 

of     

71 

mination    of    32 

Cuba,    limestone   near 

298 

Colchester,    limestone    outcrops 

Cumberland   County,  limestone 

near     301 

resources  of   294 

Cypress,  physical  test  on  lime- 

_995 

Coles   County,    chemical   analy- 

ses of  limestone  in 314-315 

stone   near    

5?, 

limestone  resources  of 294 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

D 

in    48, 63 

Davis,  Galena  dolomite  near.  . 
quarry  site  near 

174 

Coles    Mill,    Menard    limestone 

90 

near 244 

Decorah  shale,  chemical  analy- 

Collins,   limestone   near 244 

sis   of    

319 

Color    of    limestone    for    high- 

DeKalb   County,    Galena    dolo- 

way  construction    42 

mite  in  

113 

Columbia,  chemical  analysis  of 

limestone  resources  of 

113 

limestone   near    330 

Des      Plaines      River     Bluff, 

quarry    sites    in 192- 

physical    test    on     limestone 

-195 

near     57, 60 

Des  Plaines  River  drainage  ca- 
nal, limestone  along 

quarries  near   78,  80,  229,  232 

112 

Ste.       Genevieve       limestone 

Devonian  formations,  chemical 

near    234 

analyses    of    311,319 

distribution  of 

329 

Columbia    Quarry    Company, 

26 

quarries  of   

219-220, 229-230,  231,  249-250 

Commercial     Stone     Company, 

in: 

Alexander    County    

Calhoun   County    

Henry  County    .    , 

257 
211 
299 

quarry  of  190 

Jackson   County    263,265 

266 

Jersey  County    

219 

tor     oW 

Monroe   County    

228 

Consumers    Company,    quarries 

Rock   Island   County 

247 

of               99-104 

Union   County    277 

physical   tests   on 

280 

Cook   County,    chemical    analy- 

59 

ses    of    limestone    in 314-317 

See    also    Clear   Creek   chert 

limestone  resources  of 

and  Hamilton  limestone 

74-76,84,97-113 

DeWitt    County,    limestone    re- 

Niagaran   dolomite   in 

sources   of    294 

-295 

97-98,  99,  102-105,  107-112 

DeWolf,  F.  W.,  assistance  of. . 

20 

376 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Distribution    of    Illinois    lime- 

physical  tests   on 45-46,61,63 

stone    21-28 

Edwards  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   

Dixon,   physical  tests   on  lime- 

297 

stone  near    55 

Effingham     County,     limestone 
resources   of    

quarries     and     quarry     sites 

298 

near     86,144^148,149 

physical    test    on    limestone . . 

Dobying,  description  of   69 

in    

51 

Dogtown     Landing,     limestone 

Elco,    physical     test     on     lime- 

outcrops near   211 

stone   near    

47 

Dolese   and     Shepard    Crushed 

Eldred,   physical   test  on   lime- 

Stone Company,  quarry  of 

stone  near 

51 

105-107 

quarry  and  quarry  site  near     76,  84 

Dolomite,  origin  of   21 

Eldred  Stone  Company,  quarry 

See  also  Limestone 

of    

213 

Douglas   County,   limestone   re- 

Electric detonators,  use  of . . . . 

69 

sources  of    294-295 

Elizabethtown,    limestone    out- 

Drag-line scrapers,  use  of 67 

crops  near  

258 

Drift,    distribution    of 23 

Elmhurst,     physical     tests     of 

Drills    for   quarrying,   use   of.  .      67-68 

limestone  near   33,  50-51 

Drummond,  quarry  site  near.. 

quarries  near   76, 113- 

-114 

90,  190-192 

Elmhurst-Chicago    Stone    Com- 

DuPage    County,     Alexandrian 

pany,  quarry  of 113- 

-114 

series   in    27 

Elroy,  Maquoketa  shale  near.  . 

171 

Niagaran  dolomite   in.  .  .113,  114,  115 

Elsah,   physical   tests   on   lime- 

limestone   resources    of .  .76,  113-115 

stone  near   

52 

physical   tests     of    limestone 

quarry  and  quarry  sites  near 

in    50-51 

78,86,220, 

222 

Durand,    quarries    and    quarry 

whiting  manufacture  near... 

367 

site    near     90,201,202 

Embarrass,     physical    test     on 

Dutch   Creek  sandstone,   distri- 

limestone  near    

48 

bution  of  26 

Eocene  formation,   distribution 

of    

23 

E 

Exeter,  limestone  near   

249 

East    St.    Louis,    physical   tests 

F 

on   limestone  near 60 

Fairmount,   limestone   at 

343 

production  of  limestone  near  24,  205 

physical    test    on     limestone 

East  St.  Louis  Stone  Company, 

near   

61 

quarry  of    251-253,  254 

quarry  near    80 

306 

Edgar  County,  chemical  analy- 

Falling   Spring,    quarries    and 

ses  of  limestone  in 316-317 

quarry  sites  near.  .88,  251,  253- 

-255 

limestone  resources  of 295-297 

Farmington,    limestone    near.  . 

298 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

Fayette    County,    limestone    re- 

in         51,  63 

sources  of   

Federal      Stone      Company, 

298 

Edgewood    limestone,    chemical 

analysis  of    333 

quarry   of    

105 

in: 

Filter  beds,  limestone  for 368 

-369 

Boone   County    92, 93 

Floraville,     limestone     outcrop 

Will  County   192 

near 

256 

INDEX 


377 


PAGE 

1 

AGE 

Flux,   limestone  for 

341-344 

Stephenson  County  

Ford,    Menard   limestone   near. 

244 

171,   174,  176-178, 

180 

Ford     County,     limestone     re- 

Whiteside County   

182 

sources  of    

298 

Winnebago  County 

Fountain  Gap,  limestone  near. 

232 

198,    199,   201- 

-204 

Franklin  County,  limestone  re- 

physical  tests   on 45-46,47,63 

sources  of   

298 

use  of  for: 

Franklin  Grove,  quarry  near.  . 

148 

brick  manufacture    

364 

Shakopee  dolomite  near 

150 

magnesia  manufacture    .  .  . 

368 

Fredonia    limestone,    chemical 

Galena    Junction,    sites    for 

analysis   of    

319 

shipping  quarries  near.... 119- 

-124 

in: 

Galena-Platteville  dolomite, 

Hardin   County  ...259,260, 

261,262 

distribution  of   

27 

Johnson  County  

268 

in  LaSalle  County 135, 

138 

Freeburg,   limestone  near 

256 

Galena-Trenton,    physical   tests 

Freeport,  Galena  dolomite  near 

on 55,58,59,60 

171, 

173-174 

use  of  for  lime  manufacture. 

347 

physical    test    on    limestone 

Gallatin  County,  limestone   re- 

near     

60 
90 

sources  of   

Garden  Prairie,  limestone  near 

258 

quarry  site  near 

154 

French  coefficient  of  wear,  de- 

physical   tests    on    limestone 

termination  of   

31-32 
38-39 

near    

47 

variations  in 

Gary,     chemical     analyses     of 

Fulton,  Niagaran  dolomite  near 

limestone  near 314- 

-317 

183,  185 

physical    test    on    limestone 

quarry  sites  near 

90, 185 

near    

48 

Fulton    County,    limestone    re 

298 

quarry  near   

76 

sources  of   

Gears  Ferry,  quarry  sites  near 

121 

G 

Geneva,  quarry  near 126- 

-127 

Galena,  local  quarry  near 

physical     test     on     dolomite 
near    

124 

52 

Geologic  column,  description  of     2 
German    Valley,    Galena    dolo- 
mite   near    173, 

Gissal   Stone  Company,  quarry 

5-28 

176 

Galena     dolomite,     chemical 

analyses  of   311, 

313,327 

of    

224 

distribution  of   

27 

Gladstone,  limestone  near.  .76,  217- 

-218 

in: 

physical    test    on    limestone 

Boone  Countv 

92 

near  

51 

Carroll  County  

93,97 

Glass    manufacture,    limestone 

DeKalb   County    

113 

for    365- 

-367 

Grundy   County    

Jo  Daviess  County 

116,  118,  119, 

115 

121,  124 

124 

133,135 

Glasgow,  quarry  site  near 88, 

Golconda,   limestone   near 

quarry  near 

248 

274 

''59 

Kane  County    

Kendall  County   132, 

Golconda    limestone,    chemical 

Lee  County  

151-153 

analyses  of    311,326- 

in  Johnson   County 272- 

-327 

141,  144-147,  149, 

-273 

Ogle  County   

Golconda    Portland    Cement 

.  .154,   157-159,    161-164, 

166-169 

Company    259- 

-260 

378 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Grafton,   chemical   analyses    of 

H 

limestone  near 318- 

-319 

Hamilton,  limestone  near 51, 

H17 

Niagaran  dolomite  near 27, 

220 

Hamilton    limestone,    chemical 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

near    51,  52.  63 

analyses    of   311,  319 

329 

distribution  of   

tftf 

quarry  and  quarry  site  near 

357 

in  Henry  County 

KMV 

78,  86,  220, 

physical  tests  on 

51 

Grand    Chain,    chemical    analy- 

use of  for: 

ses  of  limestone  near 312- 

-313 

aluminum  refining 

368 

Grand     Tower,     Grand     Tower 

lime  manufacture   

347 

limestone  near 

26 

lithographic   purposes    .... 

370 

Hamilton  limestone  near. . . . 

26 

paper  manufacture  

365 

Helderbergian  limestone  out- 

Hamilton County,  limestone  re- 

crops near 

26 

sources  of   

298 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

Hancock,  physical  properties  of 

near 

51 

-265 

limestones  near  

367 

quarry  sites  near 84,  263- 

Hancock      County,     Burlington 

St.  Louis  Limestone  near... 

24 

limestone  in    

?,5 

Grand    Tower    formation,    dis- 

chemical   analyses    of    lime- 

tribution of  

26 

stone  in    318- 

Keokuk  limestone  in 216- 

-319 

Grantfork,  Pennsylvanian  lime- 

-217 

stone  near  226- 

-227 

limestone  resources  of 216- 

-217 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

Mississippian  formations  in.  216- 

-217 

near   

57 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

51 

Grappier  cements,  manufacture 

of    

339 

St.  Louis  limestone  in 216- 

-217 

Warsaw-Spergen  limestone 

Greene    County,    Burlington 

in    216 

-?,17 

limestone  in   25,  213- 

-215 

Hanover,  Galena  dolomite  near 

118 

chemical    analyses    of    lime- 

Hardin,  limestone   near 47, 

211 

stone  in    316- 

-317 

Hardin  County,  chemical  anal- 

limestone resources  of 

ysis  of  limestone  in 318- 

-319 

76,84,212- 

-215 

Fredonia  limestone  in. .  .259,  260- 

-262 

Mississippian  limestone  in... 212- 

-215 

limestone  resources  of 

physical  test  on  limestone  in 

51 

76,  84,258- 

-263 

Griggsville,     physical    test    on 

Mountain  Glen  shale  in 

26 

limestone  near 

59 

Osage  group  in 

?,5 

Gross    and    McCowan    Lumber 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

Company,  quarry  of 

Grundy    County,    Galena    dolo- 

190 

in    

51 

Renault  limestone  in 

260 

mite  in  

115 
-116 

Rosiclare  sandstone  in..  260,  261 
Ste.   Genevieve   limestone   in 

262 

limestone  resources  of...  84, 115- 

23,259,261 

262 

Maquoketa  limestone  in 115 

-116 

St.  Louis  limestone  in 

24 

Pennsylvanian  formations  in 

115 

Warsaw  formations  in 

24 

physical   tests    on    limestone 

Hardness   in  Illinois  limestones, 

near 

51 
115 

variations  in  37.  39 

Platteville  dolomite  in 

Harlem,  quarry  site  near 90 

200 

INDEX 


379 


PAGE 

Hauling  limestone,  methods  of  70 

Hawthorne,   chemical   analyses 

of  limestone  near 314-315 

quarry  near  107 

Helderbergian  series,  distribu- 
tion of 26 

Henderson   County,   Burlington 

limestone  in   25,  218-219 

chemical    analyses    of    lime- 
stone in    318-319 

limestone  resources  of ..  .76,  217-219 
physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    51 

Hendrickson's  quarry,  descrip- 
tion   of    125-126 

Henry  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   298-299 

Hillsboro,  chemical  analyses  of 

limestone  near  326-327 

physical    tests    on    limestone 
near   57 

Hillside,  physical  test  on  lime- 
stone near 48 

Hillview,  quarry  sites  near. 84,  212-213 

Hydraulic  limes,  use  of  lime- 
stones  for  making 339 

Hydraulic  stripping,  descrip- 
tion of 66-67 

Ideal    Stone    Company,    quarry 

of    188-189 

Illinois     Geological     Survey, 

tests  by    19 

Illinois  Highway  Division,  tests 

by 19 

Illinois     Limestone     Company, 

quarry  of   285 

Illinois  Steel  Company,  quarry 

of    306 

Illinois  Stone  Company,  quarry 

of    99-102 

Inland  Crushed  Stone  Com- 
pany, quarry  of 188-189 

Iron     industry,     limestone     for 

flux  in 341 

Iroquois  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   299 


PAGE 

J 

Jackson  County,  chemical  anal- 
yses of  limestone  in 318-319 

Devonian   limestone  in 

26,263,265,266 

Helderbergian  series  in 26 

limestone  resources  of ..  .84,  263-266 

Osage  group   265 

Pennsylvanian  formations  in         263 
physical  test  on  limestone  in  51 

St.   Louis  limestone   in 24,265 

Salem  formations  in 265 

Jasper     County     limestone     re- 
sources of   299 

Jefferson  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   299 

Jersey     County,     Burlington 

limestone  in  25 

chemical    analyses     of     lime- 
stone  in    318-319 

Devonian  formations  in   ....         219 
Keokuk-Burlington    lime- 
stone in   219,  220,  222 

Kinderhook  formations  in...         219 

limestone  resources  of 

78,86,219-222 

Niagaran  dolomite  in 

27,219,220,221 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    51-52 

Salem  limestone  in 219 

Sweetland  Creek  shale  in     ...       25 
whiting   manufacture    in....         367 
Joachim  limestone  in   Calhoun 

County     211 

Jo    Daviess    County,    chemical 

analyses  of  limestone  in.. 318-319 

Galena  dolomite   in 

116,  118,119,121-124 

limestone  resources  of 

84-87,116^134 

Maquoketa  limestone   in 116 

Niagaran  dolomite  in 116 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    52 

Platteville  limestone  in 116 

Johnson    County,    chemical 

analyses  of  limestone  in.. 318-321 


380 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

Fredonia   limestone   in 268 

Golconda   limestone   in 272-273 

Kinkaid  limestone  in 271 

limestone    resources    of 

78,86,266-273 

Menard  limestone  in. ...... .         272 

Pennsylvanian  formations  in         266 
physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    52 

Ste.   Genevieve   formation    in  23 

Joliet,     chemical     analyses     of 

limestone    near    330-333 

physical    properties    of    lime- 
stone   near    ..33,35,61,63,359,362 

quarries   near    

80,  185,  186,  188,  189,  190,  357 

Joliet  Penitentiary,  quarry  of.  186-187 
Joppa     Junction,     chemical 
analyses  of  limestone  near 
318-319 

K 

Kane   County,   chemical   analy- 
ses of  limestone  in 320-321 

Galena   dolomite   in 124 

limestone  resources   of 124-128 

Niagaran  dolomite  in 

124,126,127,128 

physical  test  on  limestone  in     52-53 
Kankakee,     chemical     analyses 

of    limestone    near 320-321 

physical   tests    on    limestone 

near     33,  53,  54,  63 

quarry  near    78 

Kankakee    County,    chemical 

analyses  of  limestone  in.  .  .320-321 

limestone  resources  of 

78,86,128-131,  357 

Maquoketa    limestone    in ...  .         128 

Niagaran    dolomite    in 128-131 

Pennsylvanian  formations  in         128 
physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    53-54 

Kaolin,  limestone  outcrop  near 

280,281 

quarry  site  near   90 

Keller,  Perle,  assistance  of 20 

Kendall    County,    Galena    dolo- 
mite   in 132,133,135 


PAGE 

limestone  resources  of 132-135 

Maquoketa    limestone    in 133,135 

Niagaran  dolomite  in   133 

physical  test  on  limestone  in 

54-55 

Keokuk   limestone,   chemical 

analyses  of    311,  313,  319,  329 

distribution    of    25 

in: 

Adams  County    205 

Brown  County   283 

Hancock   County    216-217 

Jersey  County    219,  220,  222 

McDonough  County    301 

Schuyler   County    304 

used  for  lime  manufacture .  .         347 
Kiggins    Crushed    Stone    Com- 
pany,   quarry    of 302 

Kimmswick    limestone,    chemi- 
cal  analyses   of 311,313,327 

in: 

Alexander   County    258 

Calhoun   County    211 

Monroe   County    230,  235 

physical    tests    on 44-45,47,57,63 

use  of  for: 

alkali   manufacture    362 

aluminum   refining    368 

flux    343 

glass  manufacture    367 

paper    manufacture    365 

sugar  refining 363 

whiting   manufacture    ....         367 
Kimmswick-Plattin    limestone..  28 
Kinderhook,     chemical     analy- 
ses of  limestone  near 326-327 

Kinderhook   formations,   distri- 
bution of   25 

in: 

Jersey  County    219 

Mercer    County    227 

Kinkaid     limestone,     chemical 

analysis  of    319 

in  Johnson  County 271 

physical  tests  on   45-46,  52,  63 

Knox     County,     limestone     re- 
sources  of    299 


INDEX 


3S1 


PAGE 

L 

LaGrange,     Brown     Count  y, 

limestone  near    283 

LaGrange,  Cook  County,  chemi- 
cal   analyses    of    limestone 

in    316-317 

physical    test    on     limestone 

near     48,  49 

quarry  near    76,  107 

Lake     County,      limestone     re- 
sources of    135 

Niagaran  dolomite  in 135 

La  Salle,  natural  cement  rock 

near    338 

Shakopee    dolomite    near....         141 
La   Salle   County,   chemical 
analyses  of  limestone  in.  . 

311,320-325 

Galen  a-Platteville  dolomite 

in    135,  138 

La   Salle   limestone   in 

135,138,139,140 

limestone  resources  of ...  .86, 135-141 
physical  tests    on    limestone 

in    55,63 

Shakopee   dolomite   in 

135,136,139,141 

La    Salle    limestone,     chemical 

analyses    of    313,321,323,325 

in  La  Salle  County 

135,138,139,140 

physical  tests  on    55 

use   of  for   cement 138-139 

Lawrence  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   299 

Lead  Hill,  limestone  near 262-263 

Lead    industry,    use     of     lime- 
stone  as   flux   in 344 

Leaf  River,  quarry  and  quarry 

site  near    88, 155 

Le  Claire,  physical  property  of 

limestones  near   361,  362 

Lee  Center,  local  quarry  near.         148 
Lee   County   chemical   analyses 

of  limestone  in 324-325 

Galena  dolomite  in 141, 

144,  145,  146,  147,  149,  151,  152,  153 
limestone  resources  of ..  .86,  141-153 


PAGE 

physical  test  on  limestone  in     55-56 

Platteville   limestone  in 

141,  144,  146-149,  151 

Prairie  du  Chien  dolomite  in 

143,150 

St.  Peter  sandstone  in 143 

Lehigh,   physical   test  on   lime- 
stone   near    33,35,53 

Lehigh  Portland   Cement  Com- 
pany     137,139 

Lehigh  Stone  Company,  quarry 

of    128-129 

Leighton,  M.   M.,  assistance  of  20 

Lemont,    chemical    analyses    of 

limestone  near    316-317 

limestone  near    113 

physical   tests    on    limestone 

near    49 

quarries     and     quarry     sites 

near     74,  84,  99,  102,  111 

Lime,  hydraulic,  limestone  for 

manufacture  of   339 

limestone  burned  for 345-348 

uses  of   347-348 

Limestone,  composition  of  ...  .  21 

distribution  of  18,  21-28 

formation  of    21-22 

in  United   States,  production 

of    335 

origin  of    21-28 

physical  tests  on 29-43,  63 

production  of 17 

uses  of   40-41,  334-371 

water-bound   macadam   roads 

39-40 

Limestone     ballast,     limestone 

for     351-354 

Lincoln    Crushed     Stone     Com- 
pany, quarry  of 188 

Lisbon   Township,   quarry  of.  .         132 
Litchfield,     chemical     analyses 

of  limestone  near   326-327 

limestone  outcrops  near 301 

physical     test    on     limestone 

near    57 

quarry  near    78 

Lithographic  limestone,  de- 
scription of 370 


382 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

Livingston    County,    limestone 

resources  of   299 

Loading  limestone,  methods  of  69-70 
Lockport,  quarry  sites  near.  .  .193-194 
Lockyear    Quarry    Company, 

quarry  of   224 

Logan    County,    chemical    anal- 
yses of  limestone  in 324-325 

limestone  resources  of 299-300 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    56 

Lonsdale    limestone,    chemical 

analysis  of 327 

in  Peoria   County 302-303 

physical  tests  on 59 

Lower   Magnesian,    see   Prairie 

da  Chien 
Loxa,    physical    test    on    lime- 
stone near  48 

Lyons,    physical    test    on    lime- 
stone near  49 

quarry  near   76,  104-105 

M 
Macadam  roads,   limestone   for     39-40 
McCann  Brothers,  quarry  of.  .  .263-265 
McConnell,      Galena      dolomite 

near  174 

quarry  site  near 90 

McCook,   chemical   analyses   of 

limestone  near  314-317 

physical    test    on    limestone 

near  49 

quarry  near 74, 102-103 

McDonough    County,    limestone 

resources  of    301 

McHenry   County,   Alexandrian 

limestone  in   154 

limestone  resources  of 154 

McLean   County,   limestone   re- 
sources of   301 

McLeansboro  formation,  chem- 
ical analyses  of 311-331 

distribution  of    23 

physical  tests  on. 45,  47,  48,  51  56,  57' 
See   also   Pennsylvanian   for- 
mations 
Macon    County,    limestone    re- 
sources of   300 


PAGE 

Macoupin  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of    300 

Madison     County,     chemical 

analyses  of  limestone  in.. 324-327 

limestone  resources  of 

78,  88,  222-227 

Mississippian  limestones   in. 

222,224,225 

Pennsylvanian  formations  in  222,  226 
physical    tests    on    limestone 

in 56-57,  360 

Ste.  Genevieve  limestone  in.         225 

St.   Louis  limestone  in 224,225 

whiting  manufacture  in 367 

Maeystown,  quarry  near 231 

St.  Louis  limestone  near.  .  .  .         235 
Magnesia,  limestone  for  manu- 
facture   of    367 

Manteno,  physical  test  on  lime- 
stone near 53 

Manteno  Township,  quarry  of.  131 
Maquoketa    formations,    distri- 
bution of    27 

Maquoketa  limestone,  chemical 

analyses  of   331,333 

in: 

Grundy  County 115-116 

Jo  Daviess  County 116 

Kankakee  County   128 

Kendall  County   133-135 

Whiteside  County   183 

Will   County    185 

occurrences  of   115, 116, 128 

physical   tests   on 

44-45,  51,  54,  55,  62,  63 

Maquoketa     shale     in     Carroll 

County,    description    of....      93,95 
in     Stephenson    County,     de- 
scription   of 171,  177,  178 

See     also     Cincinnatian    for- 
mations 
Marblehead,  chemical  analyses 

of  limestone  near 312-313 

quarry   near    74 

Marblehead    Lime    Company, 

quarry    of    208 

Marion,   physical   test  of  lime- 
stone near  62 


INDEX 


383 


PAGE 

Marion    County,    limestone    re- 
sources of   300 

Markgraf    Stone    Company, 

quarry  of   187-188 

Marquette      Portland      Cement 

Company,    quarry    of 137-139 

Marshall     County,     chemical 

analyses  of  limestone  in.. 326-327 

limestone  resources  of 84,  300 

Marshall,     limestone     outcrops 

near     47,287-288 

Martins    Landing,    quarry    site 

near   210 

Mason    County,    limestone    re- 
sources of   .  , 300 

Massac    County,    limestone    re- 
sources of    88,  273-274 

Ste.    Genevieve   limestone   in 

23,  273-274 

Maxwell,      physical     tests     on 

limestone   near    59 

Maxwell     limestone,     chemical 

analyses  of   327 

Melcher  Hills,  limestone  in... 

260,  261,  262 

Menard,    chemical   analyses   of 

limestone    near    311,  326-329 

description   of  quarries   near  78,  239 
Menard    County,    limestone   re- 
sources of   301 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

in    57 

Menard  limestone  in: 

Johnson    County    272 

Pope    County    274 

Randolph   County    243,244 

physical    tests    on     ..45-46,52,59,63 
use  of  for  glass  manufacture         367 
Menke,  F.  W.,  Stone  and  Lime 

Company,  quarry  of 205-207 

Mermet,   quarry   site   near....   88,  273 
Mercer   County,    Kinderhook 

limestones  in   227 

limestone    resources    of 225-227 

Pennsylvanian  limestone  in.         227 
Metamora     limestone     outcrop 

near    310 

Methods  of  investigation 18 


PAGE 

Methods    of    quarrying 66-71 

Methods  of  sampling  limestone 

road  materials  29-43 

Miessler,  Robert,  assistance  of  20 

Millbrook,    dolomite   near    133 

Mill  Creek,  limestone  outcrops 

near     276 

Millstadt,  chemical  analyses  of 

limestone   near    326-327 

Millstadt     Junction,     limestone 

near    232 

Millville,  Galena  dolomite  near 

118 

Mississippian     formations, 

chemical  analyses  of 

311-313,  317,  319,  321,  325-331 

distribution    of    23-25 

in: 

Brown  County   283 

Fulton  County   298 

Greene  County    212-215 

Madison    County    222,224,225 

Monroe  County    

227,  229,  231,  232,  234-236 

Pike  County  236 

Schuyler   County    304 

St.  Clair  County 249,  250,  253 

physical  tests   on 

.  .47,  51,  52,  56,  57,  59,  60,  61,  62,  63 
See  also  Burlington,  Chester, 
Keokuk,  Kinderhook,  Sper- 
gen,  Ste.  Genevieve  ,  St. 
Louis  and  Warsaw  lime- 
stones 

Mississippi  Lime  and  Material 

Company,  quarry  of 224 

Modoc,  quarry  sites  near 243 

Moline,    chemical    analyses    of 

limestone   near    328-329 

limestone  outcrops  near. 245,  247,  248 
physical    tests    on    limestone 

in 59 

quarry    near     78 

Momence,  quarries  and  quarry 

site  near    86, 130 

Monmouth    Stone    Company, 

quarry  of 217-218 


384 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

Monroe     County,     chemical 
analyses    of    limestone    in 

326-327 

Devonian  formations  in 228 

Kimmswick    limestone    in...  230,  235 
Kinderhook  formations  in. .  .  25 

limestone  resources  of 

78,88,  227-236 

Mississippian    formations     in 

227,  229,  231,  232,  234,  235,  236 

Okaw  limestone  in    235-236 

physical  tests    on    limestone 

in    57 

Salem   limestone   in 229,232,235 

sink  holes  in   236 

Spergen  limestone  in    24 

Ste.    Genevieve    limestone    in 

23,234,235 

St.  Louis  limestone  in 

. 24,231,232,234,  235 

Warsaw  formations  in    24,  232 

Montgomery    County,    chemical 

analyses  of  limestone  in.. 326-327 
limestone  resources  of ..  .78,  301-302 
physical  tests    on    limestone 

near    57 

Morgan    County,    limestone    re- 
sources   of    302 

Morrison,     Niagaran     dolomite 

near    183 

Moultrie  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   302 

physical  test  on  limestone  in  57 

Mount  Carroll,  Galena  dolomite 

near    93 

quarry  near    96-97 

Mount  Morris,  dolomite  near.  .164-165 
Mount  Sterling,  limestone  near         283 
Mountain  Glen  shale,  distribu- 
tion of    26 

N 

Naperville,    abandoned    quarry 

near     115 

physical     test     of     limestone 

near    50 

National     Stone     Company, 

quarry  of   185-186 


PAGE 

Natural    cement,    use    of    lime- 
stone for    338 

Nauvoo,  chemical    analyses    of 

limestone  near  318-319 

physical    properties    of    lime- 
stone near 360,  362 

Nauvoo   limestone,    chemical 

analysis  of    319 

New  Scotland  formation,  chem- 
ical analysis  of  319 

Niagaran     dolomite,     chemical 

analysis    of. .  .311,  315-321,  331-333 

description  of 182, 183, 185 

distribution  of  27 

in: 

Carroll   County    94, 95 

Cook   County    

97,  99,  102-105,  107-112 

DuPage    County     113,  114,  115 

Henry    County    299 

Jersey  County   219,  220,  221 

Jo  Daviess  County 116 

Kane    County    ...124,126,127,128 

Kankakee  County   128-131 

Kendall  County 133 

Lake  County   135 

Rock    Island    County 245,248 

Stephenson  County    171,177 

Whiteside  County 182, 183, 185 

Will   County    185, 191-195 

Niagaran     dolomite,      physical 

tests    on.  .33,  35,  45-46,  48-55,  60-63 
use  of  for: 

building   stone    358 

flux    343 

lime  manufacture   347 

magnesia   manufacture    ...         368 
refractory    brick    manufac- 
ture             364 

See  also  Silurian  -formations 

Niota,     chemical     analyses     of 

limestone  near  318-319 

Novak,  quarry  near   105-107 


Ogle  County,  chemical  analyses 

of  limestone  in   326-327 

Galena  dolomite  in 

154,  157-159, 161-164, 166-169 


INDEX 


385 


1 

'AGE 

PAGE 

limestone  resources  of...  88, 154- 

-169 

Ottawa,  physical  test  on 

lime- 

physical    tests    on    limestone 
in    5* 

stone  near   

5r) 

5-59 

Overburden,   removal    of. 

6( 

i-67 

Platteville   limestone  in 

154,  155,  157,  161,  163,  164   166- 

-169 

P 

O  k  a  w      limestone,       chemical 

Paper,   limestone   for  manufac- 

analyses of   311,  327, 

329 

ture  of   

364- 

-365 

in: 

Paris,    physical    test     on 

lime- 

Monroe  County    235- 

-236 

stone  near  

51 

Randolph   County    241,  243, 

244 

physical   tests  on    45,  59,  63 

Pearl,  limestone  outcrops 

near 

236 

quarry  near    

78 

use  of  for: 

building  stone   

358 

Pearl     City,     Maquoketa 

shale 

flux    

glass  manufacture    

343 
367 

near    

176 

Pennsylvania!!  formations 

,    de 

paper  manufacture 

365 

scription    of    135 

,138, 

139 

140 

whiting   manufacture    .... 

367 

distribution  of   

23 

O'Laughlin    Stone    Company, 

in: 

quarry  of   

110 

Brown  County   

283 

Olive  Branch,  physical  test  on 

Cass  County    

283 

limestone  near    

47 

Clark  County   

Coles  County    

.284, 

286 
293 

,289 

Onondaga    limestone,    chemical 

-294 

analysis  of    

Orangeville,     Platteville     lime- 

319 

Fulton  County   

298 

Grundy  County   

115 

stone  near    172 

174 

Henry  County    

298 

quarry  sites   near 

90 

Kankakee  County  . . . 

10S 

Ordovician    formations,    chemi- 

Knox County   

299 

cal  analyses  of 

Jackson    County    .... 

263 

311,    319,   323-327,   331- 

-333 

Johnson   County    .... 

266 

description  of 

Livingston  County   .  . 

299 

27-28,  135,  139,  141, 

150 

Logan  County    

299 

-300 

in   Calhoun   County 

211 

Madison   County    

Marshall  County  . 

222 

226 

300 

....47,   51,  52,  54-56,   58-60,  62,63 

Menard  County   

301 

See  also   Galena,  Platteville, 

Mercer    County    

227 

Plattin,   Maquoketa   -forma- 
tions 

Randolph  County    .  . . 

239 

Rock  Island    County. 

245 

Oregon,  physical  tests  on  lime- 

Saline   County    ..... 

277 

stone   near    

58 

Schuyler    County    . . . 
St.    Clair    County 

304 

Platteville    limestone    near.. 

249 

154-155,157,158 

164 

Vermilion  County    ... 

304 

quarry  site  near 

88 

Will   County    

185 

Origin    of    Illinois    limestone..     21-28 

Woodford  County   .  .  . 

310 

Oriskany    limestone  ,   chemical 

physical   tests   on 

analysis   of    

319 

47,48,51 

55-57,  59,  63 

Osage  limestone,  description  of 

25 

use  of  for: 

in   Jackson   County    

physical  test  of  

265 
47 

glass    manufacture 

367 

paper   manufacture    . 

365 

Oswego,    limestone    near 

133 

rock  dusting  mines   . 

370 

386 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

-  See  also  McLcansboro  forma- 
tions 
Peoria  County,  chemical  analy- 
ses   of    limestone    in.  .311,  326-327 

limestone  resources  of 302-303 

physical  tests  of  limestone  in 

59,63 

Perry     County,     limestone     re- 
sources of   303 

Petersburg,  limestone  near.  . .  .         301 
Physical  tests  of  Illinois  lime- 
stones        44-63 

purpose  of    34-39 

Piatt     County,     limestone     re- 
sources of   303 

Pike   County,   Alexandrian   ser- 
ies  in    27 

Burlington    limestone    in 25,236 

chemical     analysis    of    lime- 
stone in    326-327 

Kinderhook  formation  in....  25 

limestone  resources  of 

78,88,236-239 

Mississippian    formations    in         236 

physical  test  in   59 

Silurian  formations  in   236 

Sweetland  Creek  shale  in...  25 

Pine    Creek,    Galena    dolomite 

along 162 

Platteville    dolomite,    chemical 

analyses  of   

311,    319,    325,327,331 

distribution  of   27 

in: 

Grundy  County    115 

Jo  Daviess   County 116 

Lee  County  

141,  144,  146-149,151 

Ogle    County    154, 

155,    157,    161,    163,    164,    166-169 

Stephenson   County    

171,  172,  174,  175,  178,180 

Winnebago  County  

198,  199,  200,  201,  202,  204 

physical   tests   on 

45,   55,   56,   58-60,62,  63 

use  of  for: 

brick  manufacture    364 


PAGE 

lime  manufacture   347 

Plattin    limestone    in    Calhoun 

County    211 

Pleistocene    formations,    distri- 
bution of    23 

Pliocene    formations,    distribu- 
tion of    23 

Plymouth,     physical     test     on 

limestone  near  51 

Polo,  limestone  near 

88,    157-158,   163-164 

P  o  n  t  i  a  c,   limestone   deposits 

near    299 

Pontoosuc,     physical     test     on 

limestone   near    51 

Pope  County,  chemical  analysis 

of  limestone  in 326-327 

Chester  limestone  in 274-275 

limestone  resources  of 274-275 

Menard  limestone  in 274 

Port  Byron,  limestone  outcrops 

near     245,248 

physical     test    on     limestone 

near  59 

Portland     cement,     chemical 

composition    of    336 

concrete  roads,  use  of  lime- 
stone for    337 

references  on   337 

use  of  limestone  for 334-337 

Pottsville  formations,   distribu- 
tion of    23 

Prairie    du    Chien    dolomite    in 

Lee  County  143,150 

See  also  Shakojiee  dolomite 

Prairie     du     Rocher,     chemical 

analysis  of  limestone  near  328-329 
physical    test    on    limestone 

near     59 

quarry  sites  near 88,  242,  243 

Princeville,  limestone  outcrops 

near    303 

physical    test    on    limestone 

near 59 

Producers     Stone     Company, 

quarry  of   103-104 

Production  of  limestone 17 


INDEX 


387 


PAGE 

] 

PAGE 

Production    of    road    metal    in 

Red     Bud,     limestone     outcrop 

United    States    

17 

near   

?45 

Pulaski     County,     chemical 

Reevesville,   physical   tests    on 

analysis   of  limestone   in.  . 

326-327 

limestone    near    

5? 

Cretaceous-Tertiary  forma- 

Refractories,    limestone    in 

mations  in  

275 

manufacture  of   

363 

limestone  resources  of... 88, 

275-276 

Reily    Lake,     Okaw    limestone 

physical  test  on  limestone  in 
St.  Louis  limestone  in.... 

59 

near    . 

94s 

276 

Reliance  Quarry  and  Construc- 

Ste.  Genevieve   limestone   in 

276 

tion  Company,  quarry  of.. 224 

-225 

Warsaw-Spergen   limestone 

Renault     limestone,      chemical 

in    

276 

analyses  of   311 

in  Hardin  County 

319 

Putnam    County,   limestone   re- 

260 

sources  of 

303 

Rich  Hill,  quarry  site  at 260 

261 

Puzzolan     cements,     limestone 

Richland  County,  limestone  re- 

for     

339 

sources  of   

Richmond    limestone,    see    Ma- 

303 

Q 

quoketa  limestone 

Quarries   in  Illinois 73-83 

Quarry  Creek  limestone,  chem- 
ical   analyses    of 313 

Quarry  practise   64-72 

Quarry  site,  location  of 64,71-72 

Quarry  sites  in  Illinois 84-91 

Ripley,  limestone  near 

Ripley    formation,    distribution 

of    

Riprap    and    rubble,    limestone 

for    

Riverbank     Stone     and     Lime 

Quarries  Co 126- 

283 

23 

354 

-127 

Quincy,    chemical    analyses    of 
limestone   near    

312-313 

Riverside      Lime      and      Stone 

Company,  quarry  of .104- 

-105 

lime  production  at 

347 

Road   metal    in   United   States, 

physical   tests    on    limestone 
near    

33.47 

209,  357 

367 

production  of    

Robinson,     limestone    outcrops 
near    .           

17 

quarries  near   74,  208- 

whiting  manufacture  at 

Quincy  White  Lime  Company, 
quarry  of   

294 

physical    tests    on    limestone 
near           

48 

208 

Rock     City,     Galena     dolomite 
near   

173 

R 

quarry  site  near 

90 

Randolph  County,  Menard  lime- 
stone in    

chemical    analyses    of    lime- 
stone in    . 

243,244 
243,  244 

326-329 

239-245 

Rock  dusting  mines,  limestone 

and  dolomite  for 369- 

Rockford,   physical   test   on 
limestone  near 

-370 
6? 

quarries     and     quarry     sites 
near    82,90,196,198-199, 

Rock    Grove,    Platteville    lime- 

limestone resources  of 

78,  88, 

201 

Pennsylvanian  formations 

stone  near  171- 

-172 

in    

239 

Rock     Island,     limestone     near 
26,  245, 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

248 

in    

59 
239-242 

physical    tests    on    limestone 
in    5< 

St.  Louis  limestone  in 

)-60 

388 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


] 
quarry   near    

'AGE 

78 

-329 

247 

-248 

248 

245 

361 

247 

-333 

200 

130 
-131 

-317 

61 
194 
243 

-319 

262 

262 
354 

112 

-321 
127 

-331 

-256 

253 
249 

60 
254 

253 

331 

distribution  of   ......... 

in: 

Brown  County   

Calhoun    County     .  . . 

Hancock  County   .... 

Jackson    County    .... 

McDonough  County   . 

Madison   County    .... 

Monroe  County    ..231 

Pulaski  County   

232, 

PAGE 

24 

Rock   Island   County,    chemical 
analyses  of  limestone  in.. 328 

Devonian  limestone  in 

limestone  resources  of 245 

Niagaran  dolomite  in 245 

Pennsylvanian  formations  in 
physical    properties    of    lime- 
stone in    

283 
210-211 
216-217 
265 
301 
224,  225 
234,235 

Wapsipinicon  limestone  in.. 
Rockton,  chemical  analyses   of 
limestone    near    332- 

quarry  site  near 

Rockville,     Niagaran     dolomite 

276 

Randolph  County    .  . . 

Scott  County    

Schuyler  County   .... 

St.    Clair    County 

physical   tests   on 

239,  242 

249 
304 
253 

quarries  near   130- 

Romeo,    chemical    analyses    of 
limestone  near 316 

45-46,  51,56 

use  of  for: 

alkali   manufacture    . 
aluminum  refining   .  . 
glass  manufacture    . . 
lime  manufacture   .  . . 

57,, 

39,  60,  63 
362 

physical     test     of     limestone 
near    

368 
367 

quarry  sites  near 

Roots,  quarry  sites  near 

Rosiclare,     chemical     analyses 

of  limestone  near 318- 

limestone   near    

347 

lithographic  purposes 
paper   manufacture    . 

sugar  refining    

whiting   manufacture 
St.    Peter    sandstone,    dist 

tion    of    

in  Lee  County   

370 
365 

ribu 

363 
367 

Rosiclare  sandstone  in  Hardin 

County    260,261 

Rubble,  limestone  for 

S 

Sag  bridge,  quarry  site  near.. 
St.   Charles,   chemical   analyses 

of   limestone   near    320- 

quarry   site   near    

28 
143 

Ste.    Genevieve    limestone 

chemical  analyses  of 

311,319,321, 

distribution  of  

in: 

Gallatin    County    

Hardin    County    259, 

Madison   County    

Massac   County    

Monroe   County    

Pulaski  County   . 

Union    County    

physical    tests    on    limestone 

of 45-46,  51,  52,  5 

use  of  for: 

building  stone    

flux    

glass  manufacture    

lime  manufacture   .... 

327,331 
23 

258 
261,262 

St.      Clair      County,      chemical 
analyses  of  limestone  in..  330- 

limestone  resources  of 

80,88,  249- 

Mississippian  limestone   in.. 

249,250 

Pennsylvanian  limestone   in. 

physical  tests    on    limestone 

in        

225 

273,  274 

234,  235 

276 

279 

i 

7,  60-63 
358 

Salem  limestone  in    

St.  Louis  limestone  in 

St.    Louis    limestone,    chemical 

analyses  of   

313,  317,319,  325,327,  329 

343 

367 
347 

lithographic  purposes 
paper    manufacture    . 

370 
365 

INDEX 


389 


PAG] 

whiting  manufacture 367 

Salem,    limestone    outcrops 

near    301 

Salem    limestone,    chemical 

analyses  of   

311,  313,  319,  327,  329,  331 

in: 

Jackson  Gounty 265 

Jersey  County    219 

Monroe   County    229,  232,  235 

St.  Clair  County 254 

physical  tests  on  ...  .44-45,  51,  57,  63 
uses  of  for: 

aluminum    refining     368 

building  stone    358 

flux    343 

lime  manufacture   347 

natural  cement    338 

paper  manufacture   365 

See  also  Spergen 
Saline    County,    Chester    lime- 
stone in    277 

limestone  resources  of 276-277 

Pennsylvanian    sandstone    in         277 
Sampling     of     limestone     road 

materials    29-43 

Sandusky  Portland  Cement 

Company,    quarry    of 143-144 

Sangamon      County,     chemical 

analyses  of  limestone  in.. 328-329 

limestone  resources  of 303 

Savanna,     Galena     dolomite 

near 93 

Maquoketa  shale  near 93 

quarries      and      quarry      site 

near    84,  95,  97 

Scales    Mound,    physical    tests 

on   limestone  near. 52 

Schroyer,  C.  R.,  assistance  of.  20 

Schuyler    County,     chemical 
analyses    of    limestone    in 

311,  328-331 

limestone  resources  of 304 

Scioto    Mills,    Galena    dolomite 

near   172 

quarry  site  near 90 

Scott  County,  Burlington  lime- 
stone in    25 

limestone  resources  of ..  .88,  248-249 


PAGE 

physical  test  of  limestone  in  60 
Scott's  cement,  manufacture  of         339 
Scrapers     for     overburden     re- 
moval, use  of 67 

Screening    limestone,    methods 

of    71 

Sears,  limestone  outcrops  near 

245,248 

Secor,   limestone   outcrop   near         310 
Selenitic  lime,  manufacture  of         339 

Seville,    limestone    near 298 

Shakopee     dolomite,     chemical 

analyses  of   311,321,323,325 

distribution  of    28 

in  La  Salle  County 

135,  136,  139,  141 

physical  tests  on 45,  55,  63 

use  for  natural  cement 338 

Shelby    County,    limestone    re- 
sources of    304 

Shelbyville,    limestone    outcrop 

near 304 

Sheridan,    description   of   quar- 
ry site  near 86 

Shetlerville,  limestone  outcrops 

near    258,  259-260 

physical    test    on     limestone 

near   51 

quarries  near   76 

Shirland,  description  of  quarry 

site  near    90 

Shoal    Creek    limestone,   chem- 
ical analysis  of 327 

physical  tests   on 57 

in  Montgomery  County 301-302 

Silurian     limestone,     chemical 

analyses  of. .  .311,  315-321,  331-333 

distribution  of 27 

in: 

Alexander  County 258 

Calhoun  County 211 

Pike  County   236 

outcrops  of    113 

physical   tests   on 47-55,59-63 

See     also     Alexandrian     and 
Niagaran  formations 
Silica    in    limestone,    permissi- 
ble amounts  for  flux 342 


390 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

Simpson,     limestone     outcrops 

near   272 

Sink  holes  in  Monroe  County, 

limestone  in   236 

Smithton,      physical     tests     of 

limestone  near   60 

Soil,    effect    of    limestone    and 

dolomite   on    349-350 

Southern      Illinois      Limestone 

Company,  quarry  of 260 

Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary, 
chemical  analyses  of  lime- 
stone at    326-329 

Sparland,  Pennsylvanian  lime- 
stone near  300 

Specific  gravity,  determination 

of    31 

Spergen  limestone,  distribution 

of    24 

in: 

Hancock  County  216-217 

McDonough  County   301 

Pulaski  County   276 

Union  County 281 

physical   tests   on 51,  57,  61 

See  also  Salem  limestone 
Stanfordsville,       Galena-PIatte- 

ville   near    182 

Stark  County,  chemical  analy- 
ses of  limestone  in 330-331 

limestone  resources  of 304 

Staunton,  limestone  outcrop 

near    300 

Stearns  Lime  and  Stone  Com- 
pany,  quarry   of    108-109 

Stephenson     County,     building 

stone  in    357 

chemical    analyses    of    lime- 
stone in    330-331 

Galena  dolomite   in    

171,  174,  176,  177,  178,  180 

limestone  resources  of ..  .90, 170-181 

Maquoketa    shale    in 171,177,178 

physical    tests    of    limestone 

in    60 

Platteville  limestone  in 

171, 172, 174, 175, 178,  180 


PAGE 

Sterling,      Niagaran      dolomite 

near    171,177,183 

physical    properties    of   lime- 
stone near  361 

Stockton,  Maquoketa  limestone 

near    124 

Stolle,  quarries  and  quarry  site 

near 80,  88 

limestone  near  254 

physical    test    on     limestone 

near     60 

Stolle,   T.   W.,    quarry   of 253 

Stony  Island,  quarry  site  at.  .         Ill 

Stucco,  limestone  and  dolomite 

for    370 

Sugar  refining,  limestone  for..         363 

Sullivan,  physical  test  on  lime- 
stone  near    57 

Summit,    chemical   analyses   of 

limestone    near    314-315 

quarry   near    74,102 

Superior     Stone     Company, 

quarry    of    107-108 

Swan,     Medin     and     Company, 

quarry  of 190 

Sweetland   Creek   shale,    distri- 
bution of  25 

T 

Tamms,  Devonian  chert  near. .         257 

Tazewell  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   304 

Terrazzo,    limestone    and    dolo- 
mite for   370 

Tertiary  formations  in  Pulaski 

County    275 

Testing  of  limestone  road  ma- 
terials         29-43 

Thebes,    Alexandrian    outcrops 

near    27 

Kimmswick-Plattin  limestone 

near    28 

quarry  site  near 84,  257,  258 

Thebes  sandstone  near 27 

Thebes   sandstone,    distribution 

of    27 

in  Alexander  County 257 

Thornton,  chemical  analyses  of 

limestone   near    314-317 


INDEX 


391 


PAGE 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

near    33,  35,  48,  49,  50 

quarry   near    74, 99 

Toughness,     determination     of 

32-33,37,39 

Track   layouts,   description   of.  70 

Transportation    near   quarry 

site,  effects  of 64-65 

Trenton     limestone     for     lime 

manufacture    347 

Troy,  quarry  site  near 86 

Troy  Grove,   local  quarry  near         140 
Tucker,  physical  test  on   lime- 
stone near  53 

Tunnel  Cut,  limestone  outcrops 

near    280,281 

physical    test    on    limestone 

near 61 

U 

Ullin,   Osage   group   near 25 

physical    test     on    limestone 

near    47, 59 

quarry  and  quarry  site  near 

88,275-276 

Union     County,     Bailey     lime- 
stone in   280 

chemical    analyses    of    lime- 
stone in    330-331 

Chester  limestone  in   277 

Clear  Creek  chert  in 26,  280 

Dutch   Creek   sandstone   in..  26 

Grand  Tower  outcrops  in...  26 

Hamilton  limestone  in 26 

Helderbergian  series  in 26 

Kinderhook   formation    in...  25 

limestone  resources  of 

80,90,277-281 

Mountain   Glen   shale   in....  26 

physical  tests  of  limestone  in  60-61 

Spergen   limestone   in 24,281 

Ste.    Genevieve   limestone   in 

23,279 

Warsaw    formations   in 24,  281 

U.    S.   Geological    Survey,    phy- 
sical tests  by 19 

United  States  Stone  Company, 

quarry   of    102-103 


PAGE 

Uses  of  limestone  and  dolomite 
for: 

agricultural   purposes    348-351 

alkalies    362 

aluminum  refining   368 

ballast     351-354 

building  stone    354-362 

Carbon   dioxide    370 

cement    334-339 

chemical   purposes    370-371 

concrete  aggregate    340 

filter  beds    368-369 

flux    341-344 

glass    365-367 

hydraulic    lime   making 339 

lime     339,345-348 

lithographic   limestone    370 

magnesia     367 

miscellaneous   purposes    ....         371 

paper    364-365 

Portland  cement   334-337 

Puzzolan    cement    339 

refractories    363 

riprap   and   rubble 354 

road  construction 29-43 

rock   dusting  mines 369-370 

stucco   370 

sugar  refining    363 

terrazzo    370 

whiting    367 

Utica,     chemical     analyses     of 

limestone   near    324-325 

Shakopee   dolomite   near....         141 

Utica  Hydraulic  Cement  Com- 
pany, quarry  of 139 


Valley  City,  quarry  site  near..   88,238 
Valmeyer,  Kimmswick-Plattin 

limestone   near    28 

Kinderhook   formations   near  25 

limestone   near    

227-228,  233,  234,235 

quarries     and     quarry     sites 

near    78,88,229,230 

Valmeyer  Limestone  and  Stone 

Company,  quarry  of 230-231 

Vermilion     County,     limestone 

resources  of   80,  304-306 


392 


ILLINOIS  LIMESTONE  RESOURCES 


PAGE 

physical  test  of  limestone  in  61 

Vienna,  physical  test  on  lime- 
stone   near    52 

W 

Wabash   County,   limestone  re- 
sources of 306 

Wacker,  Galena  dolomite  near  93 

W  a  d  h  a  m,    Maquoketa    shale 

near 171 

Niagaran  dolomite  near 171 

Walker's  hill,  limestone  in.... 

263,  264,  265 

St.  Louis  limestone  in 24 

Wapsipinicon  limestone  in 

Rock  Island  County 247 

Warren,  physical  tests  on  lime- 
stone near 52 

Warren    County,    limestone   re- 
sources of   309 

Warsaw,  chemical  analyses  of 

limestone  near  318-319 

limestone  near 217 

physical    tests    on    limestone 

near 61 

Warsaw    formations,     distribu- 
tion  of    24 

in: 

Hancock  County   216-217 

McDonough  County   ......         301 

Monroe  County 232 

Pulaski  County   276 

Union  County 281 

Washington   County,   limestone 

resources  of    309 

Wayne    County,    limestone    re- 
sources of 309 

Wesley,  limestone  outcrop  near         304 

Western  Stone  Company,  quar- 
ry of 111,189 

Western    Whiting    Manufactur- 
ing Company,  quarry  of .  .  .         220 

West  Point  Landing,  limestone 

outcrops  near 211 

quarry  site  near 210-211 

West  Union,  physical  tests  on 

limestone  near 48 

West  York,  quarry  near 74 

Wetaug, .  limestone     exposures 

near 276 

White    County,     limestone    re- 
sources of   309 


PAGE 

Whitehill,     physical     tests     on 

limestone  near  52 

Whiteside  County,  Galena  dolo- 
mite in   182 

limestone  resources  of ..  .90, 182-185 

Maquoketa  limestone  in 183 

Niagaran  dolomite  in.  .  .182, 183, 185 
physical  test  of  limestone  in         361 

Whiting,  limestone  for 367 

Will      C  ou  n  t  y  ,      Alexandrian 

series   in    27 

chemical    analyses    of    lime- 
stone in   330-333 

Edgewood   limestone   in 192 

limestone  resources  of 

80,  90,  185-196 

local    outcrops    of    limestone 

in    196 

Maquoketa  formations  in.  .  .  .  185 

Niagaran  dolomite  in..  .185,  191-195 
Pennsylvanian  formations  in  185 
physical   tests    on    limestone 

in    61-62 

Williamson   County,    limestone 

resources  of   309 

physical  test  on  limestone  in  62 

Willow  Springs,  limestone  near         113 
Wilmington,  chemical  analyses 

of  limestone  near   330-333 

Winchester,    limestone   near . .  .         249 
physical    test     on     limestone 

near    60 

Winnebago     County,     building 

stone  in   357 

chemical    analyses     of    lime- 
stone in   332-333 

Galena  dolomite  in.  198, 199,  201-204 
limestone     resources     of 

82,90,196-204 

physical  test  on  limestone  in  62 

Platteville  limestone  in.  198-202,  204 
Winslow,  chemical  analyses  of 

limestone   near    330-331 

Platteville    limestone    near..         175 
Woodford  County,  limestone  re- 
sources of   310 

Y 

Yates,  City,  limestone  outcrops 

near    299 


